The aviation environment holds challenging application constraints for efficient hydraulic system noise reduction devices. Besides strong limits on component weight and size, high safety and reliability standards demand simple solutions. Hence, basic silencers like inline expansion chambers and Helmholtz-Resonators are state-of-the-art aboard commercial aircrafts. Unfortunately, they do not meet today’s noise attenuation aims regarding passenger comfort and equipment durability. Significant attenuation performance is expected from active concepts that generate anti-phase noise. However, such concepts remain a long term approach unless related costs, e.g. due to additional power allocation and real-time control equipment can be avoided. In this paper an active fluid borne noise attenuation concept is discussed that accounts for the mentioned constraints. An aircraft hydraulic pump is considered as main noise source. The active attenuator is an in-house rotary valve design. The basic feature is a known direct shaft coupling principle of pump and rotary valve, so no speed/ frequency control of the valve and no separate power supply are required. The common-shaft principle is further simplified here and proposed as integral feature of future “smart pumps”.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of partial and total immersion in sodium hypochlorite on nickel-titanium rotary files and to determine whether resistance to fracture was influenced by the immersion time. One hundred K3™ and 100 ProFile® rotary files were either partially or totally immersed in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for zero, one, five, thirty, or sixty minutes. After immersion, files were subjected to cyclic fatigue testing. Time to fracture was recorded and analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. Tukey's honest significant difference was used to identify any differences in immersion times. Within all ProFile groups and partial immersion K3 groups, there was no significant decrease in time to fracture with increased immersion time in sodium hypochlorite. Only the K3 total immersion groups revealed a significant decrease in time to fracture with increased immersion time in sodium hypochlorite.

L’objectif de ce travail est de concevoir un outil d’atomisation adapté à la production de poudres de carburede tungstène dans l’entreprise Technogenia, située à Saint-Jorioz (74). Plus généralement, nous avons étudiéune nouvelle conception d’atomiseur rotatif pour lequel les surfaces d’atomisation sont orientées selon un angled’incidence non nul. Une telle orientation permet alors d’exploiter de façon plus efficace la fréquence de rotationde l’atomiseur ainsi que les forces de centrifugation et de Coriolis. A partir de cette base de réflexion, troisgéométries de surface d’atomisation ont été étudiées : des surfaces lisses, des surfaces pourvues de structurationsde long de leur bord de fuite et des surfaces matricées de perforations.Les différents modes de déstabilisation des écoulements liquides ont été observés grâce à l’acquisition de vidéosultra-rapides des différentes étapes de l’impact d’une goutte unique sur les différentes géométries de surfacesd’atomisation étudiées. Les processus d’atomisation peuvent ainsi varier entre la rupture de jets liquides régulierscausée par des instabilités de type Rayleigh-Plateau et la rupture de nappes liquides causée par des instabilitésde type Rayleigh-Taylor et/ou l’initiation de perforations au coeur des nappes et films liquides. Les vidéos dessprays aqueux ainsi que l’observation au microscope des poudres métalliques nous permettent de caractériser lessprays produits. Sur l’ensemble de nos expériences nous observons que la finesse de l’atomisation s’améliore àmesure que la fréquence de rotation augmente ; ce qui constitue l’objectif prioritaire du procédé développé dans lathèse. Cependant, les surfaces texturées, certes compatibles avec les liquides classiques (aqueux ou organiques),ne le sont plus avec les contraintes induites par du métal à haute température de fusion, tel le carbure detungstène fondu objet de la thèse. En conséquence, seules les surfaces lisses sont aujourd’hui retenues et fontl’objet de développements dans le cadre de la production de poudres métalliques au sein de Technogenia. / The aim of this work is to design a spray tool for the production of tungsten carbide powder for the companyTechnogenia, located in Saint-Jorioz (74). Thus, we have studied a new design of rotary atomizer based onatomization surface oriented at a non-zero incidence angle. Such an orientation can then allow to use moreeffectively the rotation frequency of the atomizer and the centrifugal and Coriolis forces. From this base reflection,three geometries of atomization surface were studied : smooth surfaces, surfaces with serrated structurationsalong their trailing edge and multi-perforated surfaces.The different destabilization modes of liquid flows were observed through high-speed videos of the different stagesof the single drop impact on each atomization surfaces. The atomization process can thus vary between liquid jetbreakup caused by Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities and liquid sheet breakup caused by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilitiesand/or initiating of holes in liquid films or sheets. Videos of aqueous sprays and microscopic observation of metalpowders allow us to characterize sprays. On all of our experiments, we observe that the atomisation gets better(producing finer spray), as the frequency of rotation increases. Although the textured surfaces are compatiblewith usual liquids (aqueous or organical), they can’t stand the constraints imposed by metal with a high meltingtemperature such as tungsten carbide, the object of this thesis. Therefore, only the smooth surfaces are nowthe subject of an industrial development to produce metallic powder with Technogenia company.

Cela fait environ soixante ans que l'on s'intéresse à la compréhension et à la modélisation du comportement Elastohydrodynamique (EHD) des joints à lèvres. Cependant, on peut considérer que, jusqu'à présent, leur modélisation n'a pas été totalement et rigoureusement traitée. En effet, même si de nombreuses études ont été consacrées à cette modélisation, plusieurs questions ont été soulevées et font toujours l'objet de controverses entre les chercheurs, à savoir l'impact sur les performances des joints à lèvre de l'effet des surfaces texturées de l'arbre, de la loi adoptée pour le comportement mécanique des joints à lèvre, de la démarche utilisée pour l'élaboration de la matrice de compliance (matrice de souplesse), de l'importance de supposer l'arbre lisse ou rugueux, ainsi que la valeur du rapport entre la largeur du contact et la longueur d'onde du défaut suivant la direction circonférentielle de la lèvre.Dans cette thèse, nous avons tenté d'apporter de façon rigoureuse des réponses claires et précises à toutes ces questions en élaborant et en validant un outil de simulation EHD complet pour les joints à lèvre qui tienne compte de presque tous les paramètres, à savoir une loi de comportement du matériau du joint précise, une matrice de souplesse rigoureusement validée et un arbre qui peut être lisse, rugueux et/ou texturé. De plus, un second modèle analytique est proposé. Il traite le comportement vibratoire du "squeeze film", en tenant compte de la non linéarité des caractéristiques intrinsèques du joint et du film. / It's about sixty years that we are interested in understanding and modeling the Elastohydrodynamic behavior (EHD) of rotary lip seals. However, we can consider that, until now, their modeling has not been accurately treated. Even though many studies have been devoted to this model, several questions have been raised and are still the subject of controversy among researchers, namely the parameters influencing on the rotary lip seals performance, such as: the shaft surface textured, the law adopted for the mechanical behavior of lip seals, the approach used to develop the matrix of compliance, the importance of assuming the smooth or rough shaft, and finally the ratio between the width of contact and the wavelength according the circumferential direction of the lip roughness.The main goal of this thesis is to answer rigorously these questions by developing and validating a numerical tool for EHD rotary lip seals modeling, that takes into account: the lip law behavior, the compliance matrix rigorously validated by assuming smooth shaft case, or rough and textured shaft case. In addition, an analytical approach is proposed, models the vibratory behavior of the "squeeze film". This implies a nonlinear comportment that is taken into account.

Interpretation of changes of humeral asymmetry during the Holocene period was based on the analysis of upper limb muscle activity during cereal grinding using the saddle quern and rotary quern. The aim of the diploma thesis was to test if the dominant upper limb muscle activity during cereal grinding using the saddle quern and rotary quern might be estimated by measuring the activity of musculus deltoideus (pars clavicularis), musculus infraspinatus, musculus pectoralis major and musculus triceps brachii (caput longum). Using surface electromyography, we have analyzed activity of musculus biceps brachii, musculus deltoideus (pars clavicularis), musculus deltoideus (pars acromialis), musculus deltoideus (pars spinalis), musculus pectoralis major, musculus infraspinatus, musculus triceps brachii (caput laterale) and musculus triceps brachii (caput longum) during cereal grinding using the saddle quern and rotary quern in 25 subjects. Consistent with our prediction, musculus biceps brachii was the least active muscle during saddle quern grinding and clockwise rotary grinding, therefore it is possible to exclude musculus biceps brachii from the sample of analyzed muscles. Pars clavicularis, pars acromialis and pars spinalis of musculus deltoideus were more active during rotary quern grinding than...

La problématique de l’homogénéité de traitement mécanique et thermique d’un lit particulaire bi-disperse en tailles ou en densités dans un tambour tournant horizontal a été abordée. Dans la première partie, le mélange des billes sphériques millimétriques dans un tambour de type ‘tranche’ a été observé expérimentalement à l’aide des maquettes originales et simulé numériquement à l’aide d’un code commercial de type DEM. En ajustant le coefficient de frottement entre les billes, un accord satisfaisant a été obtenu entre les résultats des simulations et des expériences. Le lit a été globalement caractérisé par l’indice de ségrégation radial, la répartition des billes dans la couche frontale et l’angle de talus dynamique. Des phénomènes importants de ségrégation radiale et axiale ont été mis en évidence. Une réduction très significative de l’indice de ségrégation radiale a été obtenue dans le cas des ailettes multiples et longues par rapport au cas avec peu d’ailettes courtes ou pas d’ailettes. Dans la deuxième partie, le chauffage des billes par contact avec la paroi périphérique du tambour a été simulé par la méthode DEM. Des lits mono-disperse, bi-disperse (comme dans la partie 1), et à dispersion gaussienne ont été considérés. Les indices de ségrégation mécanique et thermique ont été comparés pour les différents types de lits et différentes configurations d’ailettes. L’intensité de la ségrégation thermique a été renforcée, dans l’ensemble, par la ségrégation mécanique et a été la plus forte pour le lit bi-disperses en densités. L’augmentation de la hauteur et du nombre des ailettes a considérablement amélioré l’homogénéité thermique du lit et la vitesse globale de chauffage / Product homogeneity issue during mechanical and thermal processing of a bi-dispersed bed with two particles’ sizes or two particles’ densities in a horizontal rotary drum was considered. In the first part, the mixing of milli-metric size spherical beads in a two-dimensional drum was simulated by means of a commercial discrete element software and optically observed in a specially designed laboratory scale device. The spatial distribution of the particles in the front bed section, the radial mechanical segregation index and the dynamic slope angle were analyzed. After adjusting the friction coefficient, the simulation results were close to the experimental ones. Important phenomena of radial and axial segregation have been highlighted. The radial segregation index was found to be significantly decreased by applying an important number of long baffles, while using few short baffles had practically no influence on segregation intensity. In the second part, the heating of the bed of spherical beads in a 2D drum with hot peripheral wall was simulated by means of the discrete element software. Mono-dispersed, gaussian-dispersed and bi-dispersed beds (same as in part 1) were considered. The mechanical segregation and the thermal segregation indexes were calculated for the different types of bed and for different baffles configurations. The thermal segregation was found to be generally enhanced by the mechanical segregation and reached its highest values for the bi-density bed. Increasing the number and the length of the baffles considerably improved the overall heating rate and the thermal homogeneity of the considered beds

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar ex vivo a eficiência de sistemas para retratamento (ProTaper Universal Retratamento, Mtwo Retratamento e D-Race), na desobturação de canais mésio vestibulares curvos de molares superiores, por meio de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico. Foram utilizados canais mésio vestibulares com curvatura entre 20° e 40°, de 36 molares superiores, preparados com Protaper Universal (até instrumento F2), obturados com cone ProTaper F2 e cimento AH Plus, pela técnica de condensação lateral. Para a desobturação, os dentes foram divididos em grupos (I: ProTaper Universal Retratamento, II: Mtwo Retratamento e III: D-Race). A captura das imagens foi realizada após a obturação e após a desobturação dos canais radiculares, por meio de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico de pequeno volume (Prexion 3D XTrillion Inc). As imagens foram segmentadas utilizando o programa InVesalius, para verificar o material obturador remanescente. O tempo para desobturação também foi analisado. De posse dos valores, iniciais e finais, de volume de material obturador e de estrutura dentinária, a proporção dos volumes foi calculada. Para a análise estatística, os resultados foram avaliados pelos testes de ANOVA e de Múltiplas Comparações de Bonferroni. Os grupos ProTaper Universal Retratamento (13,97%) e D-Race (9,87%), apresentaram os menores volumes percentuais médios de material obturador remanescente, não havendo diferença estatística significante entre eles; porém, apresentaram diferença estatística significante (p 0,05) do grupo Mtwo Retratamento (33,88%). Os três sistemas provocaram desgaste semelhante de dentina após a desobturação. O grupo D-Race apresentou menor tempo para desobturação, estatisticamente diferente em relação aos demais sistemas. As características dos sistemas de retratamento podem interferir na eficiência de desobturação quanto ao tempo e volume de material remanescente. / The present study aimed to evaluate, ex vivo, the efficiency of systems for retreatment (ProTaper Universal Retreatment, Mtwo Retreatment and D-Race), in removal filling material of curved mesiobuccal canals of maxillary molars, using cone beam computed tomography. Were used mesiobuccal canals with curvature between 20 ° and 40 °, of 36 molars prepared with ProTaper Universal (until instrument F2), filled with cone F2 ProTaper and AH Plus sealer by lateral condensation. For the removal procedure of filling material, the teeth were divided into groups (I: Protaper Universal Retreatment, II: Mtwo Retreatment and III: D-Race). The capture of images was performed after filling and after the removal procedure of root canal through cone beam computed tomography of small volume (Prexion 3D - XTrillion Inc). The images were segmented using the software InVesalius to check the remaining filling material. The time for removal procedure was also analyzed. Possession of values, initial and final, of volume filling material and dentin structure, the ratio of the volumes was calculated. For statistical analysis, the results were evaluated by ANOVA and Bonferroni\'s Multiple Comparisons. ProTaper Universal Retreatment (13.97 %) and D-Race (9.87 %) groups had the lowest average percent volume remaining filling material, with no statistically significant difference between them, but showed a statistically significant difference (p 0.05) group Mtwo Retreatment (33.88 %). The three systems caused similar wear dentin after removal procedure. The group D-Race had less time for removal procedure, statistically different compared to the other systems. The characteristics of retreatment systems may interfere with the efficiency of removal procedure on the time and volume remaining material.

A clássica teoria de Euler-Bernoulli para vibrações transversais de vigas elásticas é sabido não ser adequada para vibrações de altas freqüências, como é o caso de vibração de vigas curtas. Esta teoria assume que a deflexão deve-se somente ao momento fletor, uma vez que os efeitos da inércia de rotação e da força cortante são negligenciados. Lord Rayleigh complementou a teoria clássica demonstrando a contribuição da inércia de rotação e Timoshenko estendeu a teoria ao incluir os efeitos da força cortante. A equação resultante é conhecida como sendo a que caracteriza a chamada teoria de viga de Timoshenko. Usando-se a matriz de rigidez dinâmica, as freqüências naturais e a resposta dinâmica de estruturas de barras são determinadas e comparadas de acordo com resultados de quatro modelos de vibração. São estudados o problema de vibração flexional de vigas, pórticos e grelhas, bem como o problema de fundação elástica segundo o modelo de Winkler e também a versão mais avançada que é o modelo de Pasternak. / Classical Euler-Bernoulli theory for transverse vibrations of elastic beams is known to be inadequate to consider high frequency modes which occur for short beams, for example. This theory is derived under the assumption that the deflection is only due to bending. The effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation are ignored. Lord Rayleigh improved the classical theory by considering the effect of rotary inertia. Timoshenko extended the theory to include the effects of shear deformation. The resulting equation is known as Timoshenko beam theory. The natural frequencies and dynamic reponse of framed structures are determined by using the dynamic stiffness matrix and compered according to these theories. The flexional vibration problems of beams, plane frames and grids are analysed, as well problems of elastic foundation according the well known Winkler model and also the more general Pasternak model.

O preparo químico-cirúrgico é uma das etapas mais importantes do tratamento endodôntico, pois promove a desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares através da limpeza e da modelagem. Realizar o preparo de canais curvos é um grande desafio, devido à ocorrência freqüente de acidentes operatórios como o transporte do canal. A introdução de instrumentos fabricados em ligas de níquel-titânio (NiTi) contribuiu consideravelmente para a melhora na qualidade da instrumentação dos canais. Os diferentes sistemas rotatórios que são apresentados continuamente ao profissional devem ser estudados com detalhes, pois o seu comportamento pode variar de acordo com o desenho de cada instrumento e as suas características de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, ex vivo, a qualidade do preparo de canais curvos realizado pelos sistemas rotatórios Twisted File (TF; Sybron Endo), torcidos, e EndoSequence (ES; Brasseler), usinados, quanto à habilidade em manter o canal centralizado, analisando a extensão e a direção dos eventuais transportes e o índice de centralização do instrumento (IC), por meio de cortes transversais e da microtomografia computadorizada (CT). Trinta molares inferiores foram divididos em dois grupos, e preparados conforme o delineamento de cada método: G1 - Bramante Modificado e G2 - CT. No G1, os dentes foram incluídos em blocos de resina, e seccionados a 2,0, 3,5 e 5,0 mm do ápice radicular. As secções foram fotografadas, e os blocos, remontados, foram submetidos à instrumentação rotatória. No G2, os dentes foram incluídos em material de moldagem e escaneados com um microtomógrafo, antes e após o preparo. As imagens das seções transversais foram reconstruídas e os cortes axiais correspondentes às distâncias de 2,0, 3,5 e 5,0 mm do ápice radicular foram selecionados. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste estatístico não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney, para comparações duas a duas. Em ambos os grupos, o transporte do canal e o IC para os sistemas TF e ES foram semelhantes, havendo diferença estatística significante apenas no G2, na secção 3,5 mm, quando o sistema TF causou menos transporte do que o sistema ES, obtendo também um melhor IC (p < 0,05). Quando realizada a comparação entre os métodos, independentemente do instrumento utilizado, o transporte do canal foi significantemente menor (0,17 mm) no grupo 2, do que no grupo 1 (0,27 mm) (p < 0,05). A 3,5 e 5,0 mm, o sistema TF promoveu menos transporte no grupo 2 do que no grupo 1 (p < 0,05). Para o sistema ES, diferença estatística foi encontrada a 2,0 mm, aonde o transporte também foi menor no grupo 2 (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que os sistemas TF e ES se comportaram de modo semelhante quanto ao transporte do canal e ao IC, permitindo o preparo de canais curvos com pouco desvio. Os dois instrumentos apresentaram desvios tanto para o sentido mesial, quanto para o sentido distal. E quando comparados apenas os métodos de avaliação, no método da CT o transporte do canal foi menor do que no método de Bramante Modificado. / The chemomechanical preparation is one of the most important phases of endodontic treatment, because it promotes disinfection of the root canal system by cleaning and shaping. The preparation of curved canals is a major challenge due to the frequent occurrence of operative accidents as the canal transportation. The introduction of instruments of nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy has contributed considerably to the improvement of canal instrumentation quality. The different rotary systems that are continuously presented to dental professionals should be studied in detail, because their mechanical properties can vary according to the design of each instrument and the manufacture characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the quality of preparation of curved canals and centering ability of the rotary systems Twisted File (TF) (Sybron Endo), twisted, and EndoSequence (ES) (Brasseler), ground, analyzing the extent and direction of any transportation and the centering ratio of instrument, by cross sections and microcomputed tomography (CT). Thirty lower molars were divided into two groups, and prepared according to the design of each method: G1 Bramante Modified and G2 - CT. In G1, the teeth were embedded in resin blocks and sectioned at 2,0, 3,5 and 5,0 mm from the apex. The sections were photographed and the blocks were reassembled and subjected to rotary instrumentation. In G2, the teeth were embedded in an impression material and scanned with a microtomograph, before and after preparation. The images were reconstructed from the cross sections and the axial sections corresponding to distances of 2,0, 3,5 and 5,0 mm from the apex were selected. The results were submitted to statistical nonparametric test Mann-Whitney. In both groups, the canal transportation and IC for TF and ES systems were similar, with statistical difference only for the 3.5 mm section, while TF system caused less canal transportation than ES system, obtaining also better IC (p <0.05). When compared only the methods, regardless of instrument used, the canal transportation was significantly smaller (0.17 mm) in group 2 than in group 1 (0.27 mm) (p <0.05). At 3.5 and 5.0 mm, TF system promoted less transportation in group 2 than in group 1 (p <0.05). For ES system, statistical difference was found at 2.0 mm, where transportation was also lower in group 2 (p <0.05). It was concluded that the systems TF and ES behaved similarly about the canal transportation and the centering ability, allowing the preparation of curved canals with little deviation. The two instruments showed deviations for both the mesial and distal direction. When comparing only the methods of assessment, at CT the canal transportation was lower than in Bramante Modified method.