Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T22:03:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThamiresCasagrande_DISSERT.pdf: 5017698 bytes, checksum: d1b39db5bf0fea4e08ace5ef9a725ffc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-10T21:03:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ThamiresCasagrande_DISSERT.pdf: 5017698 bytes, checksum: d1b39db5bf0fea4e08ace5ef9a725ffc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T21:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThamiresCasagrande_DISSERT.pdf: 5017698 bytes, checksum: d1b39db5bf0fea4e08ace5ef9a725ffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A exist?ncia de um padr?o repetitivo peri?dico de atividade vocal de baleias jubarte ao longo da temporada reprodutiva pode apoiar a hip?tese da exist?ncia de um ritmo biol?gico end?geno, ou ainda, elucidar como os zeitgebers bi?ticos ou abi?ticos poderiam modular a express?o do comportamento vocal desses animais, que ? t?o importante para o sucesso reprodutivo dos indiv?duos e manuten??o do tamanho e da sa?de da popula??o. Muitos estudos sobre atividade vocal de baleias jubarte tem investigado as altera??es no padr?o temporal e geogr?fico das can??es dos machos. Tal conhecimento pode contribuir para o manejo, elucidando como a express?o comportamental pode ser modulada sob a a??o dos fatores externos sobre o meio em que indiv?duo esteja inserido. Este conhecimento fornece, juntamente com outras informa??es sobre a hist?ria de vida, biologia e ecologia da esp?cie, subs?dios para a elabora??o de medidas de conserva??o que sejam mais bem-sucedidas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a exist?ncia de ritmo na ocorr?ncia de displays vocais de machos de baleia jubarte no entorno do Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos e se a presen?a de ru?do de barco afeta a atividade vocal. Para isso, foram utilizados dados ac?sticos anteriormente coletados no entorno do parque durante os anos de 2003, 2004 e 2005. Em 2005 o esfor?o foi dividido entre uma ?rea tratamento, similar aos anos anteriores e onde passam barcos de turismo frequentemente e uma ?rea controle com pouco tr?fego de barcos. As grava??es foram visual e auralmente inspecionadas atrav?s da ferramenta para MATLAB, XBAT, a cada 2 minutos e categorizadas como: presen?a ou aus?ncia de vocaliza??es de baleias jubarte e tamb?m de ru?dos de embarca??es. Foram realizadas an?lises espectrais, cosinor e teste de correla??o atrav?s de uma rotina elaborada em MATLAB. Nossos resultados mostram a exist?ncia de um padr?o de atividade vocal para todos os anos mas ausente na ?rea controle em 2005. Uma maior atividade vocal foi observada entre os hor?rios de 15:00 da tarde e 10:00 da manh?. Por?m o mesmo padr?o n?o p?de ser observado para todos os meses amostrados da ?rea controle de 2005, na qual o tr?fego de embarca??es era bem reduzido. Quando analisado o padr?o temporal das embarca??es, o maior n?mero de ru?dos se encontravam entre as 10:00 e 15:00 revelando uma correla??o negativa entre o ru?do de embarca??es e a atividade vocal. O que pode sinalizar que devido ao ru?do dos motores das embarca??es mascarar energeticamente os sinais vocais baleias jubarte em resposta evitam vocalizar em hor?rios de maior intensidade sonora, organizando-se temporalmente. / Many studies of vocal activity of humpback whales have focused on investigating the temporal and geographical pattern changes in the male song. This knowledge can contribute to the species management, explaining how the behavioral traits are modulated by external factors of the environment in which the individual is inserted. This knowledge associated with information about the life history, biology and ecology of the species, provides the development of more successful conservation measures. Determining the existence of a periodic pattern of vocal activity of male humpback whales along the breeding season may support the hypothesis of endogenous biological rhythms, or how the biotic or abiotic zeitgebers could modulate the expression of the vocal behavior of these animals, which is so important for their reproductive success and maintainance of a increasing and healthy population. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of such rhythm in the occurrence of male vocal displays in the vicinity of the National Marine Park of Abrolhos. For this, we used acoustic data previously collected during the years 2003, 2004 and 2005. In 2005 the effort was divided into two areas, a treatment area where whale watching boat traffic is frequent similar located in the same general area to the previous years and a control area with rare boat traffic. The recordings were visually and aurally inspected every 2 minutes using XBAT an application that runs in MATLAB. These 2-minute samples were categorized as: presence or absence of humpback vocal activity and also vessel noise. Spectral analyzes were performed using Cosinor and a correlation test through a routine developed in MATLAB. Our results show the existence of a vocal activity pattern for all years in the treatment area, but not in the control area. Vocal activity concentrated between 15:00 pm and 10:00 am. The same pattern was not observed in all months of 2005 in the control area where the boat traffic is reduced. Coincidentally, the temporal pattern of vessel noise was highest between 10:00am and 15:00pm revealing a negative correlation with male vocal displays. Motorboat noise not only mask humpback male vocal displays but also the endogenous rhythm of vocal activity of humpback whales. Because of the masking caused by motorboat noise in male vocal displays, they avoid higher sound intensity schedules, organizing themselves in time.

Notre recherche se divise en deux parties distinctes. La première est issue d’une collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie de l’ULB des Pr. A. Kirsch-De Mesmaeker et C. Moucheron. Les travaux de ce groupe consistent à utiliser des complexes de Ru(II) polyazaaromatiques comme drogues photoactivables ou comme agents de diagnostic dans des systèmes biologiques. Cependant à cause de leur grande hydrophilie, ces complexes de Ru(II) ne peuvent pas pénétrer les membranes cellulaires, ce qui complique leur utilisation comme drogues photoactivables. <p>Afin d’améliorer cette pénétration cellulaire, deux stratégies ont été développées dans le cadre de cette collaboration. La première consistait en la synthèse et l’étude de deux nouveaux complexes de Ru(II) possédant des N,N-ligands facilement fonctionnalisables :[Ru(TAP)2btz]2+ et [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+. Les études électrochimiques et photophysiques ont montré que l’état ³MLCT de ces complexes était un excellent agent oxydant. Ces complexes pourraient donc photo-réagir avec une guanine pour former un photo-adduit. Néanmoins, une étude photophysique plus détaillée a montré que l’état excité du complexe [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ possédait une durée de vie plus longue que celui du [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. Par ailleurs, le [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ est plus photostable dans l’eau que le [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. Seul, le complexe de Ru(II) constitué de deux ligands TAP et d’un ligand pytz facilement fonctionnalisable pourrait donc être utilisé pour photo-réagir avec des biomolécules dans l’eau.<p>La deuxième stratégie concernait la synthèse et l’étude de complexes de Ru(II) à partir de ligands dérivés de calix[4 ou 6]arènes. Des stratégies de synthèses originales ont été mises au point pour greffer une unité phen ou pytz sur des calix[4 ou 6]arènes mono-fonctionnalisés. Par la suite, des antennes de reconnaissance cellulaire (sucres) ont été introduites sur les positions phénoliques restantes des calixarènes dans le but d’effectuer une vectorisation ciblée. Pour cela, l’alkylation des positions phénoliques par des groupes azido a été mise au point. Ces groupes azido ont alors été mis en réaction avec des sucres possédant une fonction alcyne afin d’obtenir des ligands multivalents. Après, une réaction de complexation avec les précurseurs métalliques de Ru(II), ces différents ligands ont conduit aux nouveaux complexes calix[4 ou 6]arène-Ru(II) désirés.<p>Les propriétés électrochimiques et photophysiques des différents complexes de Ru(II) ont ensuite été étudiées. L’état ³MLCT des différents complexes est un excellent agent oxydant. Cependant, l’étude des propriétés photophysiques a montré que seul le complexe [(TAP)2Rupytz’(diN3C6)2+ était un candidat potentiel pour photo-réagir avec des biomolécules. En effet, un quenching des durées de vie a été observé pour les complexes de Ru(II) possédant des groupes phénol. Il est probablement provoqué par un transfert d’électron intramoléculaire du phénol vers l’état excité du complexe. Un quenching de luminescence a également été observé avec le complexe [(TAP)2Ruphen’(trisN3C4)2+ qui est probablement dû à un TE intramoléculaire du complexe excité vers le groupe azido. Le complexe multivalent n’a pas pu être étudié dans le cadre de ce travail mais il devrait être intéressant pour photo-réagir avec une biomolécule. <p>La seconde partie de ce travail est le fruit d’une collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Matière Condensée et de Systèmes Electroactifs (équipe des Dr. P. Hapiot et C. Lagrost, UMR 6510, Université de RENNES 1) et avec le Pr. O. Reinaud (Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie pharmacologiques et toxicologiques, UMR 8610, Université Paris Descartes). <p>Our research is divided into two distinct parts. The first part was developed in collaboration with the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry of the Professors Andrée De Mesmaeker and Cécile Moucheron (ULB). The research topic of this group consists in using polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes as potential drugs in anti-cancer therapy or as diagnostic agents in biological systems. However, because of their high hydrophilicity, these Ru(II) complexes can not penetrate cell membranes which prevents their use as photoreactive drugs.<p>In order to enhance the cellular uptake, two strategies have been developed in the frame of this collaboration. The first one has consisted in the synthesis and study of two new Ru(II) complexes from N,N-ligands that can be readily functionalized: [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+ and [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+. The photophysical and electrochemical studies have shown that both complexes behave as excellent oxidizing agents in their ³MLCT state. Thus, these complexes could photo-react with a guanine to form a photo-adduct. However, a more detailed examination of the photophysical parameters has shown that the excited state lifetimes of the complex [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ is longer than that of [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. Moreover, the [Ru(TAP)2pytz]²+ is more photostable in water than the [Ru(TAP)2btz]2+. So, the Ru(II) complex obtained by the combination of two TAP ligands and one functionalized pytz ligand is an attractive photoreagent for biomolecules.<p>The second strategy has involved the synthesis and study of Ru(II) complexes from ligands based on calix[4 or 6]arenes. Original strategies have been developed to graft one phen or pytz unit on mono-functionalized calix[4 or 6]arenes. Subsequently, cellular recognition subunits (sugars) were introduced on the phenolic positions of calixarenes in order to perform a targeted vectorization. For this, the alkylation of phenolic positions by azido groups has been developed. These azido groups were then reacted with alkyne-glycoside to obtain multivalent ligands. After a complexation reaction with Ru(II) precursors, these ligands have led to new calix [4 or 6] arene-Ru(II) complexes. <p>Then, the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the different Ru(II) complexes were studied. The various complexes are sufficiently oxydizing in their ³MLCT. However, the study of their photophysical properties has shown that only the complex [(TAP)2Rupytz'(diN3C6)2+ could be a potential candidate to photo-react with biomolecules. Indeed, a quenching of lifetimes has been observed for the Ru(II) complexes with phenolic groups. It is probably due to an intramolecular electron transfer from the phenolic groups to the excited state of the complex. A luminescence quenching was also observed with the complex [(TAP)2Ruphen'(trisN3C4)]2+ probably because of an intramolecular electron transfer from the excited complex to the azido group. The multivalent complex has not been studied but it should be a valuable candidate to photo-react with a biomolecule. <p>The second part of this work is the result of a collaboration with the Laboratory of Condensed Matter and Electroactive Systems (Doctors Philippe Hapiot and Corinne Lagrost team, UMR 6510, Université de Rennes 1) and With the Professor Olivia Reinaud (Laboratory of Chimie et Biochimie pharmacologiques et toxicologiques, UMR 8610, Université Paris Descartes). / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<p>Climate change and the energy crisis are substantial challenges facing the human species, and they are projected to threaten life on our planet. For millions of years, the sun has been the main source of energy for life on Earth; this inspires ongoing research efforts focusing on a “sunlight to fuel” energy solution. Photosynthesis is nature’s tool to derive energy from the sun. Hence, scientists focus on the biochemistry of this phenomenon to employ photosynthesis in a man-made device. Such a device is able to convert solar energy to chemical energy through a light-driven cycle of the chemical reactions which produce hydrogen gas, later used as fuel. This process, often called “artificial photosynthesis,” needs efficient catalysts which can be incorporated into a molecular assembly and other microscopic structures or immobilized on an electrode surface. </p><p>Additionally, evolution, in the course of billions of years, chose manganese as an abundant and effective metal to facilitate the process of photosynthesis. These manganese atoms formed a cluster and an optimized ligand field to maximize efficiency. The photochemistry and photo-physics process behind photosynthesis is yet to be fully understood and implemented in a man-made apparatus with comparable efficiency and durability. </p><p>Photosynthesis requires a source of electrons. Water is an abundant molecule on earth that can provide the electrons needed for the photosynthesis. Although water is ubiquitous, it is one of the most stable molecules; hence, splitting it demands a well-designed system with strong oxidizing capability. Because a single atom of oxygen is highly reactive, there should be at least four oxidation states in the system to remove four electrons and release molecular oxygen: O2. The O-O bond formation is one of the most important steps in photosynthesis to fully understand. Lacking a thorough knowledge of this step prevents design and fabrication of robust and active water oxidizing catalysts. To fully understand O-O formation, one should perform a comprehensive study of each of the intermediates of the system. In other words, we need an understanding of the structure and electronic configuration of the system (natural or artificial) from the moment that a water molecule attaches to the catalyst (usually a metal core, central in the complex), until the moment that oxygen released as an O2 molecule. </p><p>There are multiple possible mechanisms to explain O-O formation. Two mechanisms that were extensively studied in this thesis are water nucleophilic attack and radical coupling. The prevailing view about oxygen formation in the catalysts that we study here explains the O-O bond formation by nucleophilic attack of a water molecule to a highly oxidized ruthenium (RuV=O) species. In this hypothesis, all polypyridine ligands that are coordinated to ruthenium remain neutral during the water oxidation process, while the formation of RuV=O (the key intermediate) would require a relatively high free energy (about 1.8 to 2 eV); use of computational (numerical) calculations determine this to be thermodynamically inaccessible. Furthermore, the failure of spectroscopic techniques to confirm the presence of RuV=O calls the validity of this model into question.)</p><p>Alternatively, radical coupling hypothesis considers another pathway to oxygen bond formation. Here, one of the nitrogen atoms coordinated to ruthenium in polypyridine plays a crucial role. We hypothesize that after formation of RuIV=O (which is spectroscopically observed), one nitrogen decoordinates from the metallic core (ruthenium) and oxidizes to form Ru-ON species. This N-oxide ligand can be further oxidized to form a ligand cation radical. It has been shown that [ligand-NO]+• can have almost no energy barrier for O-O bond formation via spin alignment. The study of the role of N-oxide is one of the main focuses of this work. Since this hypothesis does not require RuV=O nor water nucleophilic attack, it explains the process of water oxidation and opens further avenues for the design of future catalysts.</p><p>To confirm our hypothesis, I employed several spectroscopic methods and computational calculations. This new pathway predicts new intermediates exclusive to this model. Our objective is to prove their presence by in situ spectroscopy and test the possibility of formation of each intermediate computationally, to see if their formation is thermodynamically feasible. </p><div><br></div>

With continued shrinking of CMOS technology to reduce the gate delay times, an increase in the resistivity of the metal corresponding to the wire dimension is a concern. This phenomenon of increase in resistivity with decreasing dimension of the thin metallic film or interconnect is known as the "classical size effect". Various theories have been postulated to explain the phenomenon of classical size effect; these theories can be broadly classified as resistivity due to scattering arising from surface and grain boundaries. The total resistivity of metals depends on the electron scattering due to impurities, phonons, surfaces, grain boundaries, and other crystal defects. Managing the size effect in a practical and manufacturing way is of major concern to the microelectronics industry. Since each of the processes (phonon, surface and grain boundary scattering) adds to the resistivity and are interrelated, it further complicates managing the size effect. However, these effects have been separately studied. In this work, the effect of annealing on the classical size effect in Cu thin films deposited on SiO2 substrate is investigated. Polycrystalline Cu thin films having thicknesses in the range of 10nm to 200nm were ultra high vacuum sputter deposited on thermally grown SiO2 surfaces. The films were annealed at temperatures in the range of 150°C to 800°C in argon and argon+3% hydrogen gases. The un-annealed Cu thin films exhibit higher resistivity than the annealed films. The resistivities of un-annealed films were in good agreement with Mayadas and Shatzkes model. When annealed the films undergoes grain growth resulting in lowering the resistivities by about 20%-30% thereby confirming the role of grain size on resistivity of the film. However, there is a limit to annealing, i.e. agglomeration phenomenon. Agglomeration is a thermally activated process resulting in a reduction of the free energy of the film–substrate system and can occur well below the melting point of the material by surface and interfacial diffusion. The reduction of film-substrate interfacial energy, film-surface interfacial energy and stresses within the film are possible driving forces for agglomeration. This work also includes the study of agglomeration phenomenon. The agglomeration behavior of Cu is investigated and compared with that of Ru, Au and Pt thin films with thicknesses in the range of 10 nm to 100 nm UHV deposited on thermally grown SiO2 substrate. The films were annealed at temperatures in the range of 150°C to 800°C in argon and argon+3% hydrogen gases. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the agglomeration behavior, and transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of the as-deposited and annealed films. The agglomeration sequence in all the films is found to follow a two step process of void nucleation and void growth. However, void growth in Au and Pt thin films is different from Cu and Ru thin films. Residual stress and adhesion were observed to play important part in deciding the mode of void growth in Au and Pt thin films. Lastly, it is also observed that the tendency for agglomeration can be reduced by encapsulating the metal film with an oxide overlayer, which in turn improves the resistivity of the thin film due to prolonged grain growth without film breakup.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra två kinesiska översättningar av den ryska novellen Damen med hunden av Anton Pavlovitj Tjechov och identifiera översättningsstrategier som används i de kinesiska versionerna. Den ena kinesiska översättningen är gjord av Ru Long under andra halvan av 1900-talet. Den andra versionen översattes av Tong Daoming år 2016. Jämförelsen görs med en empirisk studie som baserar sig på en tabell med insamlade ryska verb och dess kinesiska översättningar, som sedan vidare analyseras i uppsatsen. Kapitlet om översättningsstrategier om icke-ekvivalens på ordnivå i Mona Bakers bok In Other Words – a coursebook on translation utgör den teoretiska grunden för analysen. Uppsatsens frågeställningar handlar om antalet verb översatta med en fullgod motsvarighet på kinesiska och översättningsstrategier som används i de icke-exakt översätta verben i de två olika kinesiska versionerna. Resultaten av studien visar att många av de ryska verben översätts med en exakt kinesisk motsvarighet. Vidare visar resultaten att sex av åtta av Mona Bakers översättningsstrategier används i samtliga jämförda kinesiska versionerna. Den mest använda strategin i Ru Longs version är Omskrivning med ett relaterat ord, medan Tong Daoming föredrar strategin Översättning till ett kulturellt substitut i sin utgåva.

<p> This thesis reports a systematic study of geometrically frustrated f.c.c. double perovskites with both monoclinic (P2₁/n) La₂LiMO₆ and cubic (Fm3m) Ba₂YMO₆ symmetries, where M=Mo (S=1/2), Re (S=1) and Ru (S=3/2). The roles of both the spin quantum number, i.e. quantum spin fluctuations, and the local site symmetry, i.e. orbital ordering, on the determination of the ground magnetic state were studied. All the compounds were prepared by solid state reaction and the structural information and magnetic properties of the compounds were collected using diffraction techniques (X-ray and neutron), de susceptibility, heat capacity, muon spin relaxation (μSR) and solid state NMR. </p> <p> The S=3/2 materials, La₂LiRuO₆ and Ba₂YRuO₆, while highly frustrated with frustration indices f ~ 16 and 8, respectively, both show antiferromagnetic (AF) long range ordering at 24K and 37K, respectively. The Neel temperature of the latter compound was determined for the first time by the heat capacity and neutron diffraction. This compound shows an unusual AF transition as two broader peaks were observed in the susceptibility while La₂LiRuO₆ shows a typical AF behavior. There is about 1 % of Y/Ru site mixing observed by 89Y MAS NMR in Ba₂YRuO₆. </p> <p> For the S=1 materials, monoclinic La₂LiReO₆ shows collective singlet like behavior as zero magnetization was observed in the ZFC susceptibility and a static and diluted spin system was indicated by μSR. On the other hand, the cubic phase, Ba₂YReO₆ surprisingly shows a spin glass behavior confirmed by μSR while no Y/Re site mixing was observed by MAS NMR. It is also a surprising observation that this compound retains cubic symmetry down to 3K where it would have a structure transition subject to the Jahn-Teller theorem. </p> <p> Finally, the S=1/2 compounds, La₂LiMoO₆ and Ba₂YMoO₆, show quite different magnetic behavior. Monoclinic La₂LiMoO₆ shows the presence of at least short range order achieved at 18K according to the heat capacity and μSR measurements. Ba₂YMoO₆ retains cubic symmetry down to 3K and no Jahn-Teller distortion was observed at the limit of the resolution of neutron diffraction. This compound surprisingly appears to remain paramagnetic down to 2K, yet evidence for a collective singlet state was observed by a paramagnetic Knight shift measurement in NMR. This is consistent with an existing theoretical prediction. </p> <p> An extended study on other S=1/2 Mo analogues, Ba₂LuMoO₆ and Ba₂ScMoO₆ is also presented. Both compounds show cubic structure confirmed by X-ray diffraction and paramagnetic behavior down to 2K in the susceptibility. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Ruthenium (Ru) has been theoretically considered a viable alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst due to its fast water dissociation kinetics. However, its strong affinity to the adsorbed hydroxyl (OHad) blocks the active sites, resulting in unsatisfactory performance during the practical HER process. Here, we first reported a competitive adsorption strategy for the construction of SnO2 nanoparticles doped with Ru single-atoms supported on carbon (Ru SAs-SnO2/C) via atomic galvanic replacement. SnO2 was introduced to regulate the strong interaction between Ru and OHad by the competitive adsorption of OHad between Ru and SnO2, which alleviated the poisoning of Ru sites. As a consequence, the Ru SAs-SnO2/C exhibited a low overpotential at 10 mAcm􀀀2 (10 mV) and a low Tafel slope of 25 mVdec􀀀1. This approach provides a new avenue to modulate the adsorption strength of active sites and intermediates, which paves the way for the development of highly active electrocatalysts.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2016-01-26T16:13:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Marcia_Marcondes_da_Silva.pdf: 8069358 bytes, checksum: edc95c2e7701b52300c68a3c39bd3698 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T16:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Marcia_Marcondes_da_Silva.pdf: 8069358 bytes, checksum: edc95c2e7701b52300c68a3c39bd3698 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-19 / The purpose of this work is to identify the occurrence of noises that affect the communication process, with accounting statements working as businesses language within the process of account rendering between the social work entities and the City Hall of the City of Tabo??o da Serra - City Council of Social Work (CMAS) and City Hall of Tabo??o da Serra (PMTS). In order to do that, it is based on studies that suggest the existence of a relationship between the accounting process, as business language, and the communication theory, with emphasis on the noises that may interfere in any communication process. The investigation tries to identify the occurrence of noises according to the perception of the users of accounting statements, issues - social work entities and receivers - CMAS and PMTS. The reason for carrying out this research comes from the study carried out by the Commission of Guidance Analysis and Inspection COAF/CMAS, where it was detected that the majority of the registered entities had their registrations cancelled or suspended because of problems with the account rendering and research carried out at CMAS, where it was observed the difficulty of the CMAS in establishing and maintaining partnerships with the social work entities in the city. The communication theory reveals that, some times, the level of knowledge of the issuer and the receiver, the social and cultural context where both of them are inserted, the channel used, the content of the message are responsible for problems that occur in the communication process. Therefore, this theory establishes parameters to determine if the communicative act takes place efficiently and effectively. As the main purpose of accounting is the supply of useful information for taking decisions, if accounting statements are not understood, it means that noises took place during the process and that the communicative act did not fully take place. In order to avoid or diminish the harmful effects of the noise it is essential to know where and how they take place. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a ocorr??ncia de ru??dos que comprometem o processo de comunica????o, sendo as demonstra????es cont??beis atuantes como linguagem de neg??cios no processo de presta????o de contas entre as entidades assistenciais e o Poder P??blico do Munic??pio de Tabo??o da Serra - Conselho Municipal de Assist??ncia Social (CMAS) e Prefeitura Municipal de Tabo??o da Serra (PMTS). Para tanto, baseou-se em estudos que sugerem existir rela????o entre o processo cont??bil, enquanto linguagem de neg??cios e a teoria da comunica????o, com ??nfase aos ru??dos que podem intervir em qualquer processo de comunica????o. A investiga????o buscou identificar a incid??ncia de ru??dos segundo a percep????o dos usu??rios das demonstra????es cont??beis, emissores - entidades assistenciais e receptores - CMAS e PMTS. A motiva????o desta pesquisa adv??m de estudo realizado pela Comiss??o de Orienta????o An??lise e Fiscaliza????o COAF/CMAS, neste estudo detectado que a maioria das entidades cadastradas estava com seus registros cancelados ou suspensos por problemas com as presta????o de contas e pesquisa realizada no pr??prio CMAS, onde foi detectado a dificuldade que este tem encontrado em formar e manter parcerias com as organiza????es de assist??ncia social do munic??pio. A teoria da comunica????o vem revelar que, por vezes, o n??vel de conhecimento do emissor e do receptor, o contexto s??cio-cultural em que ambos se encontram o canal utilizado, o conte??do da mensagem s??o respons??veis por problemas ocasionados no processo de comunica????o. Portanto, essa teoria estabelece par??metros para avaliar se o ato comunicativo ocorre com efici??ncia e efic??cia. Conclui-se que, como o objetivo principal da contabilidade ?? o fornecimento de informa????es ??teis para a tomada de decis??es, se as demonstra????es cont??beis n??o forem compreendidas, significa que ru??dos ocorreram durante o processo e que o ato comunicativo n??o ocorreu plenamente. Para evitar ou minimizar os efeitos nocivos do ru??do ?? imprescind??vel conhecer onde e como eles ocorrem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Zegrini Nassar Garcia.pdf: 1207153 bytes, checksum: 9877adea8b2a851dc64c4374c0e8691c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-17 / The aim of this study was to evaluate experimentally a voice over IP (VoIP) streaming in opaque and all-optical networks. For this, we prepared an experimental setup to emulate the two types of networks. In particular, the experimental arrangement for opaque networks emulated packet loss and jitter; for all-optical networks the variation of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) was emulated. The VoIP flow was generated by the G.711 and G.729 codecs, and the performance of these codecs in the emulated network was rated in terms of the R Factor, which is a computational tool developed by ITU-T and described by the Model E. The experimental results showed that G.711 codec has a better performance than the G.729 codec in opaque networks. On the other hand, the performance of G.729 was better in all-optical networks. Moreover, results for alloptical networks suggested that system performance depends not only on the OSNR, but also on the absolute value of the signal power. Results also showed that OSNRs higher than 14 dB did kept the factor R at its maximum. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar experimentalmente um fluxo de voz sobre IP (Voice Over IP, VoIP) em redes opacas e redes ?pticas transparentes. Para isso, foi montando um arranjo experimental emulando os dois tipos de redes. Em especial, nas redes opacas o arranjo experimental emulou perda de pacotes e varia??o do atraso e, nas redes ?pticas transparentes, foi emulada a varia??o da rela??o sinal-ru?do ?ptica (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio, OSNR). O fluxo de VoIP foi gerado pelos codecs G.711 e G.729, e a avalia??o do desempenho desses codecs nas redes emuladas foi feita em termos do Fator R, que ? uma ferramenta computacional desenvolvida pelo ITU-T e descrita pelo Modelo E. Os resultados experimentais permitiram concluir que, em geral, o codec G.711 possui um desempenho melhor do que o codec G.729 nas redes opacas. No entanto, nas redes ?pticas transparentes o desempenho do codec G.729 foi melhor. Al?m disso, os resultados para as redes ?pticas transparentes sugeriram que o desempenho do sistema depende n?o apenas da OSNR, mas tamb?m do valor absoluto da pot?ncia do sinal e ru?do. Os resultados tamb?m mostraram que OSNRs superiores a 14 dB mantiveram o fator R em seu m?ximo.

Hydrogen fuel is one of the most important areas of research in the field of renewable energy development and production. Hydrogen gas can be generated by fuel cells, water electrolyzers, and heterogeneous nanoscale catalysts. It can be burned to directly release chemical energy or condensed for storage and transport, providing fuel for combustion devices or storing excess energy generated by renewable sources such as wind turbines and concentrated solar power assemblies. While platinum is the most active catalyst for hydrogen reduction, its high cost significantly deters its utilization in advanced photocatalytic materials. One approach to mitigating this expense is optimizing the morphology and placement of nanostructured platinum catalysts. Highly crystalline, morphologically-controlled platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have been effectively utilized to increase hydrogen generation efficiency in a variety of nanocomposite materials. However, synthesis routes to high-quality Pt NPs can be dangerous and difficult to replicate. Furthermore, utilization of the Pt NPs in nanocomposite materials is hindered by lack of control over catalyst placement. Nanopeapods are versatile nanocomposites that offer a high degree of control over catalyst placement as well as the potential for interesting new properties arising from the interaction between the catalyst and a semiconductor. Platinum@hexaniobate nanopeapods (Pt@HNB NPPs) consist of linear arrays of Pt NPs encapsulated within the scrolled semiconductor hexaniobate. Pt@HNB NPPs offer significant advantages over similar composites by utilizing the isolated reduction environment of the encapsulated Pt NP arrays to decrease kinetic competition and surface crowding. This work describes the design, fabrication, and implementation of the new nanocomposite platinum@hexaniobate nanopeapods for sensitized hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. The following chapters present facile microwave heating syntheses of highly crystalline Pt nanocubes and Pt@HNB NPPs with consistent morphology and high catalyst loading. A detailed study is also presented of the optical properties of the Pt nanocubes, which produced a UV-range absorbance band that indicates the formation of a localized surface plasmon resonance. Most significantly, preliminary results from visible light photolysis indicate that sensitized Pt@HNB NPPs produce hydrogen in quantities comparable to published systems, and that alteration of experimental parameters may result in even greater yields.