The principle of an original instrument for experimental measurement of electromagnetic wave scattering from rough planar surfaces is presented in the diploma theses. A design and realization of the instrument is presented too. The instrument is primarily intended for measurement of angle intensity distribution of light scattered from solar cells surfaces. Owing to a possibility to analyse surfaces with a high level anisotropy of electromagnetic wave scattering it is possible to use the instrument for a study of surfaces with an arbitrary type of the surface roughness.

Railway vehicles require a certain level of adhesion between wheel and rail to operate efficiently, reliably, and economically. Different levels of adhesion are needed depending on the vehicle running conditions. In the wheel tread–railhead contact, the dominant problem is low adhesion, as low adhesion on the railhead negatively affects railway operation: on one hand, the vehicle will lose traction resulting in delay when driving on low-adhesion tracks; on the other hand, low adhesion during deceleration will extend the braking distance, which is a safety issue. This thesis examines the influence of several contaminants, i.e., water, oil, and leaves, on the adhesion in the wheel tread–railhead contact. This study will improve our knowledge of the low-adhesion mechanism and of how various contaminants influence adhesion. The thesis consists of a summary overview of the topic and three appended papers (A–C). Papers A and B focus mainly on water and oil contamination examined using two methods, numerical simulation and lab testing. In paper A, real measured wheel and rail surfaces, low- and high-roughness surfaces, along with generated smooth surfaces are used as input to the numerical model for predicting the adhesion coefficient. Water-lubricated, oil-lubricated, and dry contacts are simulated in the model. In the research reported in paper B, scaled testing using a mini traction machine (MTM) was carried out to simulate the wheel–rail contact under lubricated conditions. Two types of disc surfaces of different roughnesses were run at different contact pressures and temperatures. A stylus machine and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to measure the surface topography. A study of leaf contamination on the railhead surface, based on field testing, is presented in paper C. Railhead surface samples were cut and the friction coefficient was measured on five occasions over the course of a year. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) were used to detect the chemical composition of the leaf-contamination layer on the railhead surface. The main conclusion of the thesis is that different contaminants reduce the adhesion coefficient in different ways. Oil reduces the adhesion coefficient by carrying the normal force due to its high viscosity. Water can reduce the adhesion coefficient to different degrees depending on the surface topography and water temperature. The mixture of an oxide layer and water contamination may have an essential impact. A leaf-formed blackish layer causes low adhesion by means of a chemical reaction between the leaves and bulk material. The thickness of the friction-reducing oxide layer predicts the friction coefficient and the extent of leaf contamination. / QC 20111123

Cette thèse traite de la diffusion par des surfaces rugueuses monodimensionnelles. Les surfaces présentant des petites échelles de variations nécessitent une discrétisation fine pour représenter les effets de diffusion sur le champ diffracté, ce qui augmente les coûts numériques. Deux aspects sont considérés : la réduction de la taille du problème en construisant une condition aux limiteséquivalente traduisant les effets des variations rapides et la réduction du nombre d’itérations nécessaires pour résoudre le système linéaire issu de la méthode des moments par une méthode basée sur les sous-espaces de Krylov. En ce qui concerne la réduction de la taille du problème, une technique d’homogénéisation est utilisée pour transformer la condition aux limites posée sur lasurface rugueuse par des paramètres effectifs. Ces paramètres sont déterminés par des problèmes auxiliaires qui tiennent compte des échelles fines de la surface. Dans le cas de surfaces parfaitement métalliques, la procédure est appliquée en polarisation Transverse Magnétique (TM) et Transverse Électrique (TE). Une impédance équivalente de Léontovich d’ordre 1 est déduite.Le procédure est automatique et les ordres supérieurs sont dérivés pour la polarisation TM. La procédure d’homogénéisation est aussi appliquée pour des interfaces rugueuses séparant deux milieux diélectriques. En ce qui concerne la réduction du nombre d’itérations, un préconditionneur, basé sur des considérations physiques, est construit à partir des modes de Floquet. Bien que le préconditionneur soit initialement élaboré pour des surfaces périodiques, nous montrons qu’il est aussi efficace pour des surfaces tronquées éclairées par une onde plane. L’efficacité des deux aspects présentés dans cette thèse est numériquement illustrée pour des configurations d’intérêt. / This work is about the scattering by monodimensional rough surfaces. Surfaces presenting small scales of variations need a very refined mesh to finally capture the scattering field behaviour what increases the computational cost. Two aspects are considered : the reduction of the problemsize through an effective boundary condition incorporating the effect of rapid variations and the reduction of the number of iterations to solve the linear system arising from method of moments by a method based on Krylov subspace. Firstly, an homogenization process is used to convert the boundary condition on the rough interface into effective parameters. These parameters are determined by the solutions of auxiliary problems which involve the detailed profile of the interface. In the case of perfectly metallic surfaces, the process is applied to the E- and H-polarization and an Leontovich impedance of order 1 is deduced. The process is automatic and higher orders are derived for E-polarization. The homogenization process is also applied to dielectric rough interfaces. Secondly, a physically-based preconditioner is built with Floquet’s modes. Although the preconditioner has been designed for periodical surfaces, it was shown to be efficient in the case of truncated surfaces illuminated by a plane wave. The efficiency of both aspects is numerically illustrated for some configurations of interest.

L’incidence rasante est un problème spécifique, qui apparaît notamment lorsqu'une antenne est placée sur un mât (télécommunications, défense…) ou sur la côte (surveillance environnementale ou militaire de l'espace maritime). Elle rend la modélisation du problème de diffraction difficile, de par le faible niveau de rétrodiffusion et l’importance de phénomènes complexes comme la diffusion multiple. La question reste importante même si l’écho est très faible, puisqu’il est potentiellement suffisant pour perturber le bon fonctionnement de systèmes antennaires microondes sur un navire. Il porte de plus des informations intéressantes sur l’état de la mer, comme cela a été démontré aux bandes HF et VHF. Un modèle rigoureux de diffraction tridimensionnelle précédemment développé est étendu au calcul des quatre polarisations fondamentales (polarisations Horizontale et Verticale des ondes incidente et réfléchie). Il permet désormais de prendre en compte la conductivité finie de la surface, point crucial dans le cas d'une polarisation incidente Verticale. L’opérateur hyper-singulier impliqué dans l’équation intégrale discrétisée par la méthode des moments est étudié pour évaluer la précision des calculs numériques.Les méthodes approchées de diffraction permettent des calculs numériques beaucoup plus rapides, et sont donc en pratique incontournables. Le modèle rigoureux est donc utilisé, en conjonction avec des données expérimentales, pour servir de référence permettant d’étudier la précision, en incidence rasante et dans le cas de la surface de la mer, de ces méthodes approchées. Nous étudions en particulier la méthode à deux échelles GOSSA, et proposons une correction à son comportement aux angles rasants.Le mouvement de la surface de la mer crée un décalage de fréquence radar dans l’onde rétrodiffusée (effet Doppler), décalage mesuré expérimentalement et que l’algorithme de méthode des moments permet de simuler. Nous étudions par des simulations bidimensionnelles l’évolution du décalage Doppler micro onde avec l’incidence, et l’influence des nonlinéarités de la surface de la mer. Le comportement limite en incidence rasante est précisé, et les contributions respectives des phénomènes électromagnétiques et hydrodynamiques discutées. / The grazing incidence is a specific problem, which appears especially when an antenna is placed on a mast (telecommunications, defence...) or on the coast (environmental or military maritime spatial monitoring). The modelization of the scattering process in such a configuration is difficult, due to low backscattering and to the importance of complex phenomena such as multiple scattering. The issue remains important even if the echo is very low, because it is potentially sufficient to disturb the proper functioning of microwave antenna systems on a ship. Moreover, it carries interesting informations about the sea state, as was demonstrated in HF and VHF bands.A rigorous model of the three-dimensional scattering process, previously developed, is extended to the computation of the scattered fiel in the four fundamental polarizations (Horizontal and Vertical polarization of incident and reflected waves). It is now possible to take into account the finite conductivity of the surface, a crucial point when the incident field is vertically polarized. The hyper- singular operator involved in the integral equation discretized by the method of moments is studied to evaluate the accuracy of numerical calculations.The approximate methods of diffraction allow much faster numerical calculations, and are therefore essential. The rigorous model is used in conjunction with experimental data, as a reference to study the accuracy of such approximate methods, in the case of the sea surface at grazing incidence. We study in particular the two-scale method GOSSA and propose a correction to its behaviour at grazing angles. The motion of the sea surface creates a frequency shift in the radar backscattered wave (Doppler effect). This offset can be measured experimentally, our algorithm allows us to simulate it. We proceed to two-dimensional simulations showing the evolution of the Doppler shift with respect to the grazing angle, and show the influence of the nonlinearities in the sea model. The limit of the mean Doppler shift at very low grazing angles is studied, and the respective contributions of electromagnetic and hydrodynamic phenomena are discussed.

Motivated by the structure of the normal surface stress of the extended Hertzian approach [1] given due to terms of the form r^2n*(a^2-r^2)^(1/2) (n=0, 2, 4, 6…) it seems attractive to evaluate the complete elastic field also for shear loadings of this form. The reason for this lays in the demand for analytical tools for the description of mixed loading conditions as they appear for example in scratch experiments. [1] N. Schwarzer, "Elastic Surface Deformation due to Indenters with Arbitrary symmetry of revolution", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37 (2004) 2761-2772

Les pneus sont un organe déterminant dans la tenue de route des véhicules. Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation du contact entre la bande de roulement d'un pneumatique et une route sèche, afin de comprendre les différents phénomènes physiques mis en jeu ainsi que leurs rôles relatifs dans le frottement. La rugosité multi échelle des sols routiers les rendent difficiles à modéliser avec une simulation par élements finis standard. En utilisant l'hypothèse que la gomme de la bande de roulement est très grande devant la taille des rugosités, elle peut être considérée comme un massif semi-infini. Il est alors possible de résoudre efficacement le problème de contact en ne discrétisant que la surface du massif de gomme. Cette résolution est faite à l'aide d'un algorithme de Gradient Conjugué, au cours duquel les calculs matriciels sont effectués par Transformée de Fourier Rapide (FFT). La viscoélasticité de la gomme est prise en compte en régime transitoire. Les interactions à l'interface entre la gomme et le sol sont modélisés par une loi de frottement ainsi que par une énergie d'adhésion. Les résultats montrent le rôle primordial de la viscoélasticité qui, couplée à la rugosité multi-échelle du sol, modifie la surface du contact au cours des différents étapes de mise en glissement d'un pneumatique, faisant ainsi varier le frottement. / Tires are a key component for the handling and safety of personal vehicles. In this thesis a model of the contact between the tire tread and a dry road is described. It aims at understanding the different physical phenomena taking place in such a contact and their relative role in tire friction. Modeling the multiple scales of road roughness is difficult using a standard Finite Element Method. The hypothesis that the rubber of the tire tread is very large compared to the largest scale of surface roughness is made, so that it can be considered as a semi-infinite half-space. This way, the contact problem can be solved by discretizing the rubber surface only. The solver is a specific Conjugate Gradient iterative method, in which the matrix-vector products are performed with Fast Fourier Transforms. Transient viscoelasticity is accounted for with a step-by-step approach. The algorithm is able to model surface interactions such as Coulomb friction and adhesion. Results show the crucial role played by viscoelasticity. Coupled with the road roughness, it changes the contact surface during the different steps of tire sliding, which in turns impacts friction.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-18T13:51:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusdesouzaferraz.pdf: 4103901 bytes, checksum: e4adcd64380c6ba8941b29bcc9d0abfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T17:48:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusdesouzaferraz.pdf: 4103901 bytes, checksum: e4adcd64380c6ba8941b29bcc9d0abfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T17:48:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusdesouzaferraz.pdf: 4103901 bytes, checksum: e4adcd64380c6ba8941b29bcc9d0abfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O conhecimento da topografia das superfícies e uma compreensão da interação entre elas é essencial para qualquer estudo que envolva os fenômenos de atrito, desgaste e lubrificação. O estudo da relação entre o atrito e os parâmetros de rugosidade é um problema difícil e de interesse tanto industrial como acadêmico e trabalhos experimentais e teóricos têm mostrado que uma película de fluido entre duas superfícies rugosas em movimento relativo impede o contato sólido - sólido e pode proporcionar atrito muito baixo e desgaste desprezível. A modelagem matemática utilizada neste trabalho é baseada em modelos clássicos, tais como a equação de Reynolds para a descrição dos fenômenos hidrodinâmicos e as formulações de Hertz (1896) e Greenwood e Williamson (1966) para a modelagem do contato das asperezas entre as superfícies rugosas. Para tratar a complexidade das interações entre o fluido e os pares sólidos contactados, a descrição Lagrangiana-Euleriana Arbitrária é apresentada nesta pesquisa. Através do Método dos Elementos Finitos um modelo tridimensional é gerado no Abaqus ®, a fim de identificar as pressões de contato, as tensões tangenciais e normais resultantes e os coeficientes de atrito decorrrentes do deslizamento entre uma superfície texturizada e lubrificada e um plano rígido (em analogia aos modelos de contato clássicos), cujos perfis de rugosidade são construídos a partir de informações da rugosidade média quadrática de superfícies dentárias. São avaliados também a sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros do lubrificante na determinação do coeficiente de atrito e são propostos modelos com condições de contorno distintas. Entretanto, para a verificação destes últimos busca-se reproduzir qualitativamente o resultado encontrado por Lorentz (2013) na investigação numérica de sistemas tribológicos no regime misto de lubrificação. A metodologia aqui proposta emerge como uma alternativa eficaz no campo da Tribologia, na predição do coeficiente de atrito e outras variáveis pertinentes a um fenômeno ainda pouco compreendido. Realiza-se uma análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros de modelagem, a fim de identificar como os mesmos afetam consideravelmente o comportamento mecânico na interface de contato. / The knowledge of the topography of surfaces and an understanding of the interaction between them is essential for any study involving the phenomena of friction, wear and lubrication. The study of the relationship between friction and roughness parameters is a difficult problem of both industrial and academic interest and experimental and theoretical works have shown that a fluid film between two rough surfaces in relative motion prevents solid - solid contact and can provide very low friction and negligible wear. The mathematical modeling used in this paper is based on classical models, such as the Reynolds equation for the description of the hydrodynamic phenomena and the formulations of Hertz (1896) and Greenwood e Williamson (1966) of the contact between the asperities of rough surfaces. To address the complexity of the interactions between the fluid and the contacted solid pairs, the Lagrangian-Eulerian Arbitrary description is presented in this research. Through the Finite Element Method, a three-dimensional model is generated in Abaqus ®R to identify contact pressures, resulting tangential and normal stresses, and friction coefficients resulting from sliding between a textured and lubricated surface and a rigid plane (in analogy to classic contact models), whose roughness profiles are constructed from information on the quadratic roughness of dental surfaces. The sensitivity of some lubricant parameters in the determination of the coefficient of friction is also evaluated and models with different boundary conditions are proposed. However, for the vefrification of the latter, it is sought to qualitatively reproduce the result found by Lorentz (2013) in the numerical investigation of tribological systems without mixed lubrication regime. A methodology proposed here emerges as an effective alternative in the field of Tribology, in the prediction of the coefficient of friction and other relevant variables to a phenomenon still little understood. A sensitivity analysis of the modeling parameters is performed, in order to identify how they considerably affect the mechanical behavior at the contact interface.

Motivated by the structure of the normal surface stress of the extended Hertzian approach [1] given due to terms of the form r^2n*(a^2-r^2)^(1/2) (n=0, 2, 4, 6…) it seems attractive to evaluate the complete elastic field also for shear loadings of this form. The reason for this lays in the demand for analytical tools for the description of mixed loading conditions as they appear for example in scratch experiments. [1] N. Schwarzer, "Elastic Surface Deformation due to Indenters with Arbitrary symmetry of revolution", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37 (2004) 2761-2772

This paper describes the evaluation of screen printed materials fabricated with an additive manufacturing process for flexible biomedical applications. Five different conductive polymeric thick film pastes, printed on a polyimide substrate have been investigated. For the intended biocompatible applications, the cytotoxicity of the used materials was tested through adherent cell test. Furthermore, the electrical resistance, the printed structure thickness, the surface energy and roughness have been examined. Additionally, the mechanical resilience of the printed materials was tested through a bending test. During the bending the electrical resistance of printed meander structures could be monitored indicating failures. Two out of five materials were qualified as non-toxic, all of the materials are useable for flexible electronics, as they provide good electrical and mechanical properties.

Lors d'un hypothétique accident grave de réacteur à eau sous pression, un mélange de matériaux fondus, appelé corium, issu de la fusion du cœur peut se relocaliser dans le puits de cuve constitué par un radier en béton. Les codes d'évaluation réacteur pour simuler la phénoménologie de l'interaction corium-béton sont basés sur une description à grande échelle des échanges qui soulève de nombreuses questions, tant sur la prise en compte des phénomènes multi-échelles mis en jeu que sur la structure adoptée de la couche limite au voisinage du front d'ablation. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de ce travail consiste à aborder le problème de la structure de la couche limite par simulation numérique directe. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre plus général d'une description et d'une modélisation multi-échelle des échanges, c'est-à-dire de l'échelle locale associée au voisinage du front d'ablation jusqu'à l'échelle du code d'évaluation réacteur. Une telle description multi-échelle des échanges soulève le problème de la description locale de l'écoulement multiphasique multiconstituant mais aussi le problème du changement d'échelle et en particulier le passage de l'échelle locale à l'échelle de description supérieure dite macroscopique associée aux mouvements convectifs dans le bain de corium. Parmi les difficultés associées au changement d'échelle, nous nous intéressons à la problématique de la construction de conditions aux limites effectives ou lois de parois pour les modèles macroscopiques. Devant la complexité du problème multiphasique multiconstituant posé au voisinage du front, cette contribution a été abordée sur un problème modèle. Des conditions aux limites dites effectives ont été construites dans le cadre d'une méthode de décomposition de domaine puis testées pour un problème d'écoulement laminaire de convection naturelle sur parois rugueuses. Mˆeme si le problème traité reste encore éloigné des applications visées, cette contribution offre de nombreuses perspectives et constitue une première étape d'une modélisation multiéchelle des échanges pour la problématique de l'interaction corium-béton. Dans le cas plus complexe des écoulements multiphasiques multiconstituants et devant les difficultés expérimentales associées, le développement de lois de parois pour les outils existants aux échelles de description supérieures nécessite, au préalable, de disposer d'un outil de simulation numérique directe de l'écoulement au voisinage du front d'ablation. L'outil développé dans ce travail correspond à un modèle de Cahn-Hilliard/Navier-Stokes pour un mélange diphasique (liquide-gaz) compositionnel (corium-béton fondu) s'appuyant sur une description du système selon trois paramètres d'ordre associés respectivement aux fractions volumiques du gaz et aux deux espèces miscibles de la phase liquide ainsi que sur une décomposition de l'énergie libre selon une contribution diphasique et compositionnelle. Les équations de transport sont dérivées dans le cadre de la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles et résolues sur la base d'une application éléments finis de la plate-forme PELICANS. Plusieurs expériences numériques illustrent la validité et les potentialités d'application de cet outil sur des problèmes diphasiques et/ou compositionnels. Enfin, à partir de l'outil développé, nous abordons par simulation numérique directe une étude de la structure de la couche limite au voisinage du front d'ablation pour des bétons siliceux et silico-calcaire. / In the late phases of some scenario of hypothetical severe accident in Pressurized Water Reactors, a molten mixture of core and vessel structures, called corium, comes to interact with the concrete basemat. The safety numerical tools are lumped parameter codes. They are based on a large averaged description of heat and mass transfers which raises some uncertainties about the multi-scale description of the exchanges but also about the adopted boundary layer structure in the vicinity of the ablation front. In this context, the aim of this work is to tackle the problem of the boundary layer structure by means of direct numerical simulation. This work joins within the more general framework of a multi-scale description and a multi-scale modeling, namely from the local scale associated with the vicinity of the ablation front to the scale associated with the lumped parameter codes. Such a multi-scale description raises not only the problem of the local description of the multiphase multicomponent flow but also the problem of the upscaling between the local- and the macro-scale which is associated with the convective structures within the pool of corium. Here, we are particularly interested in the building of effective boundary conditions or wall laws for macro-scale models. The difficulty of the multiphase multicomponent problem at the local scale leads us to consider a relatively simplified problem. Effective boundary conditions are built in the frame of a domain decomposition method and numerical experiments are performed for a natural convection problem in a stamp shaped cavity to assess the validity of the proposed wall laws. Even if the treated problem is still far from the target applications, this contribution can be viewed as a first step of a multi-scale modeling of the exchanges for the molten core concrete issue. In the more complicated case of multiphase multicomponent flows, it is necessary to have a direct numerical simulation tool of the flow at the local scale to build wall laws for macro-scale models. Here, the developed tool corresponds to a Cahn-Hilliard/Navier-Stokes model for a two-phase compositional system. It relies on a description of the system by three volume fractions and on a free energy composed by a two-phase part and a compositional part. The governing equations are derived in the frame of the thermodynamic of irreversible processes. They are solved on the basis of a finite element application of the object-oriented software component library PELICANS. Several numerical experiments illustrate the validity and the potentialities of application of this tool on two-phase compositional problems. Finally, using the developed tool, we tackle by means of direct numerical simulation the problem boundary layer structure in the vicinity of the ablation front for limestone-sand and siliceous concretes.