Foi avaliado o efeito do uso dos aditivos monensina (MON) ou óleo funcional (OF) e de diferentes teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro proveniente da forragem (FDNf), no desempenho, emissão de metano, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore em terminação. Para isso, foram realizados concomitantemente dois experimentos, utilizando no total setenta animais. Os experimentos 1 e 2 contaram com 30 e 60 bovinos machos Nelore não castrados, respectivamente. Sendo o peso vivo inicial 409 ± 6,36 e 407,4 ± 3,05 kg respectivamente e idade aproximada de 24 meses. A dieta era composta por feno de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, milho grão moído, farelo de soja, polpa cítrica moída, ureia, cloreto de potássio, cloreto de sódio e núcleo confinamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dez animais por tratamento, sendo esquema fatorial 3x2 no experimento 2. No experimento 1, os tratamentos foram: controle (CTL), que consistiu em dieta base, sem aditivos; monensina (MON), dieta base com adição de monensina sódica (30mg.kg MS) e óleo funcional (OF), dieta base com adição de óleo funcional (500mg.kg MS). No experimento 2, os tratamentos foram: três concentrações de FDN provindo da forragem (6, 9 e 15% da MS) e dois aditivos: óleo funcional (500 mg.kg MS) ou monensina sódica (30 mg.kg MS). Os experimentos tiveram duração de 105 dias sendo 14 dias para a adaptação. As análises de variância para todas as características foram realizadas pelo procedimento MIXED do programa SAS. No experimento 1, os animais que receberam MON apresentaram maior CMS e dos nutrientes FDN, FDA e amido (kg.dia-1), comparado ao tratamento CTL. O uso de OF promoveu diminuição no CMS em quilos por dia e em porcentagem do PV e dos nutrientes, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo, FDN, amido, proteína e carboidratos não fibrosos (kg.dia-1), comparado ao tratamento CTL. O uso dos aditivos promoveu melhora no comportamento ingestivo dos animais, sendo que os animais que receberam MON apresentaram maior tempo de ruminação (259,76 vs 185,7) e eficiência de ruminação (29,80 vs 21,48), comparado ao tratamento CTL. O uso de OF aumentou todas as variáveis de comportamento ingestivo avaliadas, comparado ao tratamento CTL (P<0,01). Os animais do tratamento CTL apresentaram seleção contra as partículas longas da dieta e os animais que receberam os aditivos MON e OF seleção a favor dessas partículas. O uso de OF promoveu aumento na digestibilidade da FDN (DFDN%) comparado ao tratamento CTL, sendo essa diferença de 21%. Os animais alimentados com o aditivo MON apresentaram menor valor de pH médio diário comparado aos animais do tratamento CTL, assim, como maior tempo com pH abaixo de 5,6 em h.dia, sendo em média 72,4% maior que o tempo do tratamento CTL abaixo deste valor. O fornecimento de MON ocasionou efeito anti-protozoário, diminuindo o gênero Entodinium em 24% e o gênero Epidinium em 78%. O uso de OF, por sua vez, diminuiu em 78% o gênero Epidinium, comparado ao tratamento CTL. Os animais do tratamento CTL apresentaram maior emissão de metano (g.dia), comparado ao uso de OF, sendo 15,5% a diferença nessa emissão. O uso de ambos os aditivos não promoveu diferenças nas variáveis de desempenho produtivo comparados ao tratamento CTL. Os animais do tratamento CTL apresentaram menores pesos de fígado (P = 0,08) e do trato gastrintestinal vazio, comparado ao uso de MON, além de maior profundidade da carcaça (P = 0,06) comparado ao uso de OF. Os aditivos não diferiram do tratamento CTL quanto ao peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça e rendimento do ganho. No experimento 2, a interação entre FDNf e os aditivos foi significativa para o consumo de MS (P=0,02), sendo o maior consumo observado no tratamento com inclusão de 15% de FDNf e uso de MON. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de FDNf para os consumos de extrato etéreo e amido, sendo os maiores valores obtidos com inclusão de 9% de FDNf. Também houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de FDNf para consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos, sendo que os níveis com inclusão de 9% e 15% de FDNf apresentam maiores valores comparados ao tratamento com inclusão de 6% de FDNf. Assim como, efeito quadrático para os consumos de nutrientes digestíveis totais e de energia metabolizável, sendo observados maiores valores com inclusão de 15% de FDNf. O consumo de FDN (% PV), assim como consumo de FDA (kg.dia-1), apresentaram efeito linear com a inclusão dos níveis de FDNf, sendo observados maiores valores com inclusão de 15% de FDNf. A interação entre o uso dos aditivos e os níveis de FDNf foi significativa para tempo de ruminação. Assim como para eficiência de ruminação. O uso de MON apresentou menor tempo de alimentação (TAL), tempo de mastigação (TMAST) e eficiência de alimentação, comparado ao tratamento com uso de OF. O TAL e TMAST aumentaram linearmente em função do aumento nos níveis de FDNf, sem diferença (P>0,10) entre os tratamentos com inclusão de 6% e 9% de FDNf. Foi observado aumento no coeficiente de digestibilidade da FDN com uso do aditivo OF comparado ao uso de MON. Os animais alimentados com MON permaneceram mais tempo consecutivo com pH entre 5,5 e 5,6 que os animais que receberam dietas com OF, assim como o tratamento com inclusão de 6% de FDNf. O uso de OF proporcionou aumento de 45% na população total de protozoários ciliados do rúmen. O tratamento com inclusão de 15% de FDNf apresentou maior número de protozoários do gênero Metadinium, entretanto, o número total de protozoários foi maior com a inclusão de 9% de FDNf. A média da emissão de metano (g.dia) do tratamento com uso de OF foi menor que a média do tratamento com uso de MON, sendo 14% essa diferença, entretanto, a emissão de metano (g.kg MS) e emissão de metano em porcentagem do consumo de energia bruta foi menor com uso de MON. O aumento na inclusão dos níveis de FDNf ocasionou efeito linear crescente na emissão de metano (g.dia) e CH4/GMD (g.kg), sendo que o aumento de 1% de FDNf na dieta, proporcionou acréscimo de 6,7% na emissão de CH4 (g.dia). O uso de MON promoveu aumento de 5% no peso vivo final e peso vivo vazio, comparado ao uso de OF, com incremento de 15% no GMD, entretanto, sem diferir na eficiência alimentar. Os animais do tratamento MON apresentaram maior espessura de gordura subcutânea, peso de carcaça quente, gordura renal, pélvica e inguinal, peso de fígado e peso do trato gastrintestinal vazio comparado aos animais que receberam OF como aditivo, entretanto, sem diferir quanto ao rendimento de carcaça e rendimento do ganho. Houve efeito linear crescente com a inclusão dos níveis de FDNf no peso do trato gastrintestinal cheio, sendo 26% maior no nível de 15% de FDNf comparado ao nível de 6% de FDNf. A carne dos animais alimentados com MON, apresentou maiores valores para as variáveis força de cisalhamento. Quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos o uso de OF apresentou maior valor de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e menor valor para n-3 comparado ao uso de MON. foi observado efeito linear dos níveis de FDNf para a variável suculência avaliada na análise sensorial, sendo o menor valor observado com a inclusão de 6% de FDNf, não diferindo entre os tratamentos com inclusão de 9% e 15% de FDNf. Os níveis de FDNf promoveram efeito quadrático na variável maciez, diferindo entre todos os tratamentos (P<0,10), sendo o menor valor observado com a inclusão de 6% de FDNf. O uso de óleo funcional é indicado visando melhora na digestibilidade da fibra e redução nas emissões de metano, entretanto, não se mostra superior ao aditivo monensina quanto ao desempenho dos animais. Dietas com baixa inclusão de volumoso, com até 6% de fibra em detergente neutro provinda da forragem, são recomendadas para terminação de bovinos em confinamento. / The effect of monensin (MON) or functional oil (FO) and different levels of neutral detergent insoluble fiber from roughage (NDFf) on performance, methane emission, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nellore finishing cattle were evaluated. For this, two experiments were performed concomitantly, using a total of seventy animals. Experiments 1 and 2 counted on 30 and 60 Nellore bulls, respectively. The initial body weight (BW) was 409 ± 6.36 and 407.4 ± 3.05 kg respectively, and the age was approximately 24 months. The diet was composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, grain corn, soybean meal, ground citrus pulp, urea, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and core confinement. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten animals per treatment, being factorial scheme 3x2 in experiment 2. In experiment 1, the treatments were: control (CTL), which consisted of a base diet, without additives; monensin (MON), base diet with addition of sodium monensin (30mg. kg DM) and functional oil (FO), base diet with addition of functional oil (500mg. kg DM). In the experiment 2, the treatments were: three concentrations of NDF from roughage (6, 9 and 15% of DM) and two additives: functional oil or monensin sodium. The experiments had duration of 105 days and 14 days for adaptation. The analyzes of variance for all the characteristics were performed by the MIXED procedure of the SAS program. In the experiment 1, the animals that received MON presented higher DMI and nutrients NDF, ADF and starch (kg.dia-1), compared to the CTL treatment. The use of FO promoted a decrease in DMI (kg.dia-1) and in percentage of live weight and nutrients, organic matter, ethereal extract, NDF, starch, protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates (kg.d-1), compared to CTL treatment. The use of additives promoted an improvement in the ingestive behavior of the animals, and the animals that received MON had a longer rumination time (259.76 vs 185.7) and efficacy of rumination (29.80 vs 21.48) compared to the treatment CTL. The use of FO increased all the ingestive behavior variables evaluated, compared to CTL treatment (P <0.01). The animals of the CTL treatment were selected against the long diet particles and the animals that received the MON and FO additives in favor of these particles. The use of FO promoted an increase in the digestibility of NDF compared to the CTL treatment, being this difference of 21%. The animals fed the MON had a lower mean daily pH value compared to the CTL treatment animals, thus, as a longer time with pH below 5.6 in h / d, with a mean of 72.4% higher than the time of the CTL treatment below this value. The supply of MON caused an anti-protozoal effect, decreasing the Entodinium genus by 24% and the genus Epidinium by 78%. The use of FO, in turn, decreased the genus Epidinium by 78%, compared to the CTL treatment. The CTL treatment animals presented higher methane emission (g.d), compared to the FO, with a difference of 15.5% in this emission. The use of both additives did not promote differences in productive performance variables compared to CTL treatment. The CTL treatment animals had lower liver and empty gastrointestinal tract weights, compared to the use of MON, in addition to a greater carcass depth (P = 0.06) compared to the FO use. The additives did not differ from the CTL treatment in terms of warm carcass weight, carcass yield and gain yield. In experiment 2, the interaction between NDFf and the additives was significant for the intake of DM, with the highest intake observed in the treatment with inclusion of 15% of NDFf and use of MON. There was a quadratic effect of the levels of NDFf for the intake of ethereal extract and starch, being the highest values obtained with inclusion of 9% of NDFf. There was also a quadratic effect of NDF levels for non-fibrous carbohydrate intake, with levels with inclusion of 9% and 15% of NDF greater than the treatment with inclusion of 6% NDF. As well as, quadratic effect for total digestible nutrients and metabolizable energy intake, with higher values with inclusion of 15% of NDF. The intake of NDF as a percentage of live weight, as well as ADF intake in kilograms per day, had a linear effect with the inclusion of NDF levels, with higher values with inclusion of NDF of 15%. The interaction between the use of the additives and the levels of NDF was significant for rumination time. As well as for rumination efficiency. The use of MON showed less feeding time (FT), chewing time (CWT) and feeding efficiency, compared to treatment with FO. The FT and CWT increased linearly as a function of the increase in NDF levels, with no difference (P> 0.10) between the treatments with inclusion of 6% and 9% of NDF. It was observed an increase in the digestibility coefficient of the NDF with the use of the FO compared to the use of MON. The animals feed MON remained longer consecutively with pH between 5.5 and 5.6 than the animals that received OF diets, as well as treatment with inclusion of 6% of NDFf. The use of FO provided a 45% increase in the total population of ciliate protozoa of the rumen. The treatment with inclusion of 15% of NDF showed a higher protozoa of the genus Metadinium, however, the total number of protozoa was higher with the inclusion of 9% of NDF. The average methane emission (g.d) of the treatment using FO was lower than the average of the treatment with MON, with 14% being methane emission (g.kg MS) and emission of methane as a percentage of gross energy intake was lower with MON use. The increase in the inclusion of NDF levels caused an increasing linear effect on the emission of methane (g.d) and CH4 / ADG (g.kg), and the increase of 1% of NDF in the diet provided an increase of 6.7% in the emission of CH4 (g.d). The use of MON promoted a 5% increase in final live weight and empty live weight, compared to the use of FO, with a 15% increase in ADG, however, without any difference in feed efficiency. The animals of the MON treatment presented higher subcutaneous fat thickness, warm carcass weight, renal, pelvic and inguinal fat, liver weight and empty gastrointestinal tract weight compared to the animals that received OF as an additive, however, without differing in the yield of carcass and gain yield. There was a linear effect increasing with the inclusion of NDFf levels in the weight of the full gastrointestinal tract, being 26% higher at the 15% level of NDFf compared to the level of 6% NDFf. The meat of the animals fed with MON showed higher values for the shear force variables. As for the fatty acid profile, the treatment with FO had a higher value of monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower value for n-3 compared to the use of MON. a linear effect of NDF levels was observed for the succulence variable evaluated in the sensory analysis, the lowest value being observed with the inclusion of 6% NDF, not differing between treatments with inclusion of 9% and 15% NDF. The levels of NDFf promoted quadratic effect in the soft variable, differing among all the treatments, being the lowest value observed with the inclusion of 6% of NDFf. The use of functional oil is indicated in order to improve the digestibility of the fiber and reduction in methane emissions, however, it is not superior to the monensin additive as to the performance of the animals. Diets with low inclusion of roughage, with up to 6% neutral detergent fiber derived from roughage, are recommended for feedlot cattle.

O objetivou-se com este trabalho foi avaliar a influência de óleos funcionais e monensina na dieta de vacas no verão sobre o consumo de matéria seca, parâmetros produtivos, sanguíneos, fisiológicos e hormonais, fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes. O projeto foi conduzido no Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio (APTA), no setor de Bovinos de Leite, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Holandesa primíparas, lactantes (68 ± 3,46 dias de lactação e 511,56 ± 65,38 pesos vivos), distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos contemporâneos, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, ou seja, dieta sem inclusão de aditivo, dieta com inclusão de óleo funcional (OF, 0,5 g/kg MS), dieta com inclusão de monensina (MO, 30 mg/kg MS) e dieta com inclusão de óleo funcional e monensina, nas mesmas quantidades já descritas. As vacas foram mantidas a temperatura média de 25,31°C ± 0,26; umidade relativa do ar de 71,24% ± 1,03 e índice de temperatura e umidade de 73,85 ± 0,14. No presente experimento não observou interação entre os tratamentos, porém os animais com OF apresentaram maior CMS e a inclusão de MO diminuiu esse parâmetro. Se tratando dos parâmetros fermentativos, a inclusão de MO aumentou a concentração de propionato e isovalérico, consecutivamente sua proporção e diminuiu a relação acético: propiônico, OF não alterou a fermentação ruminal. Os parâmetros bioquímicos apresentaram interação na quantidade de ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), sendo que, a não inclusão de aditivos foi maior sua concentração do que a inclusão de ambos os aditivos. Quando se tratando da digestibilidade dos nutrientes, não houve diferença significativa para nenhuma das frações. Para aos parâmetros produtivos, a produção de leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura e quantidade de gordura ocorreu interação entre os tratamentos, onde a dieta com OF na ausência de monensina aumentou esses parâmetros e quando incluído MO diminuiu. Já dieta com somente MO funcional diminuiu, os mesmos parâmetros, e a presença dos dois aditivos aumentou. A quantidade de lactose, proteína e o teor de proteína foram maiores para o tratamento incluído OF. A inclusão de MO diminuiu os teores de gordura e sólidos totais, porém esse tratamento apresentou maior eficiência produtiva. Nos parâmetros fisiológicos a quantidade de tiroxina (T4), e frequência respiratória (FR) também foi maior quando incluído OF comparado sem inclusão de aditivos. Já os demais parâmetros fisiológicos e hormonais (temperatura retal e do pelame e triiodotironina, T3) não foram afetados. O óleo funcional demonstrou eficácia em melhorar a produção de leite e consumo em animais submetidos a estresse calórico crônico sem alterar a fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade, porém aumentou a FR e o T4. Entretanto, a monensina foi capaz de alterar a fermentação sem alterar o consumo e os parâmetros fisiológicos e hormonais, também sendo mais eficiente produtivamente. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of functional oils and monensin in the diet of cows submitted in the summer on dry matter intake, and how this influence affected their blood as well as their productive, physiological and hormonal parameters, ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility of feed. The project was conducted in the Milk Cattle Sector at the Agribusiness Technological Research and Analysis Center (APTA), Institute of Animal Science, Nova Odessa, SP. Eight primiparous, lactating Holstein cows (68 ± 3.46 days of lactation and 511.56 ± 65.38 live weights) were used and distributed in two contemporary Latin squares, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. They received four diets one without the inclusion of additives, one with functional oil (OF, 0.5 g / kg DM), one with monensin (MO, 30 mg / kg DM), and one with both functional oil and monensin with the same quantities as described. The cows were submitted to a mean temperature of 25.31°C ± 0.26 with a relative humidity of 71.24% ± 1.03 and a temperature and humidity index of 73.85 ± 0.14. In the present experiment, there was no interaction between the treatments, but the animals with + OF presented higher CMS and + MO decrease this parameter. When treating the fermentation parameters with MO, there was an increase in the amount of propionate and isovaleric, however, a decrease in the acetic: propionic ratio occurred. At the same time, only the proportion of propionate increased when treated with MO while isovaleric and acetic proportions remained the same, and the inclusion of OF did not alter the ruminal fermentation. The biochemical parameters showed interaction in the amount of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and the without additives the concentration of NEFA was higher than with the inclusion of both additives. When it came to nutrient digestibility, there was no significant difference for any of the fractions. Regarding the productive parameters concerning milk production, this adjusted to 3.5% fat and the amount of fat experienced interaction between treatments of OF and MO; the diet with OF in the absence of monensin saw an increase in these productive parameters and when MO was included, a decrease occurred. The diet with only functional MO saw a decrease in the productive parameters, while this increased in the presence of both additives. The amount of lactose, protein, and protein content were higher in the treatments including OF. The inclusion of MO decreased the total fat and solid contents, but this treatment presented a higher productive efficiency. In the physiologic parameters the thyroxin (T4). The respiratory rate (RR) was also higher when including OF in comparison without additives, while the other physiological and hormonal parameters (rectal temperature, skin and triiodothyronine, T3) were not affected. Functional oil showed efficacy in improving milk production and consumption in animals submitted to chronic caloric stress without altering rumen fermentation and digestibility, but increased RF and T4. However, monensin was able to alter the fermentation without altering the consumption and the physiological and hormonal parameters, also being more efficient productively.

Two independent studies were conducted to assess the effects of feeding condensed tannin (CT)-containing forages to continuous cultures to evaluate their impacts on ruminal fermentation and digestibility, with an emphasis on methane (CH4) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) production. In Chapter 3, treatments consisted of: 1) 100% alfalfa hay (AH), 2) 50% AH and 50% birdsfoot trefoil hay (dry matter (DM) basis; AHBFTH), and 3) 100% birdsfoot trefoil hay (BFTH). Three replicated runs lasted 8 d each, with the first 5 d allowed for microbial adaptation to the diets, and 3 d for data collection and sampling. Methane, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and profiles were not affected by the dietary treatments. However, NH3-N concentration and flow were reduced when replacing the AH with the BFTH. It was concluded that feeding a CT-containing diet (BFTH) increased the in vitro N utilization. In Chapter 4, five total mixed ration (TMR) diets were evaluated, each containing a different forage source as hay: 1) alfalfa (AHT), 2) cicer milkvetch (CMVHT), 3) Norcen birdsfoot trefoil (NBFTHT), 4) Oberhaunstadter birdsfoot trefoil (OBFTHT), and 5) sainfoin (SFHT). Total VFA production and acetate molar proportion were not influenced by treatments. However, molar proportion of propionate increased by the CMVHT, and decreased by the SFHT. Acetate to propionate ratio decreased with the CMVHT and the OBFTHT, but increased with the SFHT when compared to the AHT. Digestibilities of DM and NDF were not influenced by dietary treatments. Total CH4 production decreased by all treatments when compared to the AHT, whereas CH4 production expressed as mM per g of NDF digested was reduced only by the CMVHT and the OBFTHT. Ammonia-N concentration decreased when feeding the CMVHT and the SFHT. Feeding the CMVHT decreased ruminal concentration of C18:0, while ruminal C18:1 cis and trans isomers were greatest with the CMVHT. Because these effective tannin-free and tanniniferous legumes did not have negative impacts on ruminal fermentation, they can maintain potential productive performance of lactating dairy cows when fed as main forage sources in TMR diets.

The search for natural products which can increase animal productivity and reduce environmental impact has been intensified. Some plant extracts, such as essential oils, are used as feed additives able of improving ruminal fermentation by modulating the production of short chain fatty acids and inhibiting methanogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of enteric and feces methane, as well as feeding behaviour, ruminal fermentation and kinetics of dairy and beef cattle fed with different essential oils. Eight non-pregnant, non-lactating and ruminally canullated cows were used: four were the dairy breed Holstein, and four were the beef breed Nellore. The diet was composed of 70% of roughage (corn silage) and 30% of concentrate (corn grain and soybean meal), the treatments differed only in relation to the essential oil added: CNT, a diet without any additive; EEO, a diet with 500 mg/kg of DM of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) essential oil; PEO, a diet with 500 mg/kg of DM of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil, and LEO, a diet with 500 mg/kg of DM of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) essential oil. The experimental design was the 4x4 contemporary latin square in a 2x4 factorial arrangement (referring to two specialized cattle breeds and four additives). The evaluation of the CH4 production of the manure was performed through experimental batch anaerobic digesters, in a completely randomized design. The beef cattle had lower DMI (P = 0.0413), they spent more time consuming, ruminating or chewing 1 kg of DM or NDF (min/kg), also had higher values for acetate, butyrate or total SCFA production than dairy cattle. The manure from dairy cattle had higher biogas production (L/gVS add) or CO2 (liters, percentage and L/gVS add) than the manure of beef cattle. The treatments with essential oils had on average 23% more rumination events per day than the control treatment (P = 0.0201). Diet containing essential oils decreased N2O production of feces from dairy cattle. The essential oils in the dosage used did not affect rumen fermentation and kinetics, as well as the emission of enteric methane and feces. / A busca por produtos naturais capazes de aumentar a produtividade animal e diminuir o impacto ambiental tem intensificado. Alguns extratos vegetais, como óleos essenciais, são utilizados como aditivos alimentares capazes de melhorar a fermentação ruminal, através da modulação da produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e inibição da metanogênese. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção de metano entérico e das fezes, bem como comportamento alimentar, fermentação e cinética ruminal de bovinos leiteiros e de corte alimentados com óleos essenciais. Foram utilizadas oito vacas não gestantes e não lactantes, fistuladas no rúmen, sendo quatro vacas com aptidão para produção leiteira e quatro para carne. A dieta base foi composta por 70% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 30% de concentrado (milho grão e farelo de soja), os tratamentos diferiram apenas quanto ao óleo essencial adicionado: CNT: dieta sem nenhum aditivo; OEE: 500 mg/kg de MS do óleo essencial de eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora); OEA: 500 mg/kg de MS do óleo essencial de aroeira vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) e OEC: 500 mg/kg de MS do óleo essencial de capim cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4x4 contemporâneo em arranjo fatorial 2x4 (referente a duas diferentes aptidões e quatro dietas). Para avaliar a produção de CH4 dos dejetos utilizou-se biodigestores anaeróbios experimentais do tipo batelada, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os bovinos de corte apresentaram menor ingestão de matéria seca (P = 0,0413) e levaram mais tempo para ruminar e mastigar 1 kg de MS ou FDN (min/kg). Eles também apresentaram maiores valores para produção de acetato, butirato e AGCC total. Os dejetos dos bovinos leiteiros tiveram maior produção de biogás e CO2 que os dejetos dos bovinos de corte. Os animais que receberam os tratamentos com óleos essenciais tiveram em média 23% mais eventos de ruminação por dia que animais do tratamento controle (P = 0.0201). Dietas contendo óleos essenciais diminuíram a emissão de N2O nas fezes de animais leiteiros. Os óleos essenciais na dosagem utilizada não alteraram a cinética e fermentação ruminal, bem como a emissão de metano entérico e das fezes.

Grazing cattle on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) would be economically beneficial, but its rapid initial rate of protein degradation results in pasture bloat, low efficiency of protein utilization and excessive N pollution into the environment. Introducing a gene that stimulates the accumulation of mono/polymeric anthocyanidins might reduce the ruminal protein degradation rate and reduce bloat related foam stability. The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate newly developed anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa progeny for nutritional properties (composition, site of degradation and molecular structure), environmental emissions and bloat characteristics. The objective of the first study was to determine survival and phytochemical and chemical profiles of Lc-alfalfa progeny (BeavLc1, RambLc3 and RangLc4) and their non-transgenic (NT) parental cultivars (Beaver, Rambler and Rangelander). Lc-alfalfa forage accumulated enhanced amounts of anthocyanidin, with an average concentration of 197.4 µg/g DM, while proanthocyanidin (i.e. condensed tannins) were not detected. Both of these metabolites were absent in the NT-parental varieties. Lc-alfalfa progeny had ~3 % less crude protein (CP) and ~3 % more carbohydrates (CHO), which resulted in their 11 g/kg lower N:CHO ratio compared with NT-alfalfa. Total rumen-degradable N:CHO ratio based on chemical analysis was 12.9 g/kg lower in Lc-alfalfa compared with NT-alfalfa. The objective of the second study was to evaluate in vitro degradation, fermentation and microbial-N partitioning of three forage color phenotypes [green, light purple-green (LPG) and purple-green (PG)] within Lc-progeny and their parental green NT-alfalfa varieties. Purple-green-Lc alfalfa accumulated more anthocyanidin than Green-Lc with LPG-Lc intermediate. Gas, methane and ammonia accumulation rates were slower for the two purple-Lc phenotypes compared with NT-alfalfa with Green-Lc intermediate. Effective degradable DM and N were lower in the three Lc-phenotypes compared with NT-alfalfa. Anthocyanidin concentration correlated negatively with gas and methane production rates and effective degradability of DM and N. The objectives of the third study were to evaluate in situ ruminal degradation characteristics and synchronization ratios, and to model protein availability to dairy cattle and net energy for lactation of three Lc-alfalfa progenies, BeavLc1, RambLc3 and RangLc4 and the cultivar AC Grazeland (selected for a low initial rate of ruminal degradation). Anthocyanidin accumulation was on average 163.4 ìg/g DM in the three Lc-progeny while AC Grazeland did not accumulate anthocyanidin. The basic chemical composition of the original samples, soluble and potentially degradable fractions and degradation characteristics of crude protein and carbohydrates were similar in Lc-alfalfa and AC Grazeland. The undegradable in situ crude protein and neutral detergent fiber fraction were, respectively, 1.3 %CP and 4.8 %CHO lower in the three Lc-progeny compared with AC Grazeland. Lc-alfalfa had a 0.34 MJ/kg DM higher net energy for lactation and tended to have a 11.9, 6.9 and 8.4 g/kg DM higher rumen degradable protein, rumen degraded protein balance and intestinal available protein, respectively, compared with AC Grazeland,. The hourly rumen degraded protein balance included an initial and substantial peak (over-supply) of protein relative to energy which was highest in RangLc4 and lowest in RambLc3. The hourly rumen degraded protein balance between 4 and 24 h was similar and more balanced for all four alfalfa populations. The objective of the fourth study was to determine foam formation and stability in vitro from aqueous leaf extracts of three Lc-alfalfa progeny (BeavLc1, RambLc3, RangLc4), parental NT-alfalfa and AC Grazeland (bloat reduced cultivar) harvested in the field at 07:00 or 18:00 h. Anthocyanidin accumulation averaged 247.5 ìg/g DM in the leaves of the three Lc-progeny. There was an interaction between population and harvest time for the foam parameters. Initial foam volume (0 min) and final foam volume (150 min) at 07:00 h were lower for AC Grazeland compared with all other treatments and lower for RangLc4 compared with the other two Lc-progeny at 0 min and NT-alfalfa at 150 min; while from the 18:00 h harvest, initial foam volume was larger for NT-alfalfa and final foam volume was larger for RambLc3 compared with AC Grazeland, BeavLc1 and RangLc4. Foam formation correlated positively (R = 0.30 to 0.44) with leaf DM content, leaf extract protein and ethanol-film content, spectroscopic vibration intensity due to all carbohydrates (CHOVI) and amide I:amide II ratio and negatively (R = -0.33 and -0.34; P<0.05) with á-helix:â-sheet ratio and amide I:CHOVI. Final foam volume correlated negatively (R = -0.53 to -0.25; P<0.05) with leaf extract pH, spectroscopic vibration intensity due to all protein structures, structural carbohydrates (SCVI) and lipids (CH2 and CH3 asymmetric stretching) and amide I:CHOVI ratio and corelated positively (R = 0.39 to 0.44; P<0.05) with CHOVI, amideI:SCVI ratio and CHOVI:SCVI ratio. In conclusion, all Lc-alfalfa progeny and phenotypes accumulated anthocyanidin in their forage. Lc-alfalfa progeny had lower protein and higher carbohydrate content which improved the nitrogen to carbohydrate balance compared to their parental NT-alfalfa cultivars. Rate of fermentation and effective degradability in vitro reduced for both purple anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa phenotypes compared with NT-alfalfa. Intestinal protein availability tended to be higher and net energy for lactation was higher from Lc-alfalfa progeny for dairy cattle compared with AC Grazeland. Foaming properties were reduced in Lc-alfalfa progeny compared with parental non-transgenic alfalfa but not compared with AC Grazeland. However, differences between the Lc-alfalfa progeny and other cultivars were small. Therefore, further increases in mono/polymeric anthocyanidin accumulation in alfalfa are required in order to develop an alfalfa cultivar with superior nutritional and bloat preventing characteristics compared to currently available alfalfa cultivars.

Grazing cattle on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) would be economically beneficial, but its rapid initial rate of protein degradation results in pasture bloat, low efficiency of protein utilization and excessive N pollution into the environment. Introducing a gene that stimulates the accumulation of mono/polymeric anthocyanidins might reduce the ruminal protein degradation rate and reduce bloat related foam stability. The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate newly developed anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa progeny for nutritional properties (composition, site of degradation and molecular structure), environmental emissions and bloat characteristics. The objective of the first study was to determine survival and phytochemical and chemical profiles of Lc-alfalfa progeny (BeavLc1, RambLc3 and RangLc4) and their non-transgenic (NT) parental cultivars (Beaver, Rambler and Rangelander). Lc-alfalfa forage accumulated enhanced amounts of anthocyanidin, with an average concentration of 197.4 µg/g DM, while proanthocyanidin (i.e. condensed tannins) were not detected. Both of these metabolites were absent in the NT-parental varieties. Lc-alfalfa progeny had ~3 % less crude protein (CP) and ~3 % more carbohydrates (CHO), which resulted in their 11 g/kg lower N:CHO ratio compared with NT-alfalfa. Total rumen-degradable N:CHO ratio based on chemical analysis was 12.9 g/kg lower in Lc-alfalfa compared with NT-alfalfa. The objective of the second study was to evaluate in vitro degradation, fermentation and microbial-N partitioning of three forage color phenotypes [green, light purple-green (LPG) and purple-green (PG)] within Lc-progeny and their parental green NT-alfalfa varieties. Purple-green-Lc alfalfa accumulated more anthocyanidin than Green-Lc with LPG-Lc intermediate. Gas, methane and ammonia accumulation rates were slower for the two purple-Lc phenotypes compared with NT-alfalfa with Green-Lc intermediate. Effective degradable DM and N were lower in the three Lc-phenotypes compared with NT-alfalfa. Anthocyanidin concentration correlated negatively with gas and methane production rates and effective degradability of DM and N. The objectives of the third study were to evaluate in situ ruminal degradation characteristics and synchronization ratios, and to model protein availability to dairy cattle and net energy for lactation of three Lc-alfalfa progenies, BeavLc1, RambLc3 and RangLc4 and the cultivar AC Grazeland (selected for a low initial rate of ruminal degradation). Anthocyanidin accumulation was on average 163.4 ìg/g DM in the three Lc-progeny while AC Grazeland did not accumulate anthocyanidin. The basic chemical composition of the original samples, soluble and potentially degradable fractions and degradation characteristics of crude protein and carbohydrates were similar in Lc-alfalfa and AC Grazeland. The undegradable in situ crude protein and neutral detergent fiber fraction were, respectively, 1.3 %CP and 4.8 %CHO lower in the three Lc-progeny compared with AC Grazeland. Lc-alfalfa had a 0.34 MJ/kg DM higher net energy for lactation and tended to have a 11.9, 6.9 and 8.4 g/kg DM higher rumen degradable protein, rumen degraded protein balance and intestinal available protein, respectively, compared with AC Grazeland,. The hourly rumen degraded protein balance included an initial and substantial peak (over-supply) of protein relative to energy which was highest in RangLc4 and lowest in RambLc3. The hourly rumen degraded protein balance between 4 and 24 h was similar and more balanced for all four alfalfa populations. The objective of the fourth study was to determine foam formation and stability in vitro from aqueous leaf extracts of three Lc-alfalfa progeny (BeavLc1, RambLc3, RangLc4), parental NT-alfalfa and AC Grazeland (bloat reduced cultivar) harvested in the field at 07:00 or 18:00 h. Anthocyanidin accumulation averaged 247.5 ìg/g DM in the leaves of the three Lc-progeny. There was an interaction between population and harvest time for the foam parameters. Initial foam volume (0 min) and final foam volume (150 min) at 07:00 h were lower for AC Grazeland compared with all other treatments and lower for RangLc4 compared with the other two Lc-progeny at 0 min and NT-alfalfa at 150 min; while from the 18:00 h harvest, initial foam volume was larger for NT-alfalfa and final foam volume was larger for RambLc3 compared with AC Grazeland, BeavLc1 and RangLc4. Foam formation correlated positively (R = 0.30 to 0.44) with leaf DM content, leaf extract protein and ethanol-film content, spectroscopic vibration intensity due to all carbohydrates (CHOVI) and amide I:amide II ratio and negatively (R = -0.33 and -0.34; P<0.05) with á-helix:â-sheet ratio and amide I:CHOVI. Final foam volume correlated negatively (R = -0.53 to -0.25; P<0.05) with leaf extract pH, spectroscopic vibration intensity due to all protein structures, structural carbohydrates (SCVI) and lipids (CH2 and CH3 asymmetric stretching) and amide I:CHOVI ratio and corelated positively (R = 0.39 to 0.44; P<0.05) with CHOVI, amideI:SCVI ratio and CHOVI:SCVI ratio. In conclusion, all Lc-alfalfa progeny and phenotypes accumulated anthocyanidin in their forage. Lc-alfalfa progeny had lower protein and higher carbohydrate content which improved the nitrogen to carbohydrate balance compared to their parental NT-alfalfa cultivars. Rate of fermentation and effective degradability in vitro reduced for both purple anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa phenotypes compared with NT-alfalfa. Intestinal protein availability tended to be higher and net energy for lactation was higher from Lc-alfalfa progeny for dairy cattle compared with AC Grazeland. Foaming properties were reduced in Lc-alfalfa progeny compared with parental non-transgenic alfalfa but not compared with AC Grazeland. However, differences between the Lc-alfalfa progeny and other cultivars were small. Therefore, further increases in mono/polymeric anthocyanidin accumulation in alfalfa are required in order to develop an alfalfa cultivar with superior nutritional and bloat preventing characteristics compared to currently available alfalfa cultivars.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (1μg/mL) were evaluated and sorbents β-glucans derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae with 65% of active ingredient (β-glu) (1mg/mL) and montmirillonite (MMT) (5mg/mL) under ruminal fermentation. Two in vitro assays were conducted. On the first assay the objectives were to determine the production of short chain fatty acids, the production of ammonia during 24-h in vitro. While on the second assay the production of methane (CH4) and kinetic parameters based on gas production date were determined (GPmax= maxim gas production in t time; Lag= lag phase before gas production commenced; S=gas production rate (h-1)) during 72-h in vitro incubation. In each assay six repetitions were made for the following treatments: CONT: control (without AFB1 or sorbents); AF: AFB1 (1μg/mL); β-glu (1mg/mL); β-glu + AF: (1mg/mL of β-glu + 1μg/mL of AFB1); MMT: (5mg/mL); MMT + AF: (5mg/mL of MMT + 1μg/mL of AFB1). The amount of AGCC produced by the β-glu (67,7 mM) treatment was significantly higher about CONT (57,72 mM) and MMT (53,3 mM). treatments. On the other hand, MMT clay reduced the production of NH3 (9,6 mM) about CONT (11,4 mM), AF (12,6 mM) and β-glu (12,2 mM). The amount of GPmax by the β-glu treatment was 103,4 mL, significantly higher about produced CONT (89,0 mL) e MMT (91,6 mL). There was also higher gas production rate by the β-glu treatment. The montmorilonite raised the lag phase and reduced the CH4 production. The results of this study suggest that AFB1 (1μg/mL) has no toxic effect on ruminal fermentation. Whereas the β-glu impacts the ruminal fermentation by increase the AGCC produced. The montmorilonite can delay the bacterial colonization but does t effect the quantity of AGCC produced. / Foram avaliados os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) (1μg/mL) e os adsorventes β-glucanas devivadas de Saccharomyces cerevisae com 65% de princípio ativo (β-glu) (1mg/mL) e montmorilonita (MMT) (5mg/mL) sobre a fermentação ruminal. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios in vitro, no primeiro ensaio o propósito foi determinar a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, a produção de amônia em 24h de incubação. Enquanto no segundo ensaio determinou-se a produção de metano (CH4) e os parâmetros da cinética da produção de gases (Vf = volume final de gás (ml) no tempo t; L = tempo de colonização; S = taxa de degradação (h-1)) no período de 72h de incubação. Em cada ensaio seis repetições foram realizadas para os seguintes tratamentos: CONT: controle (sem AFB1 ou adsorventes); AF: AFB1 (1μg/mL); β-glu (1mg/mL); β-glu + AF: (1mg/mL de β-glu + 1μg/mL de AFB1); MMT: (5mg/mL); MMT + AF: (5mg/mL de MMT + 1μg/mL de AFB1). A quantidade produzida de AGCC foi significativamente maior no tratamento β-glu (67,7 mM) em relação aos tratamentos CONT (57,72 mM) e MMT (53,3 mM). A MMT reduziu significativamente a produção de NH3 (9,6 mM) em relação aos tratamentos CONT (11,4 mM), AF (12,6 mM) e β-glu (12,2 mM). O tratamento β-glu produziu maior volume de gás (103, 4 mL) em relação aos tratamentos CONT (89,0 mL) e MMT (91,6 mL). Também o tratamento β-glu teve maior taxa de degradação em relação aos demais tratamentos. A montmorilonita aumentou o tempo de colonização e reduziu a produção de CH4. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a AFB1 (1μg/mL) não é tóxica a fermentação ruminal. Enquanto, o uso do β-glu impacta a fermentação ruminal, aumentando a produção de AGCC. O uso de montmorilonita pode retardar a colonização bacteriana no alimento porém, não interfere significativamente na quantidade total de AGCC produzidos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_mfs_dr_jabo.pdf: 795307 bytes, checksum: 84b12949a5b617eac60e143fc58032d1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Observou-se o efeito de teores crescentes de proteína bruta na dieta (13, 15, 19 e 22%) sobre o consumo, metabolismo, parâmetros ruminais, conversão alimentar e desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas mestiças alimentadas com 70% de cana forrageira e 30% de concentrado na dieta. Foram realizados 2 experimentos. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado metabolismo. Foram utilizadas 4 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 200 kg e média de idade de 14 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em quadrado latino 4 x 4. No experimento de desempenho foram utilizadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 250 kg e média de idade de 19 meses. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituído por 3 blocos e 4 tratamentos. O consumo nutrientes não foi influenciado pelos teores protéicos da dieta, com exceção ao consumo de PB, EE e CNF. A melhor digestibilidade da MS e MO foi obtida com os teores de 13 e 15% de PB na dieta. Na dieta com 22% de PB foi observado maior digestibilidade total (74,9%) para proteína, enquanto a digestibilidade ruminal da proteína não foi influenciada pela dieta. O pH ruminal das novilhas não diferiu entre as dietas, com média de 6,3. A concentração de N-NH3 ruminal foi influenciada pelo teor protéico da dieta, com as maiores médias nos teores de 22 e 19% de PB na dieta (27,5 e 31,6 mg/dL), média de 21,1 mg/dL na dieta com 15% de PB e a menor média na dieta com 13% de PB, 14,0 mg/dL. O ganho diário de peso corporal foi em média 1,1; 0,8; 0,8 e 0,5 kg/dia e a conversão alimentar de 6,2; 8,6; 10,6 e 13,9 kg de MS/kg de ganho, respectivamente, para os teores de 13, 15, 19 e 22% de PB na dieta, ambos influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. As concentrações de uréia e glicose plasmática foram crescentes conforme se elevou o teor de PB na dieta... / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude protein (13, 15, 19 and 22%) on intake, metabolism, ruminal parameters, body weight gain and feed efficiency of crossbred heifers fed 70% sugarcane and 30% concentrate diet ratio. Two trials were conducted. In the trial one, for evaluate metabolism, were used 4 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 200 kg and average age of 14 months. The experimental design was a latin square 4 x 4. In the performance trial were used 24 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 250 kg and average age of 19 months. The experimental design was a randomized block consisting of 3 blocks and 4 treatments. The nutrients intakes were not affected by protein content of the diet. The best DM and OM digestibility was observed for 13 and 15% crude protein level of the diet. In the diet with 22% CP was observed a higher total tract digestibility (74.9%) for protein while the ruminal protein digestibility was not influenced by diet. The ruminal pH of heifers did not differ among treatments, averaging 6.3. The concentration of ammonia N was affected by protein diet with the highest average levels in 22 and 19% dietary CP (31.6 and 27.5 mg/dl), mean of 21.1 mg/dl in the diet with 15% CP and the lowest mean was observed in diet containing 13% CP, 14.0 mg/dl. The average of body weight daily gain was 1.1, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.5 kg/day and feed conversion of 6.2, 8.6, 10.6 and 13.9 kg DM/kg gain, respectively, for levels of 13, 15, 19 and 22% CP in the diet, both influenced by the protein content of the diet. Concentrations of urea and plasma glucose were linearly correlated with increasing CP content of the diet. It is recommended the level of 13% CP in the diet to Holstein x Gir crossbred dairy heifers in the growing phase

Resumo: Observou-se o efeito de teores crescentes de proteína bruta na dieta (13, 15, 19 e 22%) sobre o consumo, metabolismo, parâmetros ruminais, conversão alimentar e desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas mestiças alimentadas com 70% de cana forrageira e 30% de concentrado na dieta. Foram realizados 2 experimentos. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado metabolismo. Foram utilizadas 4 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 200 kg e média de idade de 14 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em quadrado latino 4 x 4. No experimento de desempenho foram utilizadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Gir, com média de peso inicial de 250 kg e média de idade de 19 meses. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituído por 3 blocos e 4 tratamentos. O consumo nutrientes não foi influenciado pelos teores protéicos da dieta, com exceção ao consumo de PB, EE e CNF. A melhor digestibilidade da MS e MO foi obtida com os teores de 13 e 15% de PB na dieta. Na dieta com 22% de PB foi observado maior digestibilidade total (74,9%) para proteína, enquanto a digestibilidade ruminal da proteína não foi influenciada pela dieta. O pH ruminal das novilhas não diferiu entre as dietas, com média de 6,3. A concentração de N-NH3 ruminal foi influenciada pelo teor protéico da dieta, com as maiores médias nos teores de 22 e 19% de PB na dieta (27,5 e 31,6 mg/dL), média de 21,1 mg/dL na dieta com 15% de PB e a menor média na dieta com 13% de PB, 14,0 mg/dL. O ganho diário de peso corporal foi em média 1,1; 0,8; 0,8 e 0,5 kg/dia e a conversão alimentar de 6,2; 8,6; 10,6 e 13,9 kg de MS/kg de ganho, respectivamente, para os teores de 13, 15, 19 e 22% de PB na dieta, ambos influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. As concentrações de uréia e glicose plasmática foram crescentes conforme se elevou o teor de PB na dieta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude protein (13, 15, 19 and 22%) on intake, metabolism, ruminal parameters, body weight gain and feed efficiency of crossbred heifers fed 70% sugarcane and 30% concentrate diet ratio. Two trials were conducted. In the trial one, for evaluate metabolism, were used 4 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 200 kg and average age of 14 months. The experimental design was a latin square 4 x 4. In the performance trial were used 24 crossbred Holstein x Gir, with initial live weight of 250 kg and average age of 19 months. The experimental design was a randomized block consisting of 3 blocks and 4 treatments. The nutrients intakes were not affected by protein content of the diet. The best DM and OM digestibility was observed for 13 and 15% crude protein level of the diet. In the diet with 22% CP was observed a higher total tract digestibility (74.9%) for protein while the ruminal protein digestibility was not influenced by diet. The ruminal pH of heifers did not differ among treatments, averaging 6.3. The concentration of ammonia N was affected by protein diet with the highest average levels in 22 and 19% dietary CP (31.6 and 27.5 mg/dl), mean of 21.1 mg/dl in the diet with 15% CP and the lowest mean was observed in diet containing 13% CP, 14.0 mg/dl. The average of body weight daily gain was 1.1, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.5 kg/day and feed conversion of 6.2, 8.6, 10.6 and 13.9 kg DM/kg gain, respectively, for levels of 13, 15, 19 and 22% CP in the diet, both influenced by the protein content of the diet. Concentrations of urea and plasma glucose were linearly correlated with increasing CP content of the diet. It is recommended the level of 13% CP in the diet to Holstein x Gir crossbred dairy heifers in the growing phase / Orientadora: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientador: Ricardo Dias Signoretti / Banca: Alexandre Sampaio Moraes Amstalden / Banca: Francisco Palma Rennó / Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Banca: Mário de Beni Arrigoni / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 favaro_vr_me_jabo.pdf: 323736 bytes, checksum: fee965eb0414fe326c549d5fd74a0743 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A crescente preocupação com o aquecimento global incentiva as discussões sobre novas fontes de energia, destacando-se o biodiesel. O processo de produção desse biocombustível gera resíduos como tortas, farelos e glicerina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina na ração de bovinos sobre, consumo, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, produção de gases, pH, amônia, quantificação e composição da massa microbiana. O trabalho foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-FCAV/Unesp, campus de Jaboticabal, utilizando-se cinco bovinos mestiços. As dietas foram formuladas com a inclusão de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 % de glicerina na MS. O delineamento experimental foi quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão adotando nível de significância de 5%. As dietas com glicerina resultaram em menores concentrações de extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos, o que levou a uma redução linear no consumo desses nutrientes (p<0,05) em kg/dia, %PV/dia e g/kgPV0,75. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos não fibrosos foi influenciada (p<0,05) apresentando redução linear com o aumento do porcentual de glicerina na dieta. A fermentação ruminal foi alterada apresentando decréscimo linear na concentração ruminal de N-NH3 com a inclusão desse subproduto. A inclusão de glicerina não influenciou a produção de metano em L/dia, g/dia, g/KgMSI e g/KgFDNi nem o pH ruminal entre os tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos das dietas (p>0,05) sobre as BSA, verificou-se apenas diferenças quanto ao tempo de colheita para MO% e N%. Foram verificadas reduções na produção e composição de BLA e PLA (p<0,05) com a inclusão de glicerina na dieta. A utilização de altas concentrações de glicerina na dieta de bovinos necessita de maiores estudos para a determinação / The growing concern about global warming encourages new discussions about energy sources, especially biodiesel. The biodiesel production generates residues as meals and glycerin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of glycerin inclusion in the cattle diet on intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal gas production, pH, ammonia, microbial mass quantification and composition. The experiment was carried out in FCAV / Unesp, Jaboticabal campus, using five crossbred cattle. The diets were formulated with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% glycerin inclusion in DM. Statistical design was a 5X5 Latin Square. The results were submitted to variance analysis and regression adopting 5% level significance. The glycerin inclusion in the diets affected lipids and non-fiber carbohydrates concentrations and subsequently its intake in kg/day, %BW and g/kgBW0,75. The neutral detergent fiber and nonfiber carbohydrates digestibility was influenced (p<0.05) showing linear decrease with glycerin increase in diet. The rumen fermentation showed linear decrease in NH3-N ruminal concentration with glycerin inclusion. Glycerin inclusion didn’t influenced methane production in L/day, g/day, g/kgDMi and g/kgNDFi, or ruminal pH between treatments. There were no diet effect (p>0.05) in the PAB for treatments, there was differences only in the time at feeding for OM% and N%. Reductions were observed in BLA and PLA production and composition (p<0.05) with glycerin inclusion in diet. The high concentrations of glycerin in cattle diets needs further studies to determine the limit inclusion of this byproduct