Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-31T00:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidLucasRohr_TESE.pdf: 3011885 bytes, checksum: b975b3eefc038e469d2f888c15f6e9f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-02T23:47:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidLucasRohr_TESE.pdf: 3011885 bytes, checksum: b975b3eefc038e469d2f888c15f6e9f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T23:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidLucasRohr_TESE.pdf: 3011885 bytes, checksum: b975b3eefc038e469d2f888c15f6e9f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A comunica??o ac?stica ? fundamental para a reprodu??o da grande maioria dos anuros. O canto de an?ncio tem como principal fun??o atra??o de f?meas para reprodu??o, atuando como barreira reprodutiva entre esp?cies. Desta forma, a compreens?o dos processos evolutivos que levaram ? diversidade ac?stica atual ? fundamental para entendermos a evolu??o do clado como um todo. Esta tese tem como objetivo testar a import?ncia de diferentes press?es seletivas na evolu??o do canto de an?ncio dos anuros. O barulho ambiente ? um dos principais obst?culos na comunica??o ac?stica e esp?cies de anuros que reproduzem em riachos est?o sobre constante press?o do barulho de ?gua corrente. Utilizando m?todo comparativo com um banco de dados de 509 esp?cies, mostramos que anuros que cantam em riachos apresentam cantos de an?ncio com frequ?ncia dominante significativamente mais alta do que esp?cies de ?gua parada, independente do tamanho corp?reo. Estes resultados indicam a import?ncia dessa press?o seletiva para este clado, uma vez que frequ?ncias mais altas v?o apresentar uma menor sobreposi??o espectral com o som grave da ?gua corrente, diminuindo o mascaramento. Al?m do barulho ambiente, barreiras f?sicas que atrapalham a propaga??o do som podem atuar como press?o seletiva sobre sinais ac?sticos. Nesta tese, comparamos o canto de an?ncio de Phyllomedusa nordestina na Mata Atl?ntica e na Caatinga, al?m de testar se os par?metros ac?sticos est?o relacionados ? quantidade de vegeta??o em torno do sitio de vocaliza??o. Resultados mostraram que dois par?metros ac?sticos s?o significativamente afetados pelo tipo de bioma e dois pela quantidade de vegeta??o local, indicando que diferentes par?metros ac?sticos de um mesmo canto podem apresentar caminhos evolutivos distintos: enquanto o intervalo entre pulsos e taxa de canto est?o adaptados para o tipo de ambiente, os indiv?duos tamb?m respondem de forma flex?vel ? quantidade de vegeta??o, alterando a frequ?ncia dominante e o n?mero de pulsos.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-08-09T23:00:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VirginieD'hour_TESE.pdf: 8753386 bytes, checksum: 2e3e6a55a73239c9eeac2c8def85eb39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-13T00:23:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VirginieD'hour_TESE.pdf: 8753386 bytes, checksum: 2e3e6a55a73239c9eeac2c8def85eb39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-13T00:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VirginieD'hour_TESE.pdf: 8753386 bytes, checksum: 2e3e6a55a73239c9eeac2c8def85eb39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Nesta tese s?o apresentados e discutidos os resultados de correla??o do ru?do s?smico em dois contextos: regi?o intraplaca e Dorsal Meso-oce?nica. O m?todo de interferometria de cauda de onda (coda wave interferometry?CWI) tamb?m foi utilizado para os dados da regi?o intraplaca. A correla??o do ru?do permite recuperar a fun??o de Green emp?rica entre dois receptores , como se uma das esta??es atuasse como uma fonte (virtual). Esta t?cnica ?amplamente utilizado em sismologia para a imagem do subsolo e para monitorar mudan?as estruturais associadas principalmente com erup??es vulc?nicas e terremotos grandes (mb > 6.0). No estudo da regi?o intraplaca, fomos capazes de detectar mudan?as estruturais localizadas relacionadas com esta pequena sequ?ncia de terremotos, cujo evento principal ? de mR 3.7, no Nordeste do Brasil. N?s tamb?m mostramos que a normaliza??o de 1-bit de e o branqueamento spectral provoca perdas de detalhes na forma de onda e que a auto- correla??o de fase, que ? pouco sens?vel ? amplitude , parece ser mais sens?vel e robusta para a nossa an?lise. A an?lise de 6 meses de dados usando correla??es cruzadas detecta claramente altera??es do meio logo ap?s do evento principal, enquanto que as auto- correla??es essencialmente detectam altera??es ap?s 1 m?s. Estas mudan?as na correla??o cruzada e na auto-correla??o podem serexplicadas pela redistribui??o da press?o do fluido ocasionadas mudan?as hidromec?nicas e novos caminhos preferenciais para difus?o de press?o e fuidos , devido a terramotos que ocorrem mais tarde. No estudo da Dorsal Meso-oce?nica, investigamos as mudan?as estruturais associadas a um terremoto de mb 4,9 aolongo da falha transformante de S?o Paulo. Os dados foram registrados por a ?nica esta??o s?smica localizada a menos de 200 km da Dorsal Meso-oce?nica. Os resultados da auto-correla??o de fase por um per?odo de 5 meses, mostram uma forte mudan?a de meio co-s?smica seguido por uma recupera??o p?s-s?smica relativamente r?pida. Esta mudan?a do meio provavelmente est? relacionada aos danos causados pelo terremoto de mb 4.9. O processo de cicatriza??o (enchimento das novas fissuras) que durou 60 dias pode ser decomposto em duas fases, uma recupera??o r?pida na fase p?s-s?smica (de 70% em ~ 30 dias) precoce e uma recupera??o relativamente lenta depois (de 30% em ~ 30 dias) No estudo de interferometria de cauda de onda, monitoramos mudan?as temporais da subsuperf?cie causada pela sequ?ncia de pequenos terremotos intraplaca mencionado anteriormente. O m?todo foi validado com dados sint?ticos. Fomos capazes de detectar uma mudan?a da fonte de 2.5% e uma redu??o de 15% da quantidade dos espalhadores. A partir dos dados reais, observamos uma r?pida diminui??o da correla??o da cauda da onda ap?s do evento s?smico mR 3.7. Isso indica uma mudan?a r?pida do subsolo na regi?o da falha induzida pelo terremoto. / This thesis presents and discusses the results of ambient seismic noise correlation for two different environments: intraplate and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The coda wave interferometry method has also been tested for the intraplate data. Ambient noise correlation is a method that allows to retrieve the structural response between two receivers from ambient noise records, as if one of the station was a virtual source. It has been largely used in seismology to image the subsurface and to monitor structural changes associated mostly with volcanic eruptions and large earthquakes. In the intraplate study, we were able to detect localized structural changes related to a small earthquake swarm, which main event is mR 3.7, North-East of Brazil. We also showed that the 1-bit normalization and spectral whitening result on the loss of waveform details and that the phase auto-correlation, which is amplitude unbiased, seems to be more sensitive and robust for our analysis of a small earthquake swarm. The analysis of 6 months of data using cross-correlations detect clear medium changes soon after the main event while the auto-correlations detect changes essentially after 1 month. It could be explained by fluid pressure redistribution which can be initiated by hydromechanical changes and opened path ways to shallower depth levels due to later occurring earthquakes. In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge study, we investigate structural changes associated with a mb 4.9 earthquake in the region of the Saint Paul transform fault. The data have been recorded by a single broadband seismic station located at less than 200 km from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. The results of the phase auto-correlation for a 5-month period, show a strong co-seismic medium change followed by a relatively fast post-seismic recovery. This medium change is likely related to the damages caused by the earthquake?s ground shaking. The healing process (filling of the new cracks) that lasted 60 days can be decomposed in two phases, a fast recovery (70% in ~30 days) in the early post-seismic stage and a relatively slow recovery later (30% in ~30 days). In the coda wave interferometry study, we monitor temporal changes of the subsurface caused by the small intraplate earthquake swarm mentioned previously. The method was first validated with synthetics data. We were able to detect a change of 2.5% in the source position and a 15% decrease of the scatterers? amount. Then, from the real data, we observed a rapid decorrelation of the seismic coda after the mR 3.7 seismic event. This indicates a rapid change of the subsurface in the fault?s region induced by the earthquake.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-03T14:11:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MiltonGomesDeSouzaNetto_DISSERT.pdf: 17163746 bytes, checksum: 1f47747a8a9396780f7b8050a1ea7ac9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-10T13:55:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MiltonGomesDeSouzaNetto_DISSERT.pdf: 17163746 bytes, checksum: 1f47747a8a9396780f7b8050a1ea7ac9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiltonGomesDeSouzaNetto_DISSERT.pdf: 17163746 bytes, checksum: 1f47747a8a9396780f7b8050a1ea7ac9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28 / Motivados pelo crescente aumento no n?mero de projetos de pesquisas em exoplanetase pela escassez de modelos matem?ticos que levem em considera??o ru?dos n?o-Gaussianose correlacionados na fotometria dos dados, n?s analisamos a altera??o do par?metro estat?stico expoente de Hurst, H, em s?ries temporais com diversos tipos de ru?do astrof?sico,com e sem a presen?a de um tr?nsito planet?rio. Neste sentido, determinamos o valor doexpoente de Hurst para duas curvas de luz provenientes do banco p?blico de dados da miss?o CoRoT. Usamos, para estimar o valor de H, dois m?todos: a an?lise R/S (sigla do ingl?s rescaled range) e a transformada r?pida de Fourier, fft (sigla do ingl?s fast Fou-rier transform). Para isso, desenvolvemos um simulador de ru?do astrof?sico onde geramos s?ries temporais de diversos tipos de ru?do e estimamos o valor de H para todas as s?ries simuladas. Na sequ?ncia, geramos um tr?nsito planet?rio sint?tico e o inserimos nos ru?dos para ent?o recalcularmos o valor de H. Notamos que a presen?a do tr?nsito planet?rio alterou significativamente o valor do expoente de Hurst e que o m?todo da an?lise R/S ? mais adequado do que o m?todo da transformada r?pida de Fourier quando se trata de s?ries temporais na presen?a de ru?dos n?o-Gaussianos. Verificamos que o expoente de Hurst pode ser um descriminante poderoso para distinguir s?ries temporais com comportamento variado, em particular, a distin??o entre s?ries apresentando tr?nsito. Estimamos ainda o expoente de Hurst para 30 estrelas da base de dados p?blicos da miss?o Kepler e o relacionamos com o per?odo orbital de planetas presentes nesses sistemas.

Orientador: Olivio Novaski / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T23:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sugai_Miguel_D.pdf: 1274322 bytes, checksum: 70a6b343805d0ccb0f6f8bb640c793dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As metodologias de redução de tempo de preparação (setup) ganharam importância quando se tornou necessário produzir em pequenos lotes e grande variedade com o mesmo sistema produtivo. No contexto histórico, recebe maior destaque a metodologia SMED (Single- Minute Exchange of Die) elaborada por Shigeo Shingo, consultor da Toyota Motors Company, que deu passos relevantes em termos conceituais e técnicos. Nos dias atuais, o uso do SMED nas indústrias brasileiras tem sido mais comum. Contudo, tem surgido a preocupação em realizar melhorias que possibilitam a plena recuperação da capacidade produtiva após o setup. Este período da retomada (fase pós-setup) não tem recebido muitas atenções e em alguns sistemas produtivos tem gerado muitas perdas. Este trabalho realiza uma revisão histórica e o estado da arte dos conceitos de setup e changeover (virada de produção) sendo que a principal contribuição desta tese é propor um Método de Classificação dos Elementos do Período da Retomada. Partindo das causas primárias do diagrama de Ishikawa, a classificação utiliza como base as informações da revisão bibliográfica e dos estudos de caso múltiplos (máquina individual, arranjo celular e linha de produção) realizados na indústria metal-mecânica. O resultado final foi o desenvolvimento do Método de Classificação dos Elementos do Período da Retomada e da Planilha de Classificação de Sentenças com o qual se avalia cada elemento do período da retomada conforme as categorias ¿geração de instabilidade¿, ¿intermediário¿ e ¿domínio¿ no período da retomada. Este método foi testado em outros dois estudos de caso de produção discreta para validar o seu conteúdo, embora contenha informações úteis para outros sistemas produtivos / Abstract: The setup time reduction methodologies gained importance when the industry was challenged to produce in small lots and high variety with the same production system. In the historical context, SMED methodology, elaborated by Shigeo Shingo, a Toyota Motors Company consultant, deserves special attention. His methodology has given prominent steps in terms of evaluation and technical concepts regarding setup time reduction methodologies. Today, the use of the SMED in the Brazilian industries has become commonplace. However, the concern to make improvements to achieve full recuperation of production capacity after setup has arisen. This run-up period has not received the necessary attention, leading to big losses in some production systems. This work is a historical review and a presentation of the state-of-the-art of setup and changeover concepts and, its main contribution, is proposing a classification method of the elements that cause the run-up period. Starting from the primary causes of Ishikawa's diagram, the classification is based on the information from bibliographical revision and from the multiple case studies (individual machine, cellular arrangement and production line) developed in the metal-mechanical industry. The final result is the Classification Method of Element that Cause the Run-up period in which each causal element is evaluated according to the categories ¿instability generation¿, ¿intermediate¿ and ¿domain in the run-up period¿. This Classification Method has been tested in other two case studies to validate the concept and it received the approval in cases of discrete production, although it also contains relevant information for other productive systems / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis work is based on an investigation of intermediates involved in various metal mediated catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation, hydroboration, functionalization of methane etc. An intermediate dictates the energetics of the catalytic cycle of these reactions. Therefore, it is important to study such types of intermediates in order to design a better catalyst. These intermediates are called σ-complexes in which a σ-bond is coordinated to the metal center at some stage of the reaction coordinate. These species are rarely stable at ambient conditions which create difficulties in exploring their chemistry. Our aim is to study the effect of ancillary ligands on the coordination properties of a σ-bond ligand. We chose two different classes of σ-complexes – one contains a B–H σ-bond as a ligand, i.e., σ-borane complex and another contains a H–H σ-bond as a ligand, i.e., σ-dihydrogen complex. Both M–H–B and M–H2 interactions are 3-center-2-electron coordination bonds comprised of two bonding components. One is σ-donation, which is present in both and another is π-back donation from the metal center, which is negligible in the σ-borane complexes contrary to the σ-dihydrogen complexes. The bonding characteristics of M–H–B and M–H2 interactions suggest that an electron deficient metal center is necessary to study the σ-borane complexes with reasonable stability. Thus, we selected an early transition metal, i.e., Cr(0) bearing arene and CO ancillary ligands, for studying the σ-borane complexes. On the other hand, the cis-dihydrogen/hydride and cis-dihydrogen chloride complexes were studied on a late transition metal center, i.e., Ru(II) bearing phosphine and N–N bidentate ligands. Ammonia-borane is known to be a potential hydrogen storage material. Therefore, we picked up the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction of this compound and intended to investigate the interaction between a metal center and the BH σ-bonds of amine-boranes. We characterized the σ-borane complexes [(η6-arene)Cr(CO)2(η1-H–BH2•NMe3)] (arene = fluorobenzene, benzene, and mesitylene), and observed an interesting correlation between the electronics and stability of these species. This was the first report of σ-borane systems possessing an η6-arene ligand. A prototype homobimetallic σ-borane complex, [(η6-C6H5CH2NMe2•BH2–HCr(CO)5)Cr(CO)3] was characterized using single crystal X-ray crystallography. An intramolecular σ-borane complex, (η1-(η6-C6H5CH2NMe2•BH2–H))Cr(CO)2 was found to possess an interesting chelation of the η6-arene, and BH coordination sites of its amine-borane moiety with the Cr(0) center. These σ-borane complexes showed an interesting dynamics in the binding interface between the metal center and the borane ligand. Free energy of activation (ΔG#) for this process was estimated to be 30-40 kJ/mol. To explore certain σ-dihydrogen complexes we investigated the chemistry of cis-dihydrogen/hydride complexes of Ru(II) bearing phosphine and N-N bidentate ligands cis,trans-[RuH(η2-H2)(PPh3)2(N-N)][OTf] (N-N = 2, 2′-bipyridyl, 2, 2′-bipyrimidine) in detail. In those cases, we established that the adjacent hydride ligand has large influence on the dihydrogen coordination. The η2-H2 and hydride ligands showed a single 1H NMR spectral signal due to fast site exchange among each other. We established the mechanism and calculated the free energy of activation (ΔG# = 8-13 kJ/mol) of this dynamics. These complexes were found to be stable at ambient conditions although, a labile dihydrogen ligand is present in the coordination sphere of the metal center. In fact, we could obtain the single crystals of cis,trans-[RuH(η2-H2)(PPh3)2(bpy)][OTf]. The molecular structure of a σ-complex in which a σ-bond (before it gets completely formed or broken) acts as a ligand is what fascinates this area in chemistry. A cis-dihydrogen chloride complex, cis,trans-[RuCl(η2-H2)(PPh3)2(bpm)][OTf] was characterized unambiguously using NMR spectroscopy. The H-H distance (dHH) for the η2-H2 ligand of these complexes were estimated to be 0.9-1.0 Å. We attempted to observe some σ-methane species spectroscopically at low temperatures. Unfortunately, these species were quite unstable for exhibiting the NMR spectral signals even at low temperatures. Nevertheless, we investigated the reactivity of cis,trans-[RuHX(PPh3)2(N-N)] (X = H, Cl; N-N = 2, 2′-bipyridyl, 2, 2′-bipyrimidine) towards a methylating agent, CH3OTf. This reaction resulted in methane evolution by the combination of the hydride ligand of a Ru(II) complex and the CH3+ moiety of CH3OTf. This reaction was carried out in a sealed tube inside a NMR probe at ~183 K and monitored for a long period of time; however, the methane bound metal species was not observed. Perhaps, the longevity of this class of σ-methane complex falls below the NMR time scale.

A l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, les complexes polyazaaromatiques du Ru(II) sont synthétisés et étudiés dans le cadre du développement d’outils de diagnostic de l’ADN, de drogues photo-activables, de nouveaux matériaux opto-électroniques … Certains de ces complexes possèdent une importante photoréactivité vis à vis de l’ADN ;elle résulte d’un transfert d’électron photo-induit entre une guanine, jouant le rôle de donneur, et le complexe dans un état excité 3MLCT. La photo-oxydation des acides aminés tryptophane et tyrosine a également été observée. La photo-oxydation de cibles biologiques peut conduire à la formation de photo-adduits covalents avec la guanine et avec le Trp. Ceci est à la base des travaux visant à développer des drogues photo-activables.\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Alkenes can undergo a variety of chemical reactions to form more complex molecules with a range of functional groups. This makes them useful starting materials for synthesizing a wide range of organic compounds. Chapter I provided an overview of the development history of alkenyl C−H bond activation. The early reactions of C−H compounds with metal complexes, as well as stoichiometric activation of the transition metal-activated C–H bond, were discussed. Then the first successful and efficient organometallic-catalyzed transformations of a C−H bond, the first transition metal-catalyzed vinylic C–H functionalization, and the first transition metal-catalyzed olefinic C–H functionalization under mild conditions were demonstrated. Finally, enantioselective vinylic C–H functionalization was discussed. In Chapter II, a method for enantioselective vinylic C(sp2)−H bond activation using a Ru(II) catalyst and a chiral transient directing group was developed. Chiral amine was also utilized to control the Z/E stereoselectivity. The method demonstrated a broad substrate scope with good yield, high Z/E ratio stereoselectivity, and excellent enantioselectivity. Its synthetic utility was demonstrated by the synthesis of key structural motifs of particularly useful natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, a rare vinylic C−H bond activated ruthenic complex was isolated and determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The methodology suggested in this work is expected to facilitate the further development of asymmetric vinylic C−H functionalization reactions. In Chapter III, a practical and efficient methodology for Ru(II)-catalyzed enantioselective alkenyl C–H bond functionalization of indole-substituted acrylaldehyde derivatives via the chiral transient directing group (CTDG) strategy to obtain optically active pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole derivatives was suggested. The methodology resulted in a series of optically active products with good yields (up to 80%), good stereoselectivity (up to 25.0:1 Z/E), and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee). Furthermore, synthetic transformations were explored. Chapter IV presented the first demonstration of a sequentially composed catalytic substitution reaction of alkenes for building multi-amido methylated derivatives while reserving the π- components. The process involved a simple Fe (III)-catalyst and bisamidomethane reagent, which directly and selectively transformed α-substituted styrenes into several biologically and pharmaceutically relevant N-heterocycles through tandem processes.

Nanometric thin films are used widely throughout various industries and for various applications. Metallic thin films, specifically, are relied upon extensively in the microelectronics industry, among others. For example, alloy thin films are being investigated for CMOS applications, tungsten films find uses as contacts and diffusion barriers, and copper is used often as interconnect material. Appropriate metrology methods must therefore be used to characterize the physical properties of these films. Xray scattering experiments are well suited for the investigation of nano-scaled systems, and are the focus of this doctoral dissertation. Emphasis is placed on (1) phase identification of polycrystalline thin films, (2) the evaluation of the grain size and microstrain of metallic thin films by line profile analysis, and (3) the study of morphological evolution in solid/solid interfaces. To illustrate the continued relevance of x-ray diffraction for phase identification of simple binary alloy systems, Pt-Ru thin films, spanning the compositional range from pure Pt to pure Ru were investigated. In these experiments, a meta-stable extension of the HCP phase is observed in which the steepest change in the electronic work function coincides with a rapid change in the c/a ratio of the HCP phase. For grain size and microstrain analysis, established line profile methods are discussed in terms of Cu and W thin film analysis. Grain sizes obtained by x-ray diffraction are compared to transmission electron microscopy based analyses. Significant discrepancies between x-ray and electron microscopy are attributed to sub-grain misorientations arising from dislocation core spreading at the film/substrate interface. A novel "residual" full width half max parameter is introduced for examining the iv contribution of strain to x-ray peak broadening. The residual width is subsequently used to propose an empirical method of line profile analysis for thin films on substrates. X-ray reflectivity was used to study the evolution of interface roughness with annealing for a series of Cu thin films that were encapsulated in both SiO2 and Ta/SiO2. While all samples follow similar growth dynamics, notable differences in the roughness evolution with high temperature ex-situ annealing were observed. The annealing resulted in a smoothing of only one interface for the SiO2 encapsulated films, while neither interface of the Ta/SiO2 encapsulated films evolved significantly. The fact that only the upper Cu/SiO2 interface evolves is attributed to mechanical pinning of the lower interface to the rigid substrate. The lack of evolution of the Cu/Ta/SiO2 interface is consistent with the lower diffusivity expected of Cu in a Cu/Ta interface as compared to that in a Cu/SiO2 interface. The smoothing of the upper Cu/SiO2 interface qualitatively follows that expected for capillarity driven surface diffusion but with notable quantitative deviation.

No description available.