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As the number of marathons offered in the United States continues to increase, so does the number of marathon participants, including first time marathon runners. The purpose of this study was to examine race motivators for newbie marathoners and their likelihood of adherence to the sport of marathoning. A total of 906 first time marathon participants, who ran their debut race within the past year, were included in this study. Participants were chosen on the basis of their willingness to complete an online survey. The survey consisted of demographic questions and the Motivation of Marathoners Scales (MOMS) (Masters et al., 1993). Through a frequency analysis of the MOMS, mean values revealed participants utilized primarily personal goal achievement, self-esteem, and health orientation as reasons for training for and running a marathon. In terms of gender comparisons and the MOMS, males had higher means for personal goal achievement and competition; females had higher means in the remaining seven categories. Females and males also had significant differences in response means on seven of the MOMS subscales to run a marathon. A significant difference was also found between charity and non charity runners with the MOMS for weight concern. Significance was found in the intended time frame to run another marathon for females and males. A frequency count showed the top three reasons to run another marathon were to lower my finish time (82.9%), to include the race as part of a vacation weekend (73.8%), and to improve upon my training (62.9%). Significance was found between females and males in their chosen reasons for running another marathon. Gender differences were significant for to lower my finish time, attempt a different course, to raise money for charity, to run with family or friends, to include the race as part of a vacation weekend, and to improve upon my training. Significance was also found between charity and non charity runners and running another marathon to stay in shape, to have fun, to attempt a different course, as part of a vacation weekend, and to improve upon training. Based upon input from the `other' category, 21 additional categories were created for reasons to run another marathon. / Kinesiology

Female endurance runners are at high risk for low energy availability (LEA). Preliminary evidence suggests that fasting blood glucose (BG) concentration decreases in response to short-term energy deficiency (low energy availability). BG monitoring tools, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM), could be used as an early detection device for LEA risk in athletes. PURPOSE: Characterize changes in BG over the course of five days in experimentally-induced LEA in female runners. METHODS: Recreational runners completed a 5-day experimental condition of LEA (15 kcal/kg FFM/d) achieved by a combination of dietary restriction and treadmill running at 65% VO2max. BG concentration was monitored every 15 min across the five experimental days using a CGM (Freestyle Libre Pro, Abbott), which assesses BG from interstitial glucose concentration. Glucose data from the 5-day condition were analyzed to obtain average 24- h BG, fasting BG, BG during sleep, "time in target" BG range (TIT), "time above target" range (TAT), "time below target" range (TBT), as well as glycemic variability using MAGE (mean of amplitude of glucose excursions) and MODD (mean of daily differences). 70 to 120 mg/dL was set as the target range. Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance; post hoc comparisons were performed using paired t-tests. RESULTS: Contrary to our hypothesis, our results suggest that five days of experimentally-induced LEA in female runners progressively increased 24- h BG and TIT while simultaneously altering patterns of fasting and sleeping BG. Average glucose concentration and TIT significantly increased from day one to day five (P=0.024 and P=0.03, respectively). Fasting and sleeping BG followed the same trends and significantly decreased from day one to day three (P=0.04 and P=0.002, respectively), followed by an increase by day five that was similar to day one. There was not a significant time-effect for MAGE, MODD, TBT, TBT, and glycemic variability (P>0.05). These changes are likely due to alterations in glucose production versus utilization that are driven by decreased insulin and/or increased BG counterregulatory hormones. This study is the first to characterize glycemia during short-term experimentally-induced LEA in female endurance runners using a CGM; emphasizing the potential ability of CGMs to gain insight on BG patterns during conditions of LEA. / Master of Science / Female long-distance runners are at high risk for a lack of proper fueling due to inadequate energy intake compared to the volume they exercise (e.g. low energy availability). Previous studies have found that fasting blood sugar (BS) concentration decreases in response to a short-term bout of low energy availability. BS monitoring tools, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM), could be used as a tool to detect this risk in athletes. PURPOSE: Characterize changes in BS over the course of five days in experimentally induced low energy availability in female runners. METHODS: Recreational runners completed a 5-d experimental condition of low energy (15 kcal/kg FFM/d) achieved by a combination of dietary restriction and daily treadmill running at 65% of their maximum performance capacity (e.g. VO2max) BS concentration was monitored every 15 min across the five experimental days using a CGM (Freestyle Libre Pro, Abbott). Glucose data from the 5-d condition were analyzed to obtain average 24- h BS, average BS during sleep, fasting BS, "time in target" (TIT), "time above target" (TAT), "time below target" (TBT), the glycemic variability (GV) as percent coefficient of variation, and swings in BS levels (e.g. glycemic variability) using calculations for mean of amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), mean of daily differences (MODD). Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance; post hoc comparisons were performed using paired t-tests. Data was summarized as a mean ± standard deviation. The significance level was set a priori at P<0.05. All statistical analysis was conducted using IBM® SPSS® Statistical software (Version 28.0.2.2, IBM Corporation, NY, USA). RESULTS: Our results suggest that five days of experimentally-induced LEA in female runners progressively increases TIT and 24- h BS while simultaneously altering patterns of fasting and sleeping BS. Average glucose concentration and TIT significantly increased from day one to day five (P=0.025 and P=0.03, respectively). Fasting and sleeping BS significantly decreased from day one to day three (P=0.024 and P=0.002, respectively) and had the same trends. The concentrations of both fell from day one to day three, followed by an increase by day five that were like those of day one. Additionally, there was not a significant time-effect for MAGE, MODD, TBT, TBT, and glycemic variability all had an insignificant time-effect (P>0.05). These changes are likely due to alterations in glucose production compared to glucose use that are driven by changes in the hormones that regulate blood sugar. This study is the first to characterize BS changes during short-term experimentally-induced LEA in female endurance runners using a CGM; emphasizing the potential usefulness of CGMs to gain further insight on BS patterns during conditions of LEA.

This thesis examines my work to harness ruminative thinking as a driving force for my art practice. With a combination of drawing and painting in watercolor pencil, I activate and engage with rumination through the act of sublimation as defined in clinical psychology. Repetition of process and hand-rendered detail serve as outward channels for my obsessive cyclical thoughts. Based on my experience living with the physical effects of a hyperactive mind, I depict botanical life symbolically in an effort to communicate impressions of the bodily sensations associated with rumination, such as palpable tension, anxiety, or dread. In my research, I have discovered connections between the art historical concept of the sublime and the clinical topic of rumination. Various definitions of the sublime are woven throughout my own analysis, contextualized against historical and contemporary art with an emphasis on science fiction. As a result of this visual research, I have successfully transformed ongoing experience with rumination into a quantifiable framework for my creative process.

This thesis deals with proposal of constructional solving turbine with side channel. Basis for the design is lossy characteristics of the valve. The intention is to replace hydraulic closures by turbine with side channel runner. Hydraulic losses in the flow restriction in turn replaced by the electricity generation in the comparable characteristics of valve and turbine.

[pt] Esta pesquisa aproxima as relações entre a ciência Geográfica e as imagens, a partir da representação da cidade de Los Angeles em três obras fílmicas: Los Angeles - Cidade Proibida (1997); Crash - No limite (2004); e Blade Runner: O caçador de Andróides (1983). A concepção encaminhada aqui objetiva analisar a segregação socioespacial da cidade de Los Angeles representada em três temporalidades distintas: no primeiro momento, analisarei a Los Angeles do pós-II Guerra Mundial, ambientada na década de 1950 pelo filme Los Angeles - Cidade Proibida; o segundo corresponde à cidade contemporânea, marcada pelas confusões ideológicas nascidas no pós 11 de setembro representada em Crash - No Limite; por último, em uma perspectiva de cidade imaginada pela ficção-cientifíca e ambientada em projeções de futuro, apresento Blade Runner, ambientando na Los Angeles no ano de 2019. Os três filmes escolhidos para atravessar a(s) leitura(s) de representação da cidade de Los Angeles foram objeto de uma notável galeria de interpretações (livros, dissertações, teses acadêmicas e ensaios) no campo das ciências humanas e da filosofia. Tais contribuições despertaram o desejo do autor de participar do debate. É imperioso destacar que não há uma maneira exclusiva de olhar e interpretar qualquer que seja a representação ou concluir sobre o que ela exprime exatamente. Defende-se que as representações visuais são essencialmente mais uma interpretação do que uma gravação, ou uma cópia, do objeto presente na realidade concreta, deve-se questionar a maneira como elas, em vários instantes, moldam e reelaboram interpretações diversas do mesmo objeto. Em consonância com o exposto, distante de exibirem regras ou padrões fixos de funcionamento do real, representações são permeadas por convenções, ideias coletivamente aceitas ou questionadoras, sobre realidades que estão em constante movimento. / [en] This research approaches the relations between Geographic science and the images from the representation of the city of Los Angeles in three films: L.A. Conditional (1997); Crash (2004); and Blade Runner (1983). The conception that I will address here aims to analyzing the sociospatial segregation the city of Los Angeles represented in three distinct temporalities: Firstly I will analyze the Los Angeles of the post-World War II set in the 1950s by the movie - L.A. Conditional; the second analyzes corresponds to the contemporary city marked by the ideological confusion emerged in the post - 9/11 represented in Crash; Finally, in a city perspective imagined by science-fiction and set in future projections, I present Blade Runner setting Los Angeles in the year 2019. The three films chosen to cross the city of Los Angeles reading (s) were the subject of a remarkable gallery of interpretations (books, dissertations, theses and essays) in the field of humanities and philosophy. Such contributions have aroused the author s desire to participate in the debate. It is essential to point out that there is no exclusive way of looking at and interpreting whatever it is the representation nor conclude about what it expresses exactly. It is argued that visual representations are essentially more an interpretation than a recording, or a copy, of the object present in the concrete reality, one must question the way in which they, at various instants, shape and rework different interpretations of the same object. As set out above, far from displaying rules or fixed patterns of functioning of the real, representations are permeated by conventions, collectively accepted or questioning ideas, about realities that are in constant motion.

Master of Science / School of Journalism and Mass Communications / Nancy Muturi / This study was an examination of the determinants of disordered eating development among female collegiate distance runners. More specifically, the study examined the impact of thinness-emphasizing and thinness-promoting messages disseminated by mass media and running-specific media, and how those messages affected disordered eating among a sample of female collegiate distance runners. It also examines current female collegiate distance runners’ attitudes toward disordered eating, subjective norms from referent individuals close to female collegiate distance runners regarding disordered eating, and female collegiate distance runners’ perceived behavioral control regarding disordered eating—which was divided into various internal and external control factors either inhibiting or facilitating disordered eating among them. The study was qualitative in nature and assumed a multi-method approach. It included an online, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire among 166 current NCAA Division I female distance runners; four small, confidential focus groups with current NCAA Division I female distance runners from four different teams; and 16 in-depth interviews with professional distance runners, dietitians, coaches, physicians, and sports psychologists. The study sought to answer four research questions—each based on an element of the study’s guiding theory, the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Overall, the study found media messages, attitudes, subjective norms, and various internal and external control factors all facilitated disordered eating among NCAA Division I female distance runners. Based upon these findings, the study offers recommendations for practitioners in the field of health communication, coaches, academic institutions with cross country and track teams, and female collegiate distance runners.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilson Rodrigues Palhares.pdf: 1330577 bytes, checksum: 46bb1c11436b65bfd1c1ca1dea17af4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-25 / Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais / This work analyses the litero-cinematographic Scientific Fiction gender, by Ridley´s Scott movie Blade Runner (1982) cutting out. Its focus is found in the way that this presents the ethic limits of science to the function of a society which mantain itself by the consumism, whose representation hapens in scenography of a forthcoming metropolis (Los Angeles of 2019). The aim is to demonstrate the dichotomic relation in the way the movie was made between mercantilistic production and the author´s movie, and from there its legitimacy as social commitment science fiction, giving way to a reflexive approach concerning ethic limits of science in the actual modern condition. The argument is that, Blade Runner is a work which presents a dispotic future, where the consequences of a capitalistic production based on a science without conscience degraded completely the nature, bringing up great social upsettings and , from the view of the movie unusual retrocessions of labour ways of exploitation. Throughout the research a production process is developed of Blade Runner, his relation and that of Philip K. Dick, the author of the original novel which served as a base, with a scientific Fiction of dispotic approach and the view which is presented by the movie of a future metropolis, in juxtaposition to the concept of liquid-modern society of Zygmunt Bauman. Finally, to point out that, the proposal of Blade Runner offers continuity to Frankenstein novel of Mary Shelley, by bringing up the idea that science needs an ethic consciousness, under Edgar Morin pressuppositios, so that its negative effects do not come back against humanity / Este trabalho analisa o gênero lítero-cinematográfico Ficção Científica, pelo recorte do filme Blade Runner (1982) de Ridley Scott. Seu foco se encontra na forma em que este apresenta os limites éticos da ciência em função de uma sociedade que se mantém pelo consumismo, cuja representação se faz na cenografia de uma metrópole futurista (Los Angeles do ano 2019). O objetivo é demonstrar a relação dicotômica da feitura do filme entre produção mercantilista e cinema de autor, a partir daí sua legitimidade como uma Ficção Científica de comprometimento social, possibilitando uma abordagem reflexiva quanto aos limites éticos da ciência na atual condição da modernidade. O argumento é que Blade Runner é uma obra que apresenta um futuro distópico onde as conseqüências de uma produção capitalista alicerçada em uma ciência sem consciência degradaram por completo a natureza, trazendo grandes transtornos sociais e, sob a ótica do filme, inusitados retrocessos das formas de exploração do trabalho. Ao longo da pesquisa se desenvolve o processo de produção de Blade Runner, a relação deste e de Philip K. Dick, o autor do romance original que lhe serviu de base, com a Ficção Científica de cunho distópico e a visualização que o filme apresenta de uma metrópole do futuro em justaposição ao conceito de sociedade líquido-moderna de Zygmunt Bauman. Por fim, um apontamento de que a proposta de Blade Runner oferece continuidade ao romance Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, por suscitar a idéia de que a ciência necessita de conscientização ética, sob os pressupostos de Edgar Morin, para que seus efeitos negativos não se voltem contra a humanidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilson Rodrigues Palhares.pdf: 1330577 bytes, checksum: 46bb1c11436b65bfd1c1ca1dea17af4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-25 / Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais / This work analyses the litero-cinematographic Scientific Fiction gender, by Ridley´s Scott movie Blade Runner (1982) cutting out. Its focus is found in the way that this presents the ethic limits of science to the function of a society which mantain itself by the consumism, whose representation hapens in scenography of a forthcoming metropolis (Los Angeles of 2019). The aim is to demonstrate the dichotomic relation in the way the movie was made between mercantilistic production and the author´s movie, and from there its legitimacy as social commitment science fiction, giving way to a reflexive approach concerning ethic limits of science in the actual modern condition. The argument is that, Blade Runner is a work which presents a dispotic future, where the consequences of a capitalistic production based on a science without conscience degraded completely the nature, bringing up great social upsettings and , from the view of the movie unusual retrocessions of labour ways of exploitation. Throughout the research a production process is developed of Blade Runner, his relation and that of Philip K. Dick, the author of the original novel which served as a base, with a scientific Fiction of dispotic approach and the view which is presented by the movie of a future metropolis, in juxtaposition to the concept of liquid-modern society of Zygmunt Bauman. Finally, to point out that, the proposal of Blade Runner offers continuity to Frankenstein novel of Mary Shelley, by bringing up the idea that science needs an ethic consciousness, under Edgar Morin pressuppositios, so that its negative effects do not come back against humanity / Este trabalho analisa o gênero lítero-cinematográfico Ficção Científica, pelo recorte do filme Blade Runner (1982) de Ridley Scott. Seu foco se encontra na forma em que este apresenta os limites éticos da ciência em função de uma sociedade que se mantém pelo consumismo, cuja representação se faz na cenografia de uma metrópole futurista (Los Angeles do ano 2019). O objetivo é demonstrar a relação dicotômica da feitura do filme entre produção mercantilista e cinema de autor, a partir daí sua legitimidade como uma Ficção Científica de comprometimento social, possibilitando uma abordagem reflexiva quanto aos limites éticos da ciência na atual condição da modernidade. O argumento é que Blade Runner é uma obra que apresenta um futuro distópico onde as conseqüências de uma produção capitalista alicerçada em uma ciência sem consciência degradaram por completo a natureza, trazendo grandes transtornos sociais e, sob a ótica do filme, inusitados retrocessos das formas de exploração do trabalho. Ao longo da pesquisa se desenvolve o processo de produção de Blade Runner, a relação deste e de Philip K. Dick, o autor do romance original que lhe serviu de base, com a Ficção Científica de cunho distópico e a visualização que o filme apresenta de uma metrópole do futuro em justaposição ao conceito de sociedade líquido-moderna de Zygmunt Bauman. Por fim, um apontamento de que a proposta de Blade Runner oferece continuidade ao romance Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, por suscitar a idéia de que a ciência necessita de conscientização ética, sob os pressupostos de Edgar Morin, para que seus efeitos negativos não se voltem contra a humanidade

This study seeks to analyze each of Sillitoe's proletarian novels as a separate artistic endeavor, to study each in terms of its critical reception, plot, theme, characterization, setting, and style.