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Title: Technique, didactics, and selected training methods in rowing of the disabled. The given thesis deals with the didactics, technique and training in rowing of the disabled. The aim of my thesis was to analyze expert literature from the area of rowing and sports for the disabled, then to find out and describe the appropriate training methods and teaching practices for the physically, visually and mentally disabled rowers and finally based on training, observation and interviews with the disabled athletes and the coaches to add the searched material with the practical experience. Results: Rowing of the disabled is a young sport which is at the beginning of its development. It was found out that the training methods for individual diagnosis of disability are not sufficiantly elaborated. The coaches who wish to devote to this sport have to learn from the experience of the trainers of healthy oarsmen. It is not sure how the rowing motion burdens the body of the disabled and what training dosage is optimal for the increasing of performance. Keywords: rowing, disability, sport training 3

Title: Kinesiological Analysis of the Rowing Stroke. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to obtain, to analyse and process the data on the activity and involvement of selected measured muscles, working during one rowing stroke - in the drive part and in the recovery part. Methods: The work is processed by a kinesiological analysis of selected movement of the rowing stroke, based on the determination of muscle activation. Electromyography method was synchronized with the video recording. Results: Based on the sequences of the muscle activation was described their order and sequence in the actual shot of the rowing stroke (drive phase and recovery). We have proved that in the rigorous technical performance are always activated the same muscles in the exactly same order. Individual deviations from the correct technique in measuring appeared and thus enable their correction. Keywords: Electromyography, stroke, rowing, muscles.

Title: Kinesiological Analysis of the Rowing Stroke. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to obtain, to analyse and process received data about the activity and involvement of the selected measured muscles, working throughout one cycle of the rowing stroke - in the course of the drive phase and during the recovery part of the stroke as well. Methods: The work is processed by a kinesiological analysis of selected movement of the rowing stroke, based on the determination of muscle activation. Electromyography method was synchronized with the video recording. Results: Based on the sequences of the muscle activation was described their order and sequence in the actual shot of the rowing stroke (drive phase and recovery). We have proved that in the rigorous technical performance are always activated the same muscles in the exactly same order. Individual deviations from the correct technique in measuring appeared and thus enable their correction. Keywords: Electromyography, rowing, muscles, stroke.

Lean body weight and aerobic and anaerobic factors have long been recognized as important determinants of performance in the 2000 met:E!r (M) 1 ace distance for rowing. Current research with noninvasive techniques has important implications for training and performance but is inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a 2000 M rowing ergometer performance test (PT) and lean body weight (LBW), velocity at heart rate deflection (Vd), and anaerobic capacity (AC) in experienced rowers. Vd was used as an estimate of aerobic function. Thirteen trained male rowers (mean age 38.5 ± 8 years) were studied. Hydrostatic weighing at residual lung volume was used to estimate LBW. Each subject performed five exercise tests on a Concept II rowing ergometer: one 2000 M PT, two sub maximal step wise progressive tests to determine Vd (s/500 M), and two maximal 40-s anaerobic tests to determine AC. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the test/retest trials of Vd and AC were R = 0.740 and R = 0.863, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to explain variance in PT. The order of entry of each independent variable (and associated multiple R2 at each step) in the analysis was (1) Vd, 0.589; (2) LBW, 0.709; (3) AC, 0.720. The regression equation was PT (s) = 375.66 + 1.093 (Vd) - 0.820 (LBW) - 0.0007 (AC); S.E.E. = 10.01. It was concluded that performance in a 2000 M rowing ergometer PT is primarily dependent on aerobic metabolism and available lean body weight with anaerobic factors contributing to a lesser degree. These results have implications for specific training and team selection.

This thesis is a biographical case study of Olympic, World and Commonwealth sculling champion Peter Antonie, whose career at the elite or high performance level spanned some 23 years � from 1977 to 2000. The thesis examines the exploits of an oarsman and sculler regarded within his sport as one of Australia�s greatest ever, despite his being considered physically disadvantaged at every phase of his career. Antonie was, most notably, a man of small stature � widely considered a handicap at the level of rowing to which he aspired, and at which he ultimately succeeded. The study also examines what it was, despite those perceived disadvantages, that drove him to excel. The thesis further examines, in thematic form, parallel developments within Australian rowing and sculling in the quarter of a century in which Peter Antonie competed. This was a period during which fundamental changes were seen in Australian sport, notably in the areas of funding and administration, and which saw a transformation from amateur to professional participation at the Olympic, Commonwealth Games and world championships levels. There were also marked changes to high performance rowing as a result of technological advances that produced new types of equipment, and scientific developments that brought new training and selection methodologies. The research was carried out as part of a systematic attempt to examine and investigate Peter Antonie�s reputation, particularly as it compares with his better-known contemporaries, the so-called Oarsome Foursome, and to analyse that reputation in light of the administrative developments in Australian rowing and Australian sport. The historical approach used was the biographical method of research and analysis, with the preferred technique the obtaining of oral testimony from 50 interviewees, some of whom were interviewed more than once. The research clearly indicated that throughout his career Peter Antonie continually defied assumptions about his potential, particularly where science-based preconceptions about talent identification were concerned, and achieved success far beyond initial expectations. As a result his achievements, nationally and globally, are perhaps unparalleled, and he is held in the highest regard, particularly by the higher profile Oarsome Foursome. Despite this accolade, however, Antonie�s public profile remains very low, to the extent that beyond the rowing fraternity he is virtually unknown. Despite, too, rowing�s status as an Olympic sport and the commensurate increases in funding during Antonie�s career, he himself maintains a fundamentally amateur approach to his participation in rowing and is critical of several facets of its current �professional� administration. Despite, too, rowing and sculling once being among Australia�s major sports a hundred or so years ago, within contemporary Australian society it has a low profile, a situation which, given that current administration, appears likely to continue. Problems encountered during the research included some diffidence on the part of an essentially humble and self-effacing subject and a lack of literature relating to Antonie and his sport. But these were to an extent offset by the enthusiasm displayed for the project by other interviewees. The results of the research are significant in that, like the subject, they defy some precepts concerning facets of Australian rowing and sculling, which in turn might encourage further investigation.

Aktualumas. Nors Lietuvos irkluotojai yra pasiekę didelių laimėjimų, tačiau irklavimo populiarumą riboja daugelis veiksnių: brangus inventorius, nepalankios irklavimui klimato sąlygos, sudėtinga treniruočių metodika, ilgas ir sunkus ištvermės darbas atvirame ore, kitų sporto šakų populiarumas lemia mažą jaunimo domėjimąsi irklavimu. Esant mažam masiškumui, talentų ir genetiškai determinuotų irkluotojų atranka komplikuota, tačiau atlikus tų nedaugelio didelio meistriškumo irkluotojų rengimo metodikos analizę, paaiškėjo, kad neretai rengimas, o ir fizinis, funkcinis parengtumas būdavo labai nutolę nuo irklavimo sporte keliamų reikalavimų bei siektinų ar modelinių parametrų (Raslanas, Petkus, 2007). Todėl, manome, kad irkluotojų rengimo olimpinėms žaidynėms rengimo analizė yra aktuali tema. Tyrimo objektas – Lietuvos irkluotojų fizinis išsivystymas, parengtumas, funkcinis pajėgumas. Tyrimo tikslas – atlikti Lietuvos didelio meistriškumo irkluotojų pasirengimo olimpinėms žaidynėms analizę. Tyrimo metodai: 1.Teorinės analizės ir apibendrinimo. 2.Sportininkų fizinio ir funkcinio pajėgumo tyrimai. Buvo tirta Lietuvos rinktinės porinės dvivietės irkluotojų ir lengvo svorio porinės dvivietės irkluotojų fizinis išsivystymas, fizinis ir funkcinis parengtumas bei jų kaita keturmečio ciklo metu, ir atlikta treniruočių krūvių apskaita. Išvados: 1.Lietuvos vyrų porinės dvivietės irkluotojų fizinio išsivystymo rodikliai keturmečio ciklo metu turėjo tendenciją didėti ir buvo artimi elito... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Relevance. Even though Lithuanian rowers have achieved high results, still, popularity of rowing is limited by a number of factors: expensive inventory, unfavourable climate conditions for rowing, complex methods of training, long and hard endurance work in the open air, popularity of other sports branches predetermine low youth’s interest in rowing. When the mass scale is low, selection of talents and genetically determined rowers is complicated; however, after carrying out analysis of training methods of high mastership rowers, it was found out that usually training as well as physical and functional fitness used to be far from the requirements posed for rowing sport as well as the model and the parameters to-be-achieved (Raslanas, Petkus, 2007). That is why we consider analysis of rowers’ training for the Olympic Games as a relevant theme. The research object: physical development, fitness, functional capability of Lithuanian rowers. The research aim: to carry out analysis of fitness of high mastership rowers for the Olympic Games. The research methods: 1.Theoretical analysis and generalisation. 2.Research of sportsmen’s physical and functional fitness. Physical development, physical and functional fitness of Lithuanian national team’s pair canoe and light-weight pair canoe rowers as well as their change during the cycle of four years were researched, and record of training loads was carried out. Conclusions: 1.The indices of physical development of male pair canoe... [to full text]

All managers aim to make their company effective. For this manager has to make plans, together assessing performance and correcting plans. In traditional profit seeking company this is easier. But in nonprofit sport organization it is more complicated. The complicity of assessment arises, because of increasing sport effect for modern society. In our days sport is not just seeking for result, but it is much more than that. So it would be not right to asses sport organization performance only by its achievement in sport arena. This brings up need to adopt new effectiveness assessment instruments. Pursuing goal to evaluate performance effectiveness of Lithuanian rowing federation we focused on following aims, to analyze federation status in Lithuania sport governing system, to collect data on organizations effectiveness assessment, to evaluate performance of rowing federation using quality and quantity criteria. Quantity criteria was chosen regular (number of participants, number of facilities, affiliated clubs, etc.), for this aim data was collected from federation reports, analyzing sport statistic books. Assessing quality of performance was chosen model designed for assessing of sport governing bodies in Greece built upon multiple constituency approach (Papadimitriou and Taylor, 2004). The inventory containing 33 questions was given to participants of annual conference of Lithuanian rowing federation. In total 31 inventory list was filled. Because atheletes where not... [to full text]

Laboratory-based rowing tests are the established standard for assessing fitness traits among elite rowers, and for prescribing individualised exercise intensities for training. But because tests occur on a rowing ergometer, the specificity of laboratory testing has been questioned compared with the criterion of on-water rowing. This project validated equipment required to replicate a laboratory-based rowing test in the field and evaluated the feasibility of on-water tests. Ergometer and on-water test results were compared to assess the validity of ergometer-derived training prescriptions and to establish the effectiveness of on-water tests for monitoring longitudinal fitness changes and for predicting rowing performance. Concept2 rowing ergometers (Morrisville, USA) have frequently been used for rowing tests. Although subtle design variations exist between the different models of Concept2 ergometer, there were no substantial differences between the results from incremental rowing tests using Model C and Model D ergometers. The Concept2 Model D was therefore accepted as the standard ergometer for subsequent laboratory tests. Typical error (TE) results from duplicate Concept2 Model D tests conducted 2-4 d apart showed that laboratory tests were highly reliable (TE: maximal power = 2.8%, peak oxygen consumption = 2.5%). As oxygen consumption (VO2) is measured routinely during laboratory rowing tests, it is necessary to obtain similar measurements during any on-water protocol. The MetaMax 3B portable indirect calorimetry system (Cortex, Leipzig, Germany) was therefore validated against a first-principles, laboratory-based indirect calorimetry system (MOUSe, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia). VO2 from the MetaMax was significantly higher during submaximal exercise (p=0.03), although results were within 0.16 L.min-1 (4.1%) across all exercise intensities. There was good agreement between duplicate MetaMax trials separated by ~2 d; mean VO2 was within 0.11 L.min-1 (2.5%) and TE was ¡Ü2.3%. The specificity of rowing testing was improved using an On-water incremental test that replicated a laboratory-based Ergometer protocol. However, the individual variation in physiological responses between-tests meant that training intensity recommendations from the Ergometer test were not always applicable to on-water training. Furthermore, measurements from the On-water protocol displayed similar or lesser reliability (TE=1.9-19.2%) compared with the Ergometer test (TE=0.1-11.0%). As an effective fitness test must also be sensitive to longitudinal changes, the responses to 6 wks training were compared between the Ergometer and On-water methods. The magnitude of On-water training effects were usually greater (small Cohen¡¯s effect size) compared with the Ergometer test (trivial effect), although On-water and Ergometer tests both indicated that training responses were negligible because virtually all changes were less than one of their respective TEs. Correlations between test results and rowing performance were largest when rowing mode was matched between conditions, but Ergometer results provided the highest correlations (Ergometer vs. 2000-m ergometer time-trial: R= -0.92 to -0.97 compared with On-water vs. On-water maximal power output: R=0.52 to 0.92). Although On-water tests improved the specificity of on-water training prescriptions, these tests provided no obvious benefits for monitoring longitudinal fitness changes or performance compared with Ergometer tests. Given that On-water tests are also more time consuming and logistically challenging, their practical application is limited.