Cities present many opportunities to improve socio-ecological sustainability through efficiencies of scale and access to resources and services. These benefits are often compromised by rapidly increasing urban populations demanding energy, water, resources and food that are sourced, produced and transported from rural areas in unsustainable ways. A systems level approach to understanding the complex challenges cities face is required to strategically plan for the future. Rooftop agriculture is one measure that can help address many sustainability problems cities are currently faced with. Our research aims to identify the role rooftop agriculture can play in moving society towards sustainability, the challenges it currently faces that may prevent it from being widely implemented, and how to overcome these challenges. To structure our research, we used the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD), a scientifically rigorous and peer reviewed model designed to manage the complexity of planning and decision-making towards sustainability. The culmination of this paper was the creation of a Sustainable Rooftop Agriculture Guide, a practical resource that can help city stakeholders determine how to best use rooftop agriculture in their movement towards sustainability.

Tato diplomová práce představuje určenou část projektové dokumentace ve stupni pro provádění stavby (dle vyhlášky č. 499/2006 Sb. ve znění vyhlášky č. 62/2013 Sb.) zabývající se komplexní rekonstrukcí a vytvořením nástavby stávající budovy školního ubytovacího zařízení ve městě Bzenci. Zároveň dojde ke změně užívání stavby na nájemní dům s byty charakteru sociálního bydlení. V souvislosti s touto skutečností se navržená rekonstrukce snaží zachovat a využít stávající konstrukce v co největším rozsahu, s cílem nezbytně tak nenavyšovat náklady rekonstrukce stavby.

In my diploma thesis I designed a new office building in Brno. The building will function as a business incubator, so it will provide space for developing companies for favorable lease terms. While projecting the building I took into consideration future changes in dispositions. Part of the building has a basement and it has one underground and four aboveground floors. The building is designed as monolithic ferroconcrete unit and it has reinforcing perimeter walls with unit core. The ceiling is made of monolithic ferroconcrete panels. The building has flat rooftops, ventilated facade and is based on piles.

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Som följd av den pågående urbaniseringen har de naturliga förutsättningarna för regn och smältvattnet att infiltrera i marken och återgå till sitt kretslopp på naturlig väg försvunnit i städerna. I Stockholm leds ungefär hälften av dagvattnet via VA-nätet direkt och orenat till reningsverken. Dagvattenflödet varierar kraftigt vilket orsakar toppar som överbelastar VAnätet  och är svåra för reningsverken att hantera. Istället för att ledas ut i VA-nätet ska dagvatten strävas efter att hanteras lokalt. Arbetet lägger fokus på dagvattenhanteringen för takparken på ett nybyggnadsprojekt i Stockholm, projektet PARK 1. Projektet ritas av White arkitekter och ska certifieras enligt BREEAM och där nå den högsta klassningen Outstanding. Hållbar användning av mark och vatten är därför en av de viktiga frågorna i detta projekt. Syftet med arbetet är att omarbeta ett gestaltningsförslag av PARK1´s takpark samt att presentera lösningar för dess dagvattenhantering. Detta utförs med hänsyn till framtida klimatförändringar och byggnadens vattenkretslopp samt samordning och tillgänglighet. Arbetet utförs främst genom litteraturstudier, men har också kompletterats genom samtal, diskussioner och studiebesök. AutoCAD, SketchUp och Photoshop används för att illustera den planerade parken samt dess växter, funktioner och konstruktionslösningar. Dimensioneringen av brunnar och stammar görs med hänsyn till 100-årsregn för att klara framtida klimatförändringar. Med hjälp av nederbördsstatistik beräknas sannolik nederbörd för parken, denna mängd motsvara det dagvatten som ska hanteras lokalt. Avrinningsytan går från att vara en parkeringsplats där allt dagvatten belastar VA-nätet till att bli en takpark där dagvattnet utnyttjas till bevattning och 25 procent av byggnadens WCspolning. Dagvattnet blir direkt på platsen omvandlat till spillvatten och som följd blir tillförseln till vatten- och avloppsnätet från byggnaden jämn och stabil och färskvattenförbrukningen sänks. / As a result of ongoing urbanization, natural conditions for rain and meltwater to infiltrate in the ground and regress to the natural water cycle have disappeared in cities. About half of the stormwater in Stockholm is transported through the municipal water sewerage system directly to sewage treatment works. The flow of stormwater varies vigorously, causing flow peaks that overburden the system and treatment works. The aim should be to handle and use the stormwater locally instead of releasing it to the system. The focus of this bachelor thesis is how stormwater from a soon to be built construction project in Stockholm can be handled. The project, PARK 1, is designed by the architectural  firm White Arkitekter and is set to be BREEAM certified and to reach the classification outstanding. Therefore, sustainable use of land and water resources is one of the key matters in the project. The purpose of the study is to rework a existing design proposal for the rooftop garden planed on PARK1 and present solutions for stormwater usage. Consideration must be taken to future climate changes, coordination among disciplines and accessibility. The work was conducted mainly through literature studies and complemented by discussions and site visits to reference projects. AutoCAD, SketchUp and Photoshop were used to illustrate plans and details of the park proposal with its plantations, activities and technical solutions. Estimations of the quantity of roof outlets and dimensions of vertical downpipes were made for 100-year rain conditions. Through quantitative analysis of precipitation statistics the expected precipitation were calculated. Which after runoff covers the irrigation needs of the  park and 25 percent of the water needed for flushing of the buildings WC:s. The runoff surface is altered from being a parking lot where all stormwater ends up in the municipal water sewerage, to a rooftop garden where all of the stormwater is handled locally. This allows stormwater to be transformed into wastewater on sight, thereby contributing to a steady flow in sewer pipes in addition to help lower the buildings fresh water consumption.

The topic discussed in Brno for several decades is certainly the building of the new main railway station and its location. Countless architectural and urban studies have been done especially in 2018, which examined three possible locations of the station. After considering the possibilities, it was decided to place a new railway station near by the Svratka river. The advantage of the chosen location is the possibility of constructing a high-speed track, which is not possible in the current position of the station. Furthermore, this area allows the construction of a station on a green field, without limiting train traffic during the works. The capacity of the new designed train station represents an increase of 30-40 thousand passengers per day. Total capacity is approximately 100,000 passengers per day. However, construction activity in the area is limited by the flood risk factor. It is an effort to eliminate this risk with elements inspired by nature. These solutions include for example widening profle of the river , determining floodplains in such a way as to maintain access to the river. The diploma thesis offers a possible view of the architectural solution of the new railway station and its public spaces. The entrance hall of the station is located at one end of the visual axis, which is represented by the considered boulevard. The dominant building on the opposite side is the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul. The requirements and location of the new main station mean an assumption for the creation of a new city icon. The iconic vaulted structure, which runs across the railway bridge, refers to the former glory and fame of the city. The curve of catenary arch used in the profile of vault is a symbol for the new station. The new station represents a significant impulse not only for the development of Brno, but especially for the development of new South district. The construction of the trade fairs complex a hundred years ago had a similer effect.

This thesis deals with an architectural case study of the urban block in the Svitava industrial zone bordered by the Svitava River in the east, Ring Road in the west, Milady Horákové Street in the north and Zvonařka Street in the south. Špitálka Smart City has been designed to be in this area. The thesis is modelled on the Špitálka Smart City urban study, that was the outcome of the pre-thesis seminar in the winter term 2020/21. The urban study objective was the urban renewal of the Brno teplárny (heating plant) area and its surroundings as well as a design of a new urban boulevard. The thesis focuses on a design of a selected urban block in the Smart City Špitálka. This mixed-use development provides commercial, administrative and residential functions. The block is divided into two parts; either part consists of three sections. Two underground storeys providing parking space and space for building services are intended for the whole block. The case study further develops only the section that is labeled Coworking offering six floors for coworking spaces. On the ground floor there are spaces for a café, commerce and also the main entry to the co-working offices. A sky-office and a venue for rent are located on the seventh floor. The venue can be used for a wide range of events from smaller conferences, through corporate meetings & teambuildings to private parties. Both the sky-office and the venue have access to the rooftop terrace. The design creates a modern office building concept in the former industrial zone.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El sector de la edificación representa el 20% y el 40% de la energía primaria mundial, contribuyendo al 30% de las emisiones de CO2, un desafío amplificado por el crecimiento de la población. Sin embargo, el creciente interés en las fuentes de energía renovables ya maduras, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV), ofrece oportunidades para mitigar los anteriores impactos, así como potenciales beneficios económicos, ambientales y sociales. El presente trabajo investiga las posibilidades y limitaciones en el despliegue masivo de sistemas de autoconsumo fotovoltaico (PVSC) en áreas urbanas desde una perspectiva de planificación urbana, considerando las limitaciones técnicas y económicas actuales. Con este fin, esta tesis emplea estrategias basadas en datos para desarrollar modelos físicos y modelos ágiles basados en regresiones como herramientas de evaluación del potencial técnico y económico de los sistemas PVSC en contextos urbanos. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado y validado un submodelo empírico de producción fotovoltaica con mediciones climáticas y de producción recopiladas de una planta fotovoltaica de 50MW en funcionamiento. Además, se han investigado varias mejoras en el modelado del performance ratio (PR) en entornos de baja irradiancia. En la segunda etapa de esta investigación, el submodelo anterior se ha integrado en un modelo tecnoeconómico 3D basado en sistemas de información geográfica (GIS) capaz de evaluar el PVSC económico para una muestra de edificios residenciales. Además, el modelo incorpora modelos de sombras y estimaciones de demanda eléctrica horaria para evaluar una muestra de edificios residenciales. Una base de datos de simulación, derivada de los resultados anteriores, ha permitido el desarrollo de una metodología para entrenar un modelo basado en regresión y con ello estimar la producción y el periodo de retorno económico (PB) a escala de edificio con una precisión asumible para fines de planificación energética. Como último paso, se mejoró el submodelo de demanda empleando datos reales agregados de series temporales para múltiples patrones de consumo y proporcionando estimaciones realistas para otras tipologías de edificios. Además de las restricciones espaciales, el modelo optimiza el tamaño de las instalaciones según su demanda y limitaciones económicas, maximizando la relación entre autosuficiencia (SS) y el PB. Además, la metodología basada en regresión se ha ampliado para estimar, además del retorno de la inversión, múltiples indicadores clave de desempeño (KPIs) como la tasa interna de retorno (IRR), la tasa de autoconsumo (SC) y SS. A través de una adecuada identificación de predictores y una metodología de entrenamiento y validación, estas correlaciones permitieron estimaciones de rendimiento con una desviación aceptable respecto al modelo físico. La disponibilidad de datos relacionados con la construcción está aumentando progresivamente en la mayoría de los países, lo que permite una amplia aplicación y generalización de las metodologías propuestas y reduce el costo de simulación de estos estudios para cubrir áreas urbanas más extensas. Como aplicación de las metodologías anteriores, se analizaron los resultados del potencial económico fotovoltaico del parque inmobiliario completo de un municipio mediterráneo bajo diferentes escenarios económicos y de demanda a escala de edificio y municipal. Para el escenario que cumple con la regulación actual en España, la SS municipal oscila entre el 22%-43% para los escenarios más optimista y pesimista, respectivamente. El dimensionamiento óptimo de las instalaciones según las curvas de carga en la modalidad de Net Billing (NB) es crucial para obtener resultados económicos competitivos. En consecuencia, la generación fotovoltaica anual representó el 68% del consumo eléctrico total anual. / [CA] El sector de l'edificació representa el 20% i el 40% de l'energia primària mundial, contribuint al 30% de les emissions de CO2, un desafiament amplificat pel creixement de la població. No obstant això, el creixent interés en les fonts d'energia renovables ja madures, com l'energia solar fotovoltaica (PV), ofereix oportunitats per a mitigar els anteriors impactes, així com potencials beneficis econòmics, ambientals i socials. El present treball investiga les possibilitats i limitacions en el desplegament massiu de sistemes PVSC en àrees urbanes des d'una perspectiva de planificació urbana, considerant les limitacions tècniques i econòmiques actuals. A aquest efecte, aquesta tesi empra estratègies basades en dades per a desenvolupar models físics i models àgils basats en regressions com a eines d'avaluació del potencial tècnic i econòmic dels sistemes PVSC en contextos urbans. En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat i validat un submodel empíric de producció fotovoltaica amb mesuraments climàtics i de producció recopilats d'una planta fotovoltaica de 50MW en funcionament. A més, s'han investigat diverses millores en el modelatge del performance ràtio (PR) en entorns de baixa irradiància. En la segona etapa d'aquesta investigació, el submodel anterior s'ha integrat en un model tecnoeconòmic 3D basat en sistemes d'informació geográfica (GIS) capaç d'avaluar el PVSC econòmic per a una mostra d'edificis residencials. A més, el model incorpora models d'ombres i estimacions de demanda elèctrica horària per a avaluar una mostra d'edificis residencials. Una base de dades de simulació, derivada dels resultats anteriors, ha permés el desenvolupament d'una metodologia per a entrenar un model basat en regressió i amb això estimar la producció i la període de retorn econòmic (PB) a escala d'edifici amb una precisió assumible per a fins de planificació energètica. Com a últim pas, es va millorar el submodel de demanda emprant dades reals agregats de sèries temporals per a múltiples patrons de consum i proporcionant estimacions realistes per a altres tipologies d'edificis. A més de les restriccions espacials, el model optimitza la grandària de les instal·lacions segons la seua demanda i limitacions econòmiques, maximitzant la relació entre la taxa d'autosuficiència (SS) i PB. A més, la metodologia basada en regressió s'ha ampliat per a estimar, a més del retorn de la inversió, múltiples indicadors clau d'acompliment (KPIs) com la taxa interna de retorn (IRR), la taxa d'autoconsum (SC) i la SS. A través d'una adequada identificació de predictors i una metodologia d'entrenament i validació, aquestes correlacions van permetre estimacions de rendiment amb una desviació acceptable respecte al model físic. La disponibilitat de dades relacionades amb la construcció està augmentant progressivament en la majoria dels països, la qual cosa permet una àmplia aplicació i generalització de les metodologies proposades i redueix el cost de simulació d'aquests estudis per a cobrir àrees urbanes més extenses. Com a aplicació de les metodologies anteriors, es van analitzar els resultats del potencial econòmic fotovoltaic del parc immobiliari complet d'un municipi mediterrani baix diferents escenaris econòmics i de demanda a escala d'edifici i municipal. Per a l'escenari que compleix amb la regulació actual a Espanya, la taxa d'autosuficiència municipal oscil·la entre el 22%-43% per als escenaris més optimista i pessimista, respectivament. El dimensionament òptim de les instal·lacions segons les corbes de càrrega en la modalitat de Net Billing (NB) és crucial per a obtindre resultats econòmics competitius. En conseqüència, la generació fotovoltaica anual va representar el 68% del consum elèctric total anual. / [EN] The building sector in developed countries consumes 20% to 40% of global primary energy, contributing to 30% of the CO2 emissions, a challenge amplified by urban population growth. However, the rising interest in mature renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), offers opportunities to mitigate these impacts and potential economic, environmental, and social benefits. The present research investigates the possibilities and constraints in the massive deployment of photovoltaic self-consumption (PVSC) systems in urban areas from an urban planning perspective, considering the current technical and economic limitations. To this end, this thesis employs data-driven strategies to develop both bottom-up physical and agile regression-based models as assessment tools for the technical and economic potential of PVSC systems in urban contexts. First, an empirical PV production submodel has been developed and validated with climate and production measurements collected from a 50MW utility-scale in operation. Additionally, several improvements in modeling the performance ratio (PR) in low-irradiance environments have been investigated. In the second stage of this research, the previous submodel has been integrated into a physical 3D GIS-based techno-economic model capable of assessing the economic PVSC for a sample of residential buildings. Additionally, the model incorporates shadow modeling and hourly electric demand estimations to assess sample residential buildings. A simulation database, derived from the previous results, has allowed the development of a methodology to train a regression-based model to estimate the production and the economic payback (PB) at a building scale with an assumable accuracy for energy planning purposes. As the last step, the demand submodel was improved by employing real aggregated time series data for multiple consumer patterns and providing realistic estimations for other building typologies. In addition to spatial restrictions, the model optimizes the sizing of the facilities according to their demand and economic constraints, maximizing the relationship between self-sufficiency (SS) and PB. Furthermore, the regression-based methodology has been extended to estimate, besides the payback, multiple key performance indicators such as internal rate of return (IRR), self-consumption rate (SC), and SS. Through an appropriate predictor identification and a training and validation methodology, these correlations allowed performance estimations with an acceptable deviation compared with the physical model. The availability of building-related data is progressively increasing in most countries, enabling widespread application and generalization of the proposed methodologies and reducing the simulation cost of these studies to cover larger urban areas. As an application of the previous methodologies, a complete-census economic PV potential results of a Mediterranean municipality's building stock was performed under different demand and economic scenarios at a building and municipality scale. For the scenario that meets the current regulation in Spain, the municipality SS ranged between 22%-43% for the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. The optimal sizing of the facilities according to the load curves in the Net Billing (NB) modality is crucial to obtaining competitive economic results. Consequently, the annual PV generation represented 68% of the annual total electricity consumption of the municipality for a net billing scenario, while a net metering scenario represented 103%. Owing to economies of scale and high demand intensity, a higher profitability was found in rooftops of apartment blocks and industrial buildings, which also achieve the highest savings in emissions. / Fuster Palop, E. (2023). Modeling and Optimization of Photovoltaic Installations at Urban Scale [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202061 / Compendio

Brno has been considering moving the Main railway station for several decades. Countless urban plans have been done through several competitions, the new South District, which will be located north direction of today's Dolní nádraží station in the future. The architectural study, which was the subject of this diploma thesis, designs multifunctional object called Platform. The building could become part of the emerging South District. The base for the architectural study of the Platform was urban concept of South District designed by me as a pre-diploma thesis. The significance of the South District is comparable to the new Main Railway Station in Vienna surrounded by new district. Those opportunities were the foundation for designing compact urban structure with great variability of public spaces and buildings themselves. The new building is located on the Route of experiences, which is an alternative lane to the main boulevard from the Main Station to the centre of Brno. That starts at the railway station, leads through South District and its main square, the waterfront, through the islands of Svratka, to the park next to the river. Lane continues to the rediscovered railway viaduct and further to today's Main railway station. The viaduct was an inspiration for the architectural design, in the sense of material and shape. The mass of the building itself is divided horizontally into two parts. The lower, heavy masonry brick part of the market is visually separated from the upper objects that seem to levitate above the market. These three upper masses grow from the green roof of the market. Their function is already evident due to their facades. Upper part belongs to the two apartment buildings with a regular grid of south-west orientated windows and one coworking facility located in the northern corner of the Platform. The location of the building is significant. The views from the Platform are amazing - one side there is the Svratka River with island

<p>With rising temperatures, urbanization, population growth, improving economic wellbeing, decarbonization and electrification efforts, the demand for space cooling and heating equipment is continuously increasing around the world. To counteract the effect of rising demand for air conditioners and heat pumps on total energy consumption, peak electricity demand, and emissions, it is crucial to promote the development and market penetration of energy-efficient systems. Establishing minimum energy performance standards (MEPS), energy labeling and utility programs are some of the effective and tested methods for achieving this goal. The technical basis for these energy efficiency standards is a testing and rating procedure for estimating equipment seasonal performance from laboratory tests. Although the current rating procedures provide standardized metrics to compare different equipment performances, they fail to appropriately characterize the field representative performance of systems by not considering the effects of: 1) test unit embedded controls, thermostat, and realistic interactions with the building load and dynamics; 2) different climate zones and building types; and 3) and other integrated accessories for improving energy efficiency such as economizer for rooftop units (RTUs). Therefore, current approaches for performance ratings neither incentives the development and implementation of improved system and control designs nor consumers with a metric that represents the advanced systems' actual energy savings. To address this, a load-based testing methodology that enables dynamic performance evaluation of equipment with its integrated controls, thermostat, and other accessories was recently proposed. The test methodology is based on the concept of emulating the response of a representative building conditioned by the test unit in a test lab using a virtual building model. </p> <p>In this work, the proposed load-based testing methodology was further extended, evaluated, and validated for residential heat pumps to integrate it into next-generation energy efficiency testing and rating procedures and to serve as a tool for engineers to develop and validate improved control algorithms in a laboratory setting. Further, a load-based testing method for evaluating the dynamic performance of RTUs with integrated economizers was also developed and demonstrated.</p> <p>A load-based testing approach previously developed for residential cooling equipment is extended for heat pump heating-mode and demonstrated for a variable-speed system. The heat pump's typical dynamic behaviors are captured along with controller imperfections that aren't reflected in current testing approaches. Further, a comprehensive comparison was performed between the proposed load-based testing approach to the current steady-state testing approach in the U.S., AHRI 210/240, based on performance evaluation of three residential variable-speed heat pumps to understand the differences and their significance for the next-generation rating procedure. For cooling mode, steady-state testing estimates higher seasonal performance, but for heating mode, the steady-state testing approach estimates higher seasonal performance for warmer climates and is comparable for colder climates. The load-based testing methodology was validated by comparing the laboratory performance of a heat pump to that of a residential building in a controlled environment. The virtual building modeling approach for building loads and thermal dynamics effectively captured these characteristics of the house. The heat pump's cycling rate response with run-time fraction, which represents the unit's overall dynamic response, matched well between lab load-based tests and house tests. The test unit's COP difference for cooling and heating tests was within 3% between the two facilities, except for 9% in 95°F and 6% in 104°F cooling dry-coil test intervals. To evaluate the applicability of the developed load-based testing methodology as next-generation rating standards, its repeatability and reproducibility were assessed based on multiple heat pump round-robin tests conducted in two labs. Overall, reasonable to good repeatability was observed in load-based test results in both labs, however, poor reproducibility was observed except for one heat pump heating mode results. A root cause analysis of the observed differences along with recommendations for a next-generation rating approach are presented. This work aided in the development of a CSA (Canadian Standards Association) standard EXP07:19 and its subsequent revision for equipment rating based on load-based testing.</p> <p>The application of the load-based testing methodology as a tool for the development and evaluation of a residential heat pump controller design was demonstrated. Further, a load-based testing methodology was developed and demonstrated for the dynamic performance evaluation of RTUs with integrated economizers in a test laboratory setting. Recommendations for future work to further develop and improve the repeatability, reproducibility, and representativeness of the load-based testing and rating approach for residential and commercial air conditioners and heat pumps are summarized at the end of the dissertation. </p>