Human osteological and dental remains are important for reconstruction of health and disease patterns in the past, preserving information in the form of abnormal changes on bones and teeth. These changes can reflect the spread of numerous diseases and the consequences they had on the health of various historical populations and groups. Systematic investigation performed within the present thesis explored pathologies in skeletal collections from six archaeological sites from across Slovakia and Hungary, dating to the 1st and 5th centuries AP. The total sample consisted of 300 individuals that were divided among three populations: the Germanic (GS), the Roman (RS) and the Sarmatian series (SS). Pathologies were assessed macroscopically and discussed on population and individual levels. Overall, sex, age and lesion distribution frequencies were used to determine a disease pattern characteristic for a corresponding group and then compared between the series. Conditions identified during the analysis were arranged into nine main categories. The analysis revealed that the health status of GS, RS and SS was generally good, though adults from GS and RS had experienced poorer dental health. The most common lesions observed in all series, particularly in GS, were due to degenerative and dental diseases,...

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a spondyloarthropathy traditionally defined as having spinal and extra-spinal manifestations. However its diagnostic criteria only allow the identification of advanced DISH and there is little consensus regarding the extra-spinal enthesopathies. In this project, individuals with DISH from the WM Bass Donated Skeletal Collection were analysed to investigate the pathogenesis of DISH and archaeological English and Catalan samples (3rd–18th century AD) were studied to investigate how diet might have influenced the development of DISH. From the individuals from the Bass Collection, isolated vertical lesions representing the early stages of DISH (‘early DISH’) were identified. Both sample sets showed that the presence of extra-spinal manifestations varies significantly between individuals and that discarthrosis and DISH can co-exist in the same individual. In all archaeological samples, the prevalence of DISH was significantly higher in males and older individuals showed a higher prevalence of DISH. In both regions, the prevalence of DISH was the lowest in the Roman samples, the highest in the early medieval ones and intermediate in the late medieval samples. While when using documentary resources and archaeological data, it was hypothesised that the prevalence of DISH in the English and Catalan samples might have been different, the results show no significant differences even if English samples tend to show higher prevalence of DISH than the Catalan samples. This possibly suggests that the development of DISH depends on a combination of dietary habits and, possibly, genetic predisposition might influence the development of DISH. The individuals from the Bass Collection showed high prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. In contrast, no association was found between DISH and rich-diet associated conditions (e.g. carious lesions and gout) or deficiency-related conditions (e.g. scurvy, healed rickets). / Institute of Life Sciences Research from the University of Bradford

Cette thèse vise à apporter des connaissances sur le monde des morts dans les tombes à fosse dans la Syrie antique entre le Ier et le VIIIe siècle après J.-C. La cadre géographique concerné englobe la région de l’Orient comprise entre l’Anatolie, la Mésopotamie, l’Arabie, l’Égypte et la Méditerranée. Ce travail cherche à caractériser les lieux d’implantation des espaces funéraires des tombes à fosse, à établir un classement typologique et chronologique de l’architecture funéraire de ce type de tombes et à déterminer les gestes funéraires pratiqués : inhumation ou incinération, dépôt individuel ou pluriel, collectif ou multiple, primaire ou secondaire. Il s’agit aussi d’illustrer l’orientation et la position originelle des corps placés dans les sépultures : disposition du tronc, de la tête, des membres supérieurs et inférieurs. Ce travail vise à observer la localisation des objets déposés dans les sépultures par rapport aux défunts et d’analyser l’ordre dans lequel ils ont été déposés. Au-delà de ces analyses archéologiques et taphonomiques, l’objectif est de savoir s’il existe une évolution ou une variation des pratiques funéraires, selon les zones géographiques ou une période particulière. Il s’agit aussi de vérifier si l’ensemble de la Syrie appartenait à la culture gréco-romaine dans le domaine des pratiques funéraires ou au contraire si la région ou certaines zones géographiques de Syrie, étaient à l’écart de cette culture. / This thesis aims to provide knowledge of the world of the dead in pit graves in antique Syria between the 1st and the 8th century AD. The area under consideration includes the region of the Orient located between Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. This work tries to characterize the location of pit graves, to establish a typological and chronological classification of the funeral architecture of this type of grave and to determine the funeral rites practiced: inhumation or cremation, individual or group, collective or multiple, primary or secondary burial. It is also a question of illustrating the alignment and the positioning of the bodies placed in the graves: the position of the trunk, the head, the lower and upper limbs. This work furthermore attempts to analyze the location of grave objects and the order in which they were deposited. Beyond these archaeological and taphonomic analyses, the objective is to determine whether there is an evolution or a variation in the funeral practices between different geographical zones or during a particular period. It is also a question of verifying whether the whole of Syria belonged to the Greco-Roman culture in the field of the funeral practices or if, on the contrary, the entire region or only certain geographical zones of Syria, remained apart from this culture.

The thesis examines a number of questions concerning the design, construction, costs and use of Romano-British seagoing and inland waters shipping. In the first part the reasons for the methods of construction for seagoing and coastal vessels, such as the Blackfriars Ship 1, the St. Peter Port Ship and the Barland's Farm Boat, have been investigated. The constructional characteristics of the two ships are massive floors and frames, with the planking fastened only to the floors and frames with heavy clenched iron nails. There is no edge to edge fastening of the planks, with tenons inserted into mortises cut into the edges of the planks, as is normal in the Mediterranean tradition of ship construction in the Roman period. The Romano-British ships also differ from the Scandinavian tradition of clinker building with overlapping planks nailed to each other along their length. It has been concluded that a natural phenomenon, the large tidal range around the British Isles and the northern coasts of Gaul and Germany, had a dominant effect on the design of seagoing vessels. Deep water harbours, such as Portus, Caesar ea Maritima and Alexandria in the Mediterranean, where ships could lie afloat at all times, were neither practicable nor economic with the technology available. At the British ports, such as Dover, London and Chichester, ships had to come in with the high tide, moor to simple wharves at the high tide level, and then settle on the ground as the tide dropped. At the numerous small havens, inlets and estuaries around the British coasts, ships would come in with the tide, settle on a natural or man-made 'hard' as the tide fell, and discharge cargo over the side to carts, pack animals or people. This mode of operation required sturdy ships that could take the ground without damage, and also withstand a certain amount of 'bumping' on the bottom in the transition period from fully afloat to fully aground. The second part of the thesis investigates the cost of building, maintaining and operating various types of vessels. To do this, a new mode for measuring cost, the Basic Economic Unit, or BEU, has been developed. The probable volume of the various types of cargoes carried has been examined. It appears that grain was the dominant cargo in both coastal and overseas traffic. The total cost of building, maintaining and operating the seagoing and inland water shipping was less than one percent of the gross product of Britain, a small cost for an essential service.

Entre 2003 et 2010, dans la région centrale nommée X de la catacombe des Saints Pierre-et-Marcellin à Rome, a été découvert et en partie fouillé un ensemble de sépultures plurielles inédites (Ier-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) contenant plusieurs centaines d’individus, lesquels ont été inhumés selon des pratiques funéraires singulières à la suite d’un épisode de surmortalité de nature probablement épidémique. Pour appréhender l’histoire de vie (alimentation et mobilité) de ces défunts et rediscuter sur la base d’éléments nouveaux certaines hypothèses préalablement établies, nous avons mené dans le cadre de ce travail une approche archéo-biogéochimique multi-proxy (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O et 87Sr/86Sr) et multi-tissulaire (émail, os, cheveu) sur un échantillon de 130 individus issus de six différentes chambres. Nous avons dans un premier temps vérifié l’intégrité biochimique et isotopique des fractions minérales (phases carbonatées) et organiques (phases collagénique et kératinique) des échantillons à partir d’indicateurs classiques mesurés en routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 et PCO2/Masse) et par spectroscopie IRTF (IRSF, CO3/PO4 et AmideI/PO4) et par une approche innovante consistant en des datations 14C sur couples collagène-apatite pour valider le signal isotopique des fractions minérales. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des différences extrêmes de préservation de toutes les phases. La trajectoire diagénétique des échantillons n’est toutefois pas aléatoire mais dépendante des conditions environnementales et taphonomiques différant entre les petites et les grandes chambres. En outre, nous avons pu démontrer qu’en dépit de fortes recristallisations et d’échanges isotopiques avec l’environnement sépulcral, les phases carbonatées possèdent un signal isotopique biogénique non altéré. Nous avons dans un second temps reconstruit les régimes alimentaires des individus en nous appuyant sur des référentiels de comparaisons robustes ainsi que divers modèles interprétatifs (mono-proxys versus multi-proxys ; qualitatifs versus quantitatifs), lesquels ont été dans certains cas adaptés au besoin de notre étude. D’une façon générale, nos résultats montrent que l’essentiel des individus a eu accès à un régime alimentaire type fondé sur la triade Céréales C3/Viande C3/Poisson marin. Ce régime alimentaire type n’est toutefois pas exclusif, certains individus (n = 13) ayant consommé de façon occasionnelle d’autres catégories de ressources tels que du poisson dulcicole ou des céréales C4. Nos résultats révèlent que les changements d’alimentation au cours de la vie sont relativement limités. Par ailleurs, cette population se singularise sur un plan strictement alimentaire au regard des autres populations contemporaines romaines pour lesquelles des valeurs isotopiques sont publiées. Nous avons dans un troisième temps étudié les schémas de mobilité des individus en nous fondant sur une approche rigoureuse de nos données et sur des référentiels de comparaison les plus exhaustifs possible ainsi qu’en tenant compte de biais ordinairement éludés (faits culturels, influence du climat et erreurs associées aux équations de conversion). Nos résultats mettent en lumière qu’a minima 23 % (n = 30) des individus étudiés sont migrants. Ces derniers ne se distinguent toutefois pas de par leur alimentation des résidents romains. Nous avons pu montrer en outre que ces migrants ont eu des trajectoires de vie complexes et hétérogènes et que trois schémas de mobilité distincts les caractérisent. Notre population ne se différencie pas en termes de taux de migrants des autres populations romaines pour lesquelles des données isotopiques sont disponibles. Elle se distingue en revanche par son cosmopolitisme avec des origines pour les migrants des plus diverses : Europe, Afrique, Arabie et Asie mineure [...]. / An assembly of unpublished complex plural burials (1st-3rd cent. AD.) was discovered and partially excavated, between 2003 and 2010 in the central region called X of the catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus in Rome. It contains several hundred individuals which were buried according to uncommon funeral practices following a mortality episode of likely epidemic nature. To understand the life history (diet and mobility patterns) of these deceased and to discuss again certain assumptions previously established on the basis of new evidences, we have as part of this work conducted an archaeo-biogeochemical multi-proxy (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O et 87Sr/86Sr) and multi-tissue (enamel, bones, hair) approach on a sub-sample of 130 individuals coming from six different chambers. At the outset, we tested the biochemical and isotopic integrity of mineral (carbonate phases) and organic fractions (collagen and keratin phases) samples from conventional indicators measured in routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 et PCO2/Mass), by FTIR spectroscopy (IRSF, CO3/PO4 and AmideI/PO4) and by an innovative approach consisting of 14C dating on collagen-apatite to validate the isotopic signal of mineral fractions. Our results highlight extreme differences of preservation of all phases. Diagenetic trajectory of samples is however not random but dependent on environmental and taphonomical conditions which differ between small and large chambers. Furthermore, we have been able to demonstrate that, despite strong recrystallization and isotopic exchanges with the sepulchral environment, carbonated phases have an unaltered biogenic isotopic signal. Secondly, we rebuilt the diets of individuals based on robust comparisons repositories and various interpretative models (mono-proxy versus multi-proxies; qualitative versus quantitative) which were, in some cases, adapted to the needs of our study. In general, our results show that most of the individuals had access to such a type diet based on the triad Cereals C3/Meat C3/Marine fish. This type diet would however not be exclusive, some individuals (n = 13) would have indeed occasionally consumed other resources such as freshwater fish or C4 cereals. Our results indicate that changes of diet during the life history are relatively limited. Besides, with regard to consumed food, this population is distinguished from other contemporary Roman populations for whom isotopic values are published. In the third place, we studied individual’s mobility patterns based on a rigorous approach to our data and on a comparison of the most comprehensive repositories as possible with taking into account the bias usually evaded (cultural facts, influence of climate and errors associated with conversion equations). Our results highlight that a minimum of 23% (n = 30) of the studied individuals are migrants. These, however, are not distinguished from Roman residents through their diet. We were able to show further that these migrants had complex and heterogeneous trajectories during their life within three distinct mobility patterns characterizing them. In terms of migrant’s rates, our population does not differ from other Roman populations for which the isotopic data are available. It differs however by its cosmopolitanism with origins for more diverse migrants: Europe, Africa, Arabia and Asia Minor [...]. / Tra il 2003 e il 2010, nella regione centrale chiamata X della catacomba dei Santi Pietro e Marcellino a Roma, è stato scoperto e parzialmente scavato un insieme di sepolture plurime inedite (I-III sec. D.C.) contenente diverse centinaia di individui, i quali sono stati inumati secondo le pratiche funerarie singolari in seguito ad un episodio di sovramortalità di natura probabilmente epidemica. Per comprendere la storia di vita (alimentazione e mobilità) di questi defunti e ridiscutere, sulla base di nuovi elementi, alcune ipotesi precedentemente formulate, abbiamo condotto, nel quadro di questo lavoro, un approccio archeo-biogeochimico multi-proxys (14C, δ13C, δ15N, δ18O e 87Sr/86Sr) e multi-tessuto (smalto, ossa, capelli) su un campione di 130 individui da sei stanze diverse. Abbiamo inizialmente verificato l'integrità biochimica e isotopica delle frazioni minerali (fasi carbonatiche) ed organiche (fasi collageniche e cheratiniche) dei campioni provenienti da indicatori classici misurati in routine (%Col, %C, %N, C/N, PCO2 e PCO2/Massa) e per spettroscopia FTIR (IRSF, CO3/PO4 e AmmideI/PO4) ed un approccio innovativo costituito da datazione 14C su coppie collagene-apatite per validare il segnale isotopico delle frazioni minerali. I nostri risultati mettono in evidenza delle differenze estreme di preservazione di tutte le fasi. La traiettoria diagenetica dei campioni non è però aleatoria, ma dipendente dalle condizioni ambientali e tafonomiche che differiscono tra camere piccole e grandi. Inoltre, abbiamo potuto dimostrare che nonostante delle forti ricristallizzazioni e degli scambi isotopici con l'ambiente sepolcrale, le fasi carbonatiche hanno un segnale isotopico biogenetico inalterato. Abbiamo in un secondo tempo ricostruito i regimi alimentari degli individui basandoci su riferimenti di confronto robusti e vari modelli interpretativi (mono-proxys versus multi-proxys, qualitativi versus quantitativi), i quali sono stati in alcuni casi, adattati alle esigenze del nostro studio. In generale, i nostri risultati mostrano che la maggior parte degli individui ha avuto accesso ad un regime alimentare tipo basato sulla triade Cereali C3/Carne C3/Pesci marini. Questo regime alimentare non è tuttavia esclusivo, avendo certi individui (n = 13) consumato casualmente altre categorie di risorse come il pesce dulciacquicolo o dei cereali C4. I nostri risultati indicano che i cambiamenti di alimentazione nel corso della vita sono relativamente limitati. Inoltre, questa popolazione si distingue da un piano strettamente alimentare rispetto alle altre popolazioni contemporanee romane per le quali dei valori isotopici sono pubblicati. Abbiamo in un terzo tempo studiato gli schemi di mobilità degli individui basandoci su un approccio rigoroso dei nostri dati e su riferimenti di confronto i più esaustivi possibile, e anche tenendo conto di punti di vista solitamente elusi (fatti culturali, influenza del clima e errori associati alle equazioni di conversione). I nostri risultati mettono in luce che a minima 23% (n = 30) degli individui studiati sono migranti. Questi ultimi, tuttavia, non si distinguono per la loro alimentazione dai residenti romani. Abbiamo potuto mostrare, inoltre, che questi migranti hanno avuto percorsi di vita complessi ed eterogenei e che tre schemi di mobilità distinti li caratterizzano. Nostra popolazione non si differenzia in termini di tasso di migranti da altre popolazioni romane per le quali sono disponibili dei dati isotopici. Essa si distingue tuttavia per il suo cosmopolitismo con delle origini per i migranti delle più diverse: Europa, Africa, Arabia e Asia Minore [...].

The thesis examines a number of questions concerning the design, construction, costs and use of Romano-British seagoing and inland waters shipping. In the first part the reasons for the methods of construction for seagoing and coastal vessels, such as the Blackfriars Ship 1, the St. Peter Port Ship and the Barland's Farm Boat, have been investigated. The constructional characteristics of the two ships are massive floors and frames, with the planking fastened only to the floors and frames with heavy clenched iron nails. There is no edge to edge fastening of the planks, with tenons inserted into mortises cut into the edges of the planks, as is normal in the Mediterranean tradition of ship construction in the Roman period. The Romano-British ships also differ from the Scandinavian tradition of clinker building with overlapping planks nailed to each other along their length. It has been concluded that a natural phenomenon, the large tidal range around the British Isles and the northern coasts of Gaul and Germany, had a dominant effect on the design of seagoing vessels. Deep water harbours, such as Portus, Caesar ea Maritima and Alexandria in the Mediterranean, where ships could lie afloat at all times, were neither practicable nor economic with the technology available. At the British ports, such as Dover, London and Chichester, ships had to come in with the high tide, moor to simple wharves at the high tide level, and then settle on the ground as the tide dropped. At the numerous small havens, inlets and estuaries around the British coasts, ships would come in with the tide, settle on a natural or man-made 'hard' as the tide fell, and discharge cargo over the side to carts, pack animals or people. This mode of operation required sturdy ships that could take the ground without damage, and also withstand a certain amount of 'bumping' on the bottom in the transition period from fully afloat to fully aground. The second part of the thesis investigates the cost of building, maintaining and operating various types of vessels. To do this, a new mode for measuring cost, the Basic Economic Unit, or BEU, has been developed. The probable volume of the various types of cargoes carried has been examined. It appears that grain was the dominant cargo in both coastal and overseas traffic. The total cost of building, maintaining and operating the seagoing and inland water shipping was less than one percent of the gross product of Britain, a small cost for an essential service. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

Au Proche-Orient, l'os, l'ivoire, la corne et l'écaille de tortue ont été exploités pour fabriquer des objets très divers durant les époques hellénistique à byzantine. Or, alors que des objets dans ces matières sont mis au jour sur de nombreux sites, les façons dont les artisans transformaient la matière première en objet fini, de même que leur insertion dans la société à laquelle ils appartenaient, sont encore méconnus. Pour combler ces lacunes, l'étude d'assemblages provenant de contextes dits artisanaux a été réalisée suivant une approche technologique. Adaptée des travaux en Préhistoire et fondée sur le concept de technique en tant qu'action élémentaire sur la matière, cette approche, multidisciplinaire, a pour but de remettre l'artisan et son savoir-faire dans son contexte économique et social. À travers le croisement des données historiques, archéozoologiques et technologiques, nous avons ici tenté de reconstituer les rapports que l'artisan entretient non seulement avec la matière qu'il transforme, mais également avec les autres acteurs de l'exploitation des matières animales (boucher, tanneur), ainsi que sa place dans la société dans laquelle il évolue. / For a period covering Hellenistic to Protobyzantine times - and beyond -, bone, horn, ivory and turtle shell were used to produce a wide variety of items in the Near East. While these items are regularly uncovered on excavation sites, the production processes, as well as the craftsman's place in Hellenistic to Protobyzantine societies, are still poorly understood. To better assess them, collections from so-called artisanal contexts were studied using a technological approach. Set up from a Prehistorian-developed method and based on the concept of the technique as an elementary action on the material, this multidisciplinary approach aims to put the craftsman and his ways of working back into the economic and social context of the society he lives in. Through the study of written, archaeozoological, and technological sources, we searched to understand the relationships not only between the craftsman and the materials he works with, but also between him and the other actors involved with animal materials, as well as to determine his place in the society he is part of.

Avec l’avènement de l’Empire romain au cours du premier siècle avant notre ère le Levant devient le théâtre d’un cosmopolitisme où maintes cultures hétéroclites vont coexister. Ce nouveau système a Rome comme Caput Mundi. Des voies vont être tracées par l’armée jusqu’au fin fond de l’empire pour relier le monde à sa capitale. Les fouilles préventives récentes (depuis 2005) à Berytus (Beyrouth) et à Botrys (Batroun) ont mis au jour une quantité considérable de données inédites sur l’homme et sur les populations qui vivaient dans la région durant les quatre siècles de l’Empire romain et jusqu’au début du Christianisme. À partir d’une étude archéo‐anthropologique de huit ensembles funéraires (n=290) provenant de la Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus et de la ville de Botrys qui contrairement à Berytus n’a pas le statut de colonia romana, ce travail propose de contribuer à l’histoire de ces deux villes. Notre but est d’appréhender les populations du passé d’après l’étude du squelette, les caractéristiques biologiques, les rituels et les pratiques funéraires ainsi que l’organisation des espaces sépulcraux. Cette étude révèle en premier lieu un cosmopolitisme culturel et biologique illustré par la variabilité des pratiques funéraires et par la diversité biologique des deux ou plusieurs groupes qui ont dû coexister à la Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus. Par contre, les données bio-culturelles de Botrys évoquent quant à elles, une cité moins cosmopolite, moins diversifiée sur les plans anthropologiques et culturels. En effet, la ressemblance des modes d’inhumation, du traitement du corps, du mobilier funéraire et la structuration de l’espace funéraire et l’homogénéité biologique sont incontestables à Botrys. En revanche, les analyses comparatives entre Berytus et Botrys ont mis en évidence une hétérogénéité biologique existante à plusieurs échelles entre les individus des deux villes. Cependant cette distance est brisée par l’homogénéité du corpus féminin des deux villes pour la période qui s'étend du IIème au IVème siècle de notre ère. / During the first century B.C., with the rise of the Roman Empire, the Levant became the scene of cosmopolitanism where many heteroclite cultures would coexist. The new cosmopolitan society had Rome as its capital (Caput Mundi), and roads drawn up by the army linking the rest of the empire to its capital. Recent rescue excavations (since 2005) in Berytus (Beirut) and Botrys (Batroun) have revealed a considerable amount of unpublished data on populations who lived in the region during the four centuries of the Roman Empire until the early centuries of Christianity. Following an archaeo-anthropological approach, this thesis presents an assessment of eight funerary sites (n= 290) from the cities of Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus and Botrys. Significantly, Botrys, unlike Berytus, did not have the status of a Roman colony. This research seeks to contribute to the history of these two cities. The purpose is to understand the populations of the past through the study of the skeletons, rituals and funerary practices as well as the organisation of funerary spaces. This study primarily reveals a cultural and biological cosmopolitanism illustrated by variability in funerary practices and in biological characteristics. These results suggest that at least two different groups or more coexisted in the Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus. On the contrary, the biocultural data of Botrys skeletons reveal a less cosmopolitan city with less diversity shown on different anthropological and cultural levels. Indeed, the similarity of funerary practices, body treatments, grave goods and the organisation of the funerary space and biological homogeneity are indisputable in Botrys. Comparative analysis between Berytus and Botrys highlighted an existing biological heterogeneity at different scales between individuals of both cities. However, this diversity is contradicted by the homogeneity of the females of both cities during the 2th and the 4th century A. D. / أصبح المشرق خلال القرن الاول قبل الميلاد، مع صعود الامبراطورية الرومانية، مسرحاً عالمياً تتفاعل فيه ثقافات مختلفة. ثقافات لطالما ميزت المشرق بسبب الغزوات واختلاط الشعوب منذ العصر الحجري الحديث. النظام العالمي الجديد جعل روما "عاصمة العالم" أو كما يقال باللاتينية Caput Mundi وبذلك رسم الجيش الروماني الطرق الى مختلف أصقاع الامبراطورية لتؤدي الى روما. كشفت الحفريات الوقائية و الإنقاذية الأخيرة في بيروت والبترون عن معطيات جديدة تخص الشعوب التي عاشت في المنطقة خلال القرون الأربعة من الإمبراطورية الرومانية وحتى بدايات المسيحية. تقدم رسالة الدكتوراه هذه دراسة عن الإنسان وعلاقاته مع الموت. وباتباع منهج أثري-أنثروبولوجي ستقدم تقييماً لثمان مواقع مدفنية في كولونيا جوليا أوغوستا فيليكس بيريتوس Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus ومدينة البترون (ع=٢٩٠ ) والتي على عكس بيريتوس )بيروت) لم تحمل صفة مستوطنة رومانية .تقدم هذه الدراسة في المقام الأول الاطار الثقافي والبيولوجي والمشروحين بتعدد الطقوس المدفنية والاختلاف البيولوجي لمجموعتين او اكثر من المجموعات التي تعيش في كولونيا جوليا أوغوستا فيليكس بيريتوس. في المقابل المعطيات البيولوجية الثقافية في البترون تدل على أنها مدينة أقل تنوعاً ولا تحوي تنوعات انثروبولوجية وثقافية كبيرة. لذلك فإن التطابق في طرق الدفن وتحضير الموتى وأمكنة الدفن والتجانس البيولوجي هي مسائل لاجدال فيها بالنسبة للبترون. وبالمقارنة مابين بيروت والبترون من الواضح عدم التجانس البيولوجي الموجود على أكثر من صعيد فيما بين سكان المدينتين.ولكن هذا التباين مابين المدينتين مخترق من قبل تشابه الإناث في كلا المدينتين من القرن الثاني الى القرن الرابع ميلادي.

This paper examines the Roman invasions of and interactions with Britain in the mid first century BCE and early first century CE and evaluates the results. Specifically, this paper analyzes motives and the actual military events of the invasions of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BCE and evaluates their aftermath, leading up to the invasion of Claudius in 43 CE. Caesar’s stated motive for launching the invasion was to prevent the islanders from interfering in the new Roman order being constructed in Gaul. However, as will be shown, Caesar’s more personal motives, in the form of a desire for wealth and glory, played as much if not more of a role in the launching of these expeditions. In light of these motives, the invasions can be defined, at best, as partial successes. The Romans militarily defeated the enemy but failed to materially benefit from that victory. Caesar’s account also leaves numerous points of scholarly debate unresolved on the surface, but a careful examination of the evidence allows us to answer them in part. This paper provides a thorough discussion of this interesting period as well as a look at the motives, actions, and fortunes of the participants. iii / vi, 148 leaves ; 29 cm

Cette étude archéozoologique porte sur les variations morphologiques de différents éléments du squelette porcin (Sus scrofa domesticus) et s’appuie sur deux présupposés majeurs : (1) les changements morphologiques de l’animal sont le reflet des évolutions du contexte socio-économique ; (2) il existe une grande diversité des formes porcines, conditionnée par différents facteurs d’influence (environnement, stratégies agropastorales, habitudes culturelles, etc.). L’analyse menée, sur la base de tels postulats, tend à mesurer puis décrire ces changements et cette diversité pour tenter d’en comprendre l’origine et les mécanismes de progression. Pour cela il a fallu observer les restes dentaires et osseux de plus de 600 sites archéologiques, situés sur les territoires gaulois, français et italien, datés de La Tène moyenne à la période moderne, à l’aide de différentes méthodes de morphométrie géométrique et traditionnelle. De cette manière, il a été possible de constituer un solide référentiel ostéométrique pour le porc et d’atteindre ici une meilleure compréhension des pratiques d’élevage aux périodes gauloise, romaine et médiévale / This archaeozoological study investigates morphological variations in different skeletal parts of the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) according to two main assumptions: (1) the morphological changes of the animal reflect socio-economic changes; (2) there is a great diversity of pig’s forms, driven by different factors (environment, agropastoral strategies, cultural habits, etc.). Our analysis, based on these assumptions, tends to quantify and describe these changes and this diversification to try to understand their origin and mechanisms. For this we have observed the dental and skeletal remains of more than 600 archaeological sites, located on the Gallic, French and Italian territories, dated from La Tène moyenne to the modern period, using different methods of geometric and traditional morphometrics. In this way, we were able to build a strong osteometric framework for pigs and get new clues to a better understanding of farming practices for Gallic, Roman and medieval periods