No description available.

No description available.

Ruthenium und sein elektrisch leitfähiges Rutheniumdioxid sind viel versprechende Kandidaten als Elektrodenmaterial in MIM (Metall-Isolator-Metall-)Kondensatoren mit Dielektrika hoher Permittivität der nächsten Generation von DRAM-Speichern, als Metall-Gate-Elektroden in p-Kanal-MOS-Transistoren mit Dielektrika hoher Permittivität, oder als Keimschicht für das direkte elektrochemische Abscheiden von Kupfer-Verbindungsleitungen. Die ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) wächst Materiallagen mit weniger als einem Zehntel Nanometer Dicke, indem sie gasförmige Reaktanden abwechselnd, getrennt durch spülende Pulse, in die Reaktionskammer einleitet. Dadurch wird mit jeder zyklischen Wiederholung idealerweise selbstbeendender Gas-Festkörper-Reaktionen stets die gleiche Materialmenge abgeschieden, bis eine gewünschte Schichtdicke erreicht ist. Wie sich die Oberfläche aufgrund der Materialabscheidung während der ALD verändert, kann mit der in-situ SE (Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie) beobachtet werden. Die Ellipsometrie misst die Änderung eines Polarisationszustands bzgl. Amplitude und Phase, nachdem ein einfallender Lichtstrahl von einer (schichtbedeckten) Oberfläche reflektiert und/ oder durch diese transmittiert wurde. Die ellipsometrischen Daten stehen im direkten Zusammenhang mit optischen Materialparametern und sind somit physikalisch interpretierbar – oder sie werden in eindimensionale strukturelle Größen, wie die Schichtdicke übersetzt. In dieser Arbeit wurden Schichten aus Ruthenium und Rutheniumdioxid aus dem Präkursor ECPR, [(Ethylcyclopentadienyl)(Pyrrolyl)Ruthenium(II)], und molekularem Sauerstoff per ALD gewachsen. Die chemischen Teilreaktionen wurden während der ALD von Ruthenium und Rutheniumoxid auf frisch abgeschiedenen Schichtoberflächen per in-situ SE, on-site QMS (Quadrupol-Massenspektrometrie) und XPS (Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie) ohne Vakuumunterbrechung untersucht. Weiterhin wurden Experimente zum Schichtwachstum auf frisch abgeschiedenen Schichten sowie einer Ausgangssubstratoberfläche per in-situ und Echtzeit SE durchgeführt, wobei die folgenden Prozessparameter variiert wurden: die jeweilige Reaktanden Dosis, die Spülpulsdauern, die Substrattemperatur und der Prozessdruck. / Ruthenium and its conductive dioxide are promising candidates as electrodes in MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors with high-k dielectrics of next generation DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices, as metal-gate electrodes in pMOS-Transistors with high-k dielectrics, and as seed layer for direct electrochemical plating of copper interconnects. ALD (atomic layer deposition) grows material layers with less than a tenth of a nanometer thickness, pulsing gaseous reactants alternately into the reaction chamber, separated by purging pulses. Hence, every cyclic recurrence of ideally self-limiting gas-solid reactions deposits a fixed material amount, until the desired film thickness is achieved. So, the surface’s chemical composition changes through material deposition during ALD, observable by in-situ SE (spectroscopic ellipsometry). Ellipsometry measures the polarization state’s change in amplitude and phase, reflecting an incident light beam from and/ or transmitting it through a (film covered) surface. The ellipsometric data can be directly related to optical material parameters and are thus physically interpretable – or they are translated into one-dimensional structural values, like film thickness. In this work, ruthenium and ruthenium dioxide films were grown from ECPR, [(ethylcyclopentadienyl)(pyrrolyl)ruthenium(II)], and molecular oxygen. Reaction mechanisms during the ALD of ruthenium and ruthenium dioxide were studied on the as-deposited film surface by in-situ SE, on-site QMS (quadrupole mass spectrometry), as well as XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) without vacuum break. Additionally, film growth experiments were performed on the as-deposited film and the initial substrate surface by in-situ and real-time SE, varying the process parameters: reactant doses, purging times, substrate temperature and total pressure.

Ce travail a pour objectif général de développer une compréhension approfondie de l’interaction du CO avec des catalyseurs anodiques dans les piles à combustible de type PEM (PEMFC), et d’évaluer son impact vis-à-vis de leur réactivité et stabilité lors de l’oxydation de l’hydrogène. Premièrement un modèle physique multi-échelle a été conçu pour simuler les performances de piles PEMFC alimentées par de l’hydrogène contenant des traces de CO. Il est basé sur la simulation Monte Carlo et la modélisation cinétique des étapes électrochimiques/chimie élémentaires. Une étude expérimentale de l’adsorption et de l’oxydation de CO simulant la technique d’ « O2 bleeding » a été utilisée pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes. Des catalyseurs de Pt ainsi que des bimétalliques PtxCoy et PtRu, supportés sur du carbone de grande aire spécifique, ont été étudiés. La spectroscopie IR (DRIFTS) et l’analyse QMS ont été utilisées pour l’étude de l’adsorption et oxydation de CO. Les défauts de surface, l’historique du catalyseur dans son interaction avec les différents gaz (H2, O2, CO), la température, la charge en Pt, la taille des particules, l’alliage de Pt avec Co ou Ru se sont révélé des paramètres clés dans la réactivité de CO avec O2. Le modèle multi-échelle a été appliqué aux catalyseurs Pt et PtxCoy. Les catalyseurs PtxCoy se révèlent plus tolérants au CO mais, en fonction du rapport Pt/Co, ils peuvent se dégrader par dissolution de Co comme démontré par nos expériences / The general objective of this work is to develop a deep understanding of the interaction of the CO with anodic catalysts in PEM Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), and to evaluate its impact on the reactivity towards the hydrogen oxidation and their stability. Firstly, a multiscale kinetic model is built up based on Monte Carlo simulation and kinetic modelling of elementary electrochemical/chemical steps as a tool to simulate the performance of PEMFCs fed with H2 containing CO traces. Experiments on CO adsorption and oxidation mimicking O2 bleeding were used to better understand the mechanisms. Monometallic Pt and bimetallic PtxCoy and PtRu catalysts supported on high surface area carbon were studied. CO adsorption and oxidation were investigated by means of DRIFT spectroscopy and QMS analysis. Defect sites (kink, edge), history of interaction with different gases (H2, O2, CO), temperature, Pt loading, particle size, alloying with Co or Ru are key parameters influencing the CO reactivity with O2. The multiscale kinetic model was applied to Pt and PtxCoy. PtxCoy nanocatalysts are shown to be highly CO tolerant but might degrade by Co dissolution in long term operation, depending on the Pt to Co ratio

Anticancer active metal complexes such as cisplatin are routinely used for treating various cancers since 1978. However, the side effects of cisplatin overwhelm its therapeutic potential, especially in the latter stages of treatment. The nonspecific cytotoxicity of drugs could be avoided if targeted delivery to cancer cells is achieved using two different methodologies namely, enhanced permeability and retention in solid tumors (EPR) and receptor mediated endocytosis using a homing agent (RME). Ru(II)-arene complexes which are delivered specifically into cancer cells by the transferrin enzyme are less toxic compared to other metal complexes. The thesis describes the synthesis and use of Ru(II)-η6cymene complexes with different ancillary ligands which modulates the anticancer activity and the utility of two macromolecular vehicles in directed drug delivery. Ru(II)-η6cymene complexes with different heterocyclic ancillary ligands are synthesized and their anticancer activity tested against various cancer cell lines. Ruthenium complexes with mercaptobenzothiazoles are found to be quite active against the H460 cell lines that overexpress transferrin receptors and non-cytotoxic to the normal cell line, HEL299. Biophysical studies show that complexes (H1 and H8) can unwind the pBR322 DNA and inhibit the Topo IIα enzyme. A unique biphasic melting curve of CT DNA is observed in the presence of H1 which is attributed to formation of a dinuclear species (H20). Half-sandwich complexes of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) have also been prepared to improve the delivery and efficacy of 6-TG which is used in spite of a deleterious photoreaction. The Ru complexes cytotoxic to several leukemia cell lines. As they are photostable and anticancer active, they are better than 6-TG. Anticancer activity exhibiting piazselenols are used as ancillary ligands to make Ru(II)-arene complexes. Unfortunately, 1H NMR spectra suggests that piazselenol complexes dissociate in solution. However, the nitro substituted piazselenol and its Ru complex show the greatest cytotoxicity (<0.1 µM) against the A2780 cell line. The utility of PAMAM dendrimers and hyper branched polymers (hybramers) conjugated with a homing agent to target cancer cells by EPR and RME is probed. A cytotoxic copper complex (CuATSM) is covalently attached to the macromolecules through a disulfide linker, cleaved in the presence of GSH. Targeting efficacy of the folic acid-dendrimer conjugates is checked against two glioma cell lines. The folic acid-dendrimer conjugate is more active compared to dendrimer conjugate without folic acid against folate-receptor-overexpressing LN18 cell line. Biotin conjugated dendrimer shows better accumulation in HeLa cells, which require high amounts of biotin for growth. In vivo studies demonstrate that the conjugate can cross the blood-brain barrier. These studies suggest that PAMAM dendrimer can be used as a targeted delivery vehicle for cytotoxic metal complexes. Hyperbranched polymers decorated with propargyl groups and hydrophilic OH terminated TEG groups are attached to biotin and a cytotoxic Cu complex. (CuATSM-SS-CONH-N3) through ‘click’ reactions and tested against the HeLa cell line. On the basis of the studies conducted, it is concluded that targeted delivery of cytotoxic metal complexes are possible in the case of Ru(II) half-sandwich complexes and macromolecular vehicles like dendrimers are suitable for specifically delivering copper complexes into cancer cells.

Ruthenium und sein elektrisch leitfähiges Rutheniumdioxid sind viel versprechende Kandidaten als Elektrodenmaterial in MIM (Metall-Isolator-Metall-)Kondensatoren mit Dielektrika hoher Permittivität der nächsten Generation von DRAM-Speichern, als Metall-Gate-Elektroden in p-Kanal-MOS-Transistoren mit Dielektrika hoher Permittivität, oder als Keimschicht für das direkte elektrochemische Abscheiden von Kupfer-Verbindungsleitungen. Die ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) wächst Materiallagen mit weniger als einem Zehntel Nanometer Dicke, indem sie gasförmige Reaktanden abwechselnd, getrennt durch spülende Pulse, in die Reaktionskammer einleitet. Dadurch wird mit jeder zyklischen Wiederholung idealerweise selbstbeendender Gas-Festkörper-Reaktionen stets die gleiche Materialmenge abgeschieden, bis eine gewünschte Schichtdicke erreicht ist. Wie sich die Oberfläche aufgrund der Materialabscheidung während der ALD verändert, kann mit der in-situ SE (Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie) beobachtet werden. Die Ellipsometrie misst die Änderung eines Polarisationszustands bzgl. Amplitude und Phase, nachdem ein einfallender Lichtstrahl von einer (schichtbedeckten) Oberfläche reflektiert und/ oder durch diese transmittiert wurde. Die ellipsometrischen Daten stehen im direkten Zusammenhang mit optischen Materialparametern und sind somit physikalisch interpretierbar – oder sie werden in eindimensionale strukturelle Größen, wie die Schichtdicke übersetzt. In dieser Arbeit wurden Schichten aus Ruthenium und Rutheniumdioxid aus dem Präkursor ECPR, [(Ethylcyclopentadienyl)(Pyrrolyl)Ruthenium(II)], und molekularem Sauerstoff per ALD gewachsen. Die chemischen Teilreaktionen wurden während der ALD von Ruthenium und Rutheniumoxid auf frisch abgeschiedenen Schichtoberflächen per in-situ SE, on-site QMS (Quadrupol-Massenspektrometrie) und XPS (Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie) ohne Vakuumunterbrechung untersucht. Weiterhin wurden Experimente zum Schichtwachstum auf frisch abgeschiedenen Schichten sowie einer Ausgangssubstratoberfläche per in-situ und Echtzeit SE durchgeführt, wobei die folgenden Prozessparameter variiert wurden: die jeweilige Reaktanden Dosis, die Spülpulsdauern, die Substrattemperatur und der Prozessdruck.:1 Einleitung I Theoretischer Teil 2 Ruthenium in der Mikroelektronik 2.1 Eigenschaften 2.2 Verwendung 3 Atomlagenabscheidung 3.1 Definition 3.2 Ablauf 3.3 Hauptmerkmale 3.4 Weit verbreitete Irrtümer 3.5 Vorteile und Grenzen 4 Massenspektrometrie 4.1 Definition 4.2 Verwendung 4.3 Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Massenspektrometern 4.4 Massenspektrometrische Methodik 5 Ellipsometrie 5.1 Definition 5.2 Vorteile und Grenzen 5.3 Physikalische Grundlagen 5.4 Messprinzip 5.4.1 Bestimmen ellipsometrischer Rohdaten 5.4.2 Interpretieren ellipsometrischer Spektren 5.4.3 Optisches Modellieren II Praktischer Teil 6 Chemische Reaktionen bei der thermischen Atomlagenabscheidung von Ruthenium und Rutheniumoxid 6.1 Vorbemerkungen 6.2 Untersuchungsmethoden 6.3 Beobachtungen mit Auswertung 6.3.1 Prozessgasanalyse per Quadrupol-Massenspektrometrie 6.3.2 In-situ und Echtzeit Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie 6.3.3 Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie ohne Vakuumunterbrechung 6.4 Formulieren vermuteter Teilreaktionen für das Ru Schicht-auf-Schicht Wachstum 6.4.1 Sauerstoff-Puls 6.4.2 Präkursor (ECPR)-Puls 6.4.3 ALD-Zyklus 6.5 Schlussfolgerungen für die ALD von Rutheniumoxid 6.6 Zwischenfazit und Ausblick 7 Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie in-situ und in Echtzeit während der thermischen Atomlagenabscheidung 7.1 Vorbemerkungen 7.2 Datenaufnahme 7.2.1 Messtechnische Eckdaten 7.2.2 Echtzeit-Begriff bei der Atomlagenabscheidung 7.2.3 Nasschemisches Vorbehandeln zum Zwecke definierter Ausgangssubstrate 7.2.4 Temperieren der Substrate 7.3 Interpretieren ellipsometrischer Spektren 7.4 Optisches Modellieren zur Datenauswertung 7.5 Fehlerabschätzung 8 Prozessentwicklung der thermischen Atomlagenabscheidung von Ruthenium 8.1 Vorbemerkungen 8.2 Untersuchungsmethoden 8.2.1 Schichtherstellung 8.2.2 Schichtcharakterisierung 8.3 Kennlinien der thermischen Ru-ALD 8.3.1 Zyklenanzahl 8.3.2 ECPR-Puls 8.3.3 Sauerstoff-Puls 8.3.4 Spülpulse 8.3.5 Substrattemperatur 8.3.6 Prozessdruck 8.4 Formulieren einer optimierten ALD-Prozesssequenz 8.5 Schichteigenschaften 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick III Anhang A Theoretische Grundlagen verwendeter Messtechnik B Parametereinflüsse im monomolekularen Wachstumsmodell C Weitere Abbildungen / Ruthenium and its conductive dioxide are promising candidates as electrodes in MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors with high-k dielectrics of next generation DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices, as metal-gate electrodes in pMOS-Transistors with high-k dielectrics, and as seed layer for direct electrochemical plating of copper interconnects. ALD (atomic layer deposition) grows material layers with less than a tenth of a nanometer thickness, pulsing gaseous reactants alternately into the reaction chamber, separated by purging pulses. Hence, every cyclic recurrence of ideally self-limiting gas-solid reactions deposits a fixed material amount, until the desired film thickness is achieved. So, the surface’s chemical composition changes through material deposition during ALD, observable by in-situ SE (spectroscopic ellipsometry). Ellipsometry measures the polarization state’s change in amplitude and phase, reflecting an incident light beam from and/ or transmitting it through a (film covered) surface. The ellipsometric data can be directly related to optical material parameters and are thus physically interpretable – or they are translated into one-dimensional structural values, like film thickness. In this work, ruthenium and ruthenium dioxide films were grown from ECPR, [(ethylcyclopentadienyl)(pyrrolyl)ruthenium(II)], and molecular oxygen. Reaction mechanisms during the ALD of ruthenium and ruthenium dioxide were studied on the as-deposited film surface by in-situ SE, on-site QMS (quadrupole mass spectrometry), as well as XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) without vacuum break. Additionally, film growth experiments were performed on the as-deposited film and the initial substrate surface by in-situ and real-time SE, varying the process parameters: reactant doses, purging times, substrate temperature and total pressure.:1 Einleitung I Theoretischer Teil 2 Ruthenium in der Mikroelektronik 2.1 Eigenschaften 2.2 Verwendung 3 Atomlagenabscheidung 3.1 Definition 3.2 Ablauf 3.3 Hauptmerkmale 3.4 Weit verbreitete Irrtümer 3.5 Vorteile und Grenzen 4 Massenspektrometrie 4.1 Definition 4.2 Verwendung 4.3 Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Massenspektrometern 4.4 Massenspektrometrische Methodik 5 Ellipsometrie 5.1 Definition 5.2 Vorteile und Grenzen 5.3 Physikalische Grundlagen 5.4 Messprinzip 5.4.1 Bestimmen ellipsometrischer Rohdaten 5.4.2 Interpretieren ellipsometrischer Spektren 5.4.3 Optisches Modellieren II Praktischer Teil 6 Chemische Reaktionen bei der thermischen Atomlagenabscheidung von Ruthenium und Rutheniumoxid 6.1 Vorbemerkungen 6.2 Untersuchungsmethoden 6.3 Beobachtungen mit Auswertung 6.3.1 Prozessgasanalyse per Quadrupol-Massenspektrometrie 6.3.2 In-situ und Echtzeit Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie 6.3.3 Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie ohne Vakuumunterbrechung 6.4 Formulieren vermuteter Teilreaktionen für das Ru Schicht-auf-Schicht Wachstum 6.4.1 Sauerstoff-Puls 6.4.2 Präkursor (ECPR)-Puls 6.4.3 ALD-Zyklus 6.5 Schlussfolgerungen für die ALD von Rutheniumoxid 6.6 Zwischenfazit und Ausblick 7 Spektroskopische Ellipsometrie in-situ und in Echtzeit während der thermischen Atomlagenabscheidung 7.1 Vorbemerkungen 7.2 Datenaufnahme 7.2.1 Messtechnische Eckdaten 7.2.2 Echtzeit-Begriff bei der Atomlagenabscheidung 7.2.3 Nasschemisches Vorbehandeln zum Zwecke definierter Ausgangssubstrate 7.2.4 Temperieren der Substrate 7.3 Interpretieren ellipsometrischer Spektren 7.4 Optisches Modellieren zur Datenauswertung 7.5 Fehlerabschätzung 8 Prozessentwicklung der thermischen Atomlagenabscheidung von Ruthenium 8.1 Vorbemerkungen 8.2 Untersuchungsmethoden 8.2.1 Schichtherstellung 8.2.2 Schichtcharakterisierung 8.3 Kennlinien der thermischen Ru-ALD 8.3.1 Zyklenanzahl 8.3.2 ECPR-Puls 8.3.3 Sauerstoff-Puls 8.3.4 Spülpulse 8.3.5 Substrattemperatur 8.3.6 Prozessdruck 8.4 Formulieren einer optimierten ALD-Prozesssequenz 8.5 Schichteigenschaften 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick III Anhang A Theoretische Grundlagen verwendeter Messtechnik B Parametereinflüsse im monomolekularen Wachstumsmodell C Weitere Abbildungen

Componentes de buraco de nêutrons nos isótopos ANTPOT 99, 101, 103 Ru foram investigadas atrav6s de reações (d,t), induzidas por dêuterons de 15,5 MeV em ANTPOT 100Ru e 16 MeV em ANTPOT 102 Ru e ANTPOT 101 Ru. Os grupos de trítons emergentes, analisados em momento por um espectrógrafo magnético, foram detectados em placas de emulsão nuclear. Resolução em energia melhor que 8 keV permitiu a identificação de 14, 36 e 46 níveis, até as energias de excitação de 1,4; 2,1 e 2,5 MeV, respectivamente, nos ANTPOT 99, 101, 103 Ru. Os momentos angulares orbitais transferidos, l, e as intensidades espectroscópicas foram obtidos a partir da comparação entre distribuições angulares experimentais, medidas cm ângulos judiriosamente escolhidos entre 8º e 46º, e as previstas pela Aproximação de Born com Ondas Distorcidas. A análise das distribuições das intensidades espectroscópicas, associadas a cada l, nos três isótopos revela um padrão de semelhança, embora haja um deslocamento das maiores intensidades espectroscópicas para menores energias, quando se eleva o número de nêutrons, que indica, juntamente com um aumento da densidade de níveis, crescente deformação nuclear. Especial atenção é dirigida a transições para estados de baixa energia de excitação com l = 3 e l = 1, associadas a orbitais não pertencentes à camada de valência, cuja descrição é discutida em termos de um modelo quase-partícula-rotor prolato, não-rígido, com o tratamento completo da interação de Coriolis, e do Modelo de Bósons e Férmions Interatuantes. / Neutron-hole components in 99, 101, 103 Ru Isotopes were Investigated by (d,t) reactions at incident deuteron energies of 15.5 MeV and 16 MeV on, respectively, 100 Ru and 102,104 Ru. Outgoing triton groups were momentum analyzed by a magnetic spectrograph and dctectcd in nuclear emulsion plates with an energy resolution better than 8 keV. A total of 14, 36 and 46 leveis up to 1.4, 2.1 and 2.5 MeV excitation energy were identified, respectively, 99, 101, 103 Ru. The transferred orbital angular momenta, l, and the spectroscopic strengths were obtained by con1paring experimental angular distributions, measured at carefully chosen scattering angles between 8º and 46º, with Distorted Wave Born Approximation predictions. The analysis of the spectroscopic strength distributions corresponding to each l-value reveals a similar pattern among the three isotopes, although there is a shift of the highest strengths towards low energy, for increasing neutron number, indicating increasing deform at ion. Special attention is drawn to transitions to low-lying states with l=3 and l=1 character, associated with the next major shell, whose description is discussed in terms of a quasiparticle-prolate non-rigid rotor model with the Coriolis effect fully treated, and the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Montali da Assumpcao.pdf: 4212017 bytes, checksum: 0f3ac0dc977e7baf5d1589a58db83ffd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-29 / This study analyzes the impact that Radio over Fiber technology, functioning as a transport network, causes to a Wireless Sensor Network. Phenomena present in Radio over Fiber system tnet degrade the RF signal are analyzed. For this impact verification a test bed was assembled with wireless sensors operating at the 915 MHz Range and RoF equipments. To avoid uncertainties caused by effects in radio signal propagation a channel emulation system capable of varying the attenuation imposed to the radio signal was used. In the conducted tests packet loss and received signal strength at the receiver were measured for two different modulations: FSK and MSK. In the first experiment the Wireless Sensor Network was tested without the introduction of the Radio over Fiber system, those results were used as a reference for the other tests. /n the second experiment tests with the introduction of a Radio over Fiber system creating a covering cell were made. In the third experiment a second RoF equipment was introduced to create a second covering cell. Ali the tests were repeated using a Low Noise Amplifier. The results show that it is possible to use RoF in a WSN implementation. However, the impact at the penalty introduced by the RoF on the cell covering distance was high, showing that in fact there is an impact in the covering distance. It was shown that the introduction of new covering cells adds additional penalty because of characteristics of the RoF. The introduction of the LNA was shown to be effective for fighting the degradation added by the RoF system. / O presente trabalho analisa o impacto que a tecnologia de R?dio Sobre Fibra, funcionando como rede de transporte, provoca a uma Rede de Sensores Sem Fio. S?o analisados os fen?menos presentes no sistema de r?dio sobre fibra que degradam o sinal de r?dio frequ?ncia. Para verifica??o deste impacto foi montada uma estrutura de testes com sensores Sem Fio operando na faixa de 915 MHz e equipamentos de RoF. Para evitar incertezas causadas por efeitos de propaga??o do sinal de r?dio foi utilizada uma bancada de emula??o de canal com capacidade para varia??o da atenua??o do sinal r?dio. Nos testes realizados foram medidas a perda de pacotes e a pot?ncia de sinal recebido na base receptora em duas modula??es diferentes: FSK e MSK. No primeiro experimento foram feitos testes com a Rede de Sensores Sem Fio sem a introdu??o do sistema de R?dio Sobre Fibra, cujos resultados foram utilizados como refer?ncia para os outros testes. No segundo experimento foram feitos testes com a introdu??o de um sistema de RoF criando uma c?lula de cobertura. No terceiro experimento foi introduzido um segundo equipamento de RoF criando uma segunda c?lula de cobertura. Todos os testes foram repetidos com a utiliza??o de um amplificador de baixo ru?do. Os resultados demonstram a possibilidade da implementa??o de RSSF com a utiliza??o de RoF. Entretanto, o impacto da penalidade introduzida pelo RoF na ?rea de cobertura da RSSF foi elevado, demonstrando que de fato existe uma penalidade em termos de dist?ncia de cobertura. Ficou demonstrado que a introdu??o de novas c?lulas acrescenta penaliza??o adicional devido a caracter?sticas do RoF. A introdu??o do LNA demonstrou ser eficaz para combater a degrada??o inserida pelo sistema RoF.

Componentes de buraco de nêutrons nos isótopos ANTPOT 99, 101, 103 Ru foram investigadas atrav6s de reações (d,t), induzidas por dêuterons de 15,5 MeV em ANTPOT 100Ru e 16 MeV em ANTPOT 102 Ru e ANTPOT 101 Ru. Os grupos de trítons emergentes, analisados em momento por um espectrógrafo magnético, foram detectados em placas de emulsão nuclear. Resolução em energia melhor que 8 keV permitiu a identificação de 14, 36 e 46 níveis, até as energias de excitação de 1,4; 2,1 e 2,5 MeV, respectivamente, nos ANTPOT 99, 101, 103 Ru. Os momentos angulares orbitais transferidos, l, e as intensidades espectroscópicas foram obtidos a partir da comparação entre distribuições angulares experimentais, medidas cm ângulos judiriosamente escolhidos entre 8º e 46º, e as previstas pela Aproximação de Born com Ondas Distorcidas. A análise das distribuições das intensidades espectroscópicas, associadas a cada l, nos três isótopos revela um padrão de semelhança, embora haja um deslocamento das maiores intensidades espectroscópicas para menores energias, quando se eleva o número de nêutrons, que indica, juntamente com um aumento da densidade de níveis, crescente deformação nuclear. Especial atenção é dirigida a transições para estados de baixa energia de excitação com l = 3 e l = 1, associadas a orbitais não pertencentes à camada de valência, cuja descrição é discutida em termos de um modelo quase-partícula-rotor prolato, não-rígido, com o tratamento completo da interação de Coriolis, e do Modelo de Bósons e Férmions Interatuantes. / Neutron-hole components in 99, 101, 103 Ru Isotopes were Investigated by (d,t) reactions at incident deuteron energies of 15.5 MeV and 16 MeV on, respectively, 100 Ru and 102,104 Ru. Outgoing triton groups were momentum analyzed by a magnetic spectrograph and dctectcd in nuclear emulsion plates with an energy resolution better than 8 keV. A total of 14, 36 and 46 leveis up to 1.4, 2.1 and 2.5 MeV excitation energy were identified, respectively, 99, 101, 103 Ru. The transferred orbital angular momenta, l, and the spectroscopic strengths were obtained by con1paring experimental angular distributions, measured at carefully chosen scattering angles between 8º and 46º, with Distorted Wave Born Approximation predictions. The analysis of the spectroscopic strength distributions corresponding to each l-value reveals a similar pattern among the three isotopes, although there is a shift of the highest strengths towards low energy, for increasing neutron number, indicating increasing deform at ion. Special attention is drawn to transitions to low-lying states with l=3 and l=1 character, associated with the next major shell, whose description is discussed in terms of a quasiparticle-prolate non-rigid rotor model with the Coriolis effect fully treated, and the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-13T21:33:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriana Pereira Mundim Guedes - 2013.pdf: 2999561 bytes, checksum: 755cb864a8446e6ff5c334be00ea5367 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-16T18:47:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriana Pereira Mundim Guedes - 2013.pdf: 2999561 bytes, checksum: 755cb864a8446e6ff5c334be00ea5367 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-16T18:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriana Pereira Mundim Guedes - 2013.pdf: 2999561 bytes, checksum: 755cb864a8446e6ff5c334be00ea5367 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Motivated by the perspective of ruthenium complexes to be used in cancer treatment, our research group has tested the hipotesis that some complexes of Ru (III) are able to interact with serum proteins, particularly albumin and transferrin. The Complex cis- [RuCl2(NH3)4]Cl (CTRu(III)) have been tested against different kind of tumor cells, obtaining good results. Starting from promising results obtained with this compound, subsequent studies are required to understanding the mechanism by which it exerts specificity for tumor cells. In this article, we report the first application of absorption UV-Vis, Fluorescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, to study the complex CTRu(III) interaction with human serum albumin (hsA) and bovine serum albumin (bsA). Fluorescence measurements revealed strong proteinsbound complex with Ksv of 1.32 x 105 and 3.71 x 105 for hsA and bsA, respectively. EPR spectra from mono-nuclear Ru(III) complexes in buffer, showed a significant decrease in the overall signal intensity following the first aquation step, is consistent with the formation of oxo-bridged Ru(III) dimers. EPR spectra revealed that the BSA very rapid binding to the protein via covalent binding through ligand-exchange with protein side chains, likely with histidine imidazoles. On the other hand, the complex binds non-covalently in hsA, probably as a product of the oligomerization of the complex in hemin-biding pocket. Furthermore, two species are slowly formed by covalent binding of the complex with the histidine residues, producing a species of axial symmetry and the other rhombic symmetry. These bonds seem to arise from the interaction of the complex with the histidine residue located in the binding Sudlow’s site II. / Motivado pela perspectiva de complexos de rutênio podem ser utilizados no tratamento do câncer, o nosso grupo de pesquisa testou a Hipótese que alguns complexos de Ru (III) são capazes de interagir com as proteínas do soro, particularmente albumina e transferrina. O complexo de cis-[RuCl2(NH3)4]Cl (CTRu(III)) foi testado contra diferentes tipos de células tumorais, obtendo bons resultados. A partir de resultados promissores obtidos com este composto, estudos subsequentes são necessários para a compreensão do mecanismo pelo qual ele exerce sua especificidade para células de tumor. Neste artigo, apresentamos a aplicação de espectroscopia de absorção UV-vis, fluorescência e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE), para estudar a interação do complexo CTRu(III) com albumina sérica humano (hsA) e a albumina sérica bovina (bsA). Medidas de fluorescência revelaram uma forte ligação do complexo com as proteínas com Ksv de 1,32 x 105 e 3,71 x 105 para hsA e bsA, respectivamente. Espectros de RPE de complexos de Ru (III) mono-nucleares em tampão mostraram um decréscimo significativo na intensidade do sinal global após a primeira passo de aquação, que é consistente com a formação de dímeros de oxo complexos de Ru (III). Os espectros de RPE revelaram que a ligação à bsA é muito rápida, a ligação covalente à proteína ocorre através de troca dos ligantes com cadeias laterais de proteínas, provavelmente com o imidazol da histidina. Por outro lado, o complexo se liga não covalentemente na hsA, provalente como produto da oligomerização do complexo no bolso de ligação hemin. Além disso, duas espécies são formadas lentamente por ligação covalente do complexo com os resíduos histidina, produzindo uma espécie de simetria axial e a outra de simetria rômbica. Essas ligações parecem surgir pela interação do complexo com o resíduo histidina localizado no sítio de ligação Sudlow II.