Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Prior studies have shown that the information communication technology sector worldwide is perceived as a transformative and enabling tool for the other economic activities to improve citizens’ lives. In a Rwandan context, information communication technology integration in economic sector activities such as tourism, with the adoption of a value chain approach, is thought to be an answer to a number of social and economic challenges, including unemployment, customer care services, and poor information knowledge. In combination with the tourism sector, it is possible that job creation opportunities could benefit unemployed Rwandans, particularly the young, where information communication technology is identified as a business in itself, and an enabling tool to improve inter-economic and crosscutting activities in a growing economy. Despite mixed results from various studies, information communication technology for a tourism village could be an enabling tool for national and regional development, if priority focus on ICT and tourism quality infrastructures is maintained. Research on the evolving nature of the information communication technology sector, through tourism activities in Rwanda, could yield many off-farm jobs besides solely agrarian activities. The study was conducted on an extensive scale, in order to facilitate the generalisation of the results, employing 720 tourism stakeholders’ surveys, ten interviews with government tourism officials, and ten focus group discussions to garner both quantitative and qualitative data. A mixed research method was used to minimise possible research bias and maximise the accuracy of the findings in the four provinces and Kigali City in Rwanda. Of the 720 questionnaires distributed, 615 were usable. Regarding the interviews with government officials, focus group discussions, field observations and secondary data analysis, the researcher found that the information communication technology contribution to tourism stakeholders’ economic lives was at variance with residents’ perceptions in the provinces and districts, and contradicted the information communication technology benefits of connectivity, internet accessibility and usability in their locality. It was also confirmed that information communication technology contributions to tourism stakeholders were at a very low level, where the contribution was limited to telephone subscriptions and their uses, for example for mobile money transfers. The future of information communication technology contributions to tourism stakeholders is positive, if integrated value chain approaches are adopted to benefit poor communities at a tourist destination being visited. A model of an information communication technology village for the development of a tourism village is proposed. This could serve as a catalyst to measure the impacts on both the information communication technology and tourism sectors discussed in this study. More importantly, it was clearly found that the culture of approaching local communities in the process of policy drafting, or any developmental programme, is not present in Rwanda, and this was shown as a critical issue because of the costly nature of implementation of changes. Consequently, this study found that there was potential to support projections for information communication technology policies to achieve the objectives of sustainable development through tourism, promoting rural development, and a reduction of poverty in general / Rwandan Government, through the Ministry of Education

Accès limité / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Folkmordet i Rwanda 1994 pågick under tre månader och är ett av de mest brutala folkmorden som har utförts under modern tid. Under dessa tre månader dödades ca 800 000 personer och takten i mördandet i Rwanda var fem gånger högre än vad dödandet var under Förintelsen. Till en början trodde omvärlden att det var ett inbördeskrig i Rwanda, vilket var en lögn. Den tidigare forskningen kring folkmordet i Rwanda 1994 bekräftar att FN som organisation misslyckades med att genomföra sitt uppdrag i Rwanda – men det visade sig också att vissa medlemsländer i FN kunde ha agerat annorlunda. Syftet med studien är att med utgångspunkt i FN-dokument undersöka hur Frankrike, Belgien och Rwanda agerade under och efter folkmordet i Rwanda 1994. Studiens källmaterial bestod av officiella FN-dokument som har publicerats i sin helhet i boken The United Nations and Rwanda 1993 – 1996 som FN utgav 1996. Studien präglades utav en kvalitativ textanalys, vilket syftar till att undersöka och analysera vad som faktiskt står i källmaterialet. Resultatet utav studien visade att både Frankrike och Belgiens ”icke-agerande” resulterade i att folkmordet i Rwanda inte stoppades tillräckligt fort. Både Frankrike och Belgien har en historia i Rwanda, vilket borde ha spelat en stor roll i hur de båda borde ha agerat. Resultatet visade också att Rwanda inte kunde sätta stopp för folkmordet själva eftersom Rwandas dåvarande regering var i konflikt med RPF. Det hade behövts ett agerande från FN, men speciellt från Frankrike och Belgien. Detta eftersom att de två medlemsländerna hade vetskap om bakomliggande orsaker till varför folkmordet utfördes under 1994.

The site of this research is the Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). The research was undertaken to investigate first year students' perceived English language needs in order to study successfully at KIST. The research was intended to pave the way for differentiated English language syllabuses for students of varying English proficiency. It sought to answer the following questions: (1) what are students' perceived language needs in order to study through the medium of English at KIST? (2) To what extent does the current English language programme address these perceived needs? And (3) what are the differences in students' perceived language needs at different levels of proficiency? The research was carried out in an interpretive paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It took the form of a case study utilising questionnaires to collect data. Questionnaires were administered to students, mainstream subject lecturers and English lecturers. The student sample consisted of 212 students chosen from the four previously identified levels of proficiency (beginner, elementary, intermediate and advanced). The lecturer samples consisted of seven subject lecturers and eleven lecturers in English. The research tools used to collect data were administered questionnaires and document analysis. The chi-square statistical test was used to analyse quantitative data especially in establishing differences that appeared between dissimilar proficiency levels. Findings have shown that, although English is no longer a credit-bearing course, students are still interested in learning it. Students expressed a high positive perception for learning language structures, listening and speaking, and a need for reading and writing. However, although it was possible to establish stakeholders' (students, subject lecturers and lecturers in English) perceptions of students' needs, it was not easy to establish what students' real needs and difficulties in English are. Attempts to get valid answers to my questions were not conclusive. Although this research has implications for the future of English language teaching/learning at KIST there is a need for further investigation of students' needs. An important starting point would be to begin a debate at KIST about the whole issue of students' needs. Such research would exploit research tools/methods not used in this research (e.g focus group interviews and observations).

Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) in Rwanda was promulgated as the best alternative to address the financial barriers for accessibility to health care services for the poor population and the informal sector. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CBHI reduce Out-of-pocket health expenses for their members as compared to non-members and to what extent CBHI provide financial protection for the poorest population. This research based itself on secondary source of data primarily collected for a prospective quasi-experimental design which evaluated the impact of Performance-Based Financing. The primary study had reported on the Out-Of-Pocket expenses for health by members and non-members of CBHI; residing in a sample of 1961 households; in addition to their demographics and socio-economic characteristics. The findings indicate that insured individuals were about 2.6 times more likely to utilize health care services than respondents without health insurance. It is also worth noting that households with health insurance coverage were less likely to experience a catastrophic health expenditure than households without health insurance (aOR: 0.744; 95% CI:[0.586 - 0.945]), and that the effect of health insurance coverage was higher in people living in poor households than in people living in middle or richer households / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Rwanda experienced one of the most horrendous atrocities in our modern history in the summer of 1994 when a genocide occurred within the country, and in the aftermath the nation had to deal with this history and rebuild its society. This essay examines the reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda with the aim of investigating potential power mechanisms during this process. The study researches the policies implemented by the government of Rwanda during this process and what effect they potentially can have on the reconciliation in the country. The focus is on the policy of National Unity and Reconciliation and two of the main instruments within this government policy, which are Gacaca and Ingando. The analytical framework for this study is Steven Lukes’ theory on three-dimensional power, which was applied as an analytical lens to examine the power exercise by the RPF government. The essay used an abductive approach to research the subject and a case study as the chosen method for the study. The results of the research confirms that there are several instances of power exercise, both within the two and three-dimensional concept of power as described by Lukes. Certain aspects of the RPF’s policies aimed at reconciliation can be seen as power exercise by the government and potentially be problematic for a successful reconciliation process.

This study is centred on the phenomenon of the child headed household in Rwanda. Such households have become an increasingly common occurrence in Sub-Saharan Africa, as a result, in particular, of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This has caused millions of children to become orphaned, and has brought about new coping mechanisms. The case of Rwanda, however, differs from the majority of countries which have experienced the emergence of these households. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that its child headed households are a legacy of two major factors, that of genocide as well as HIV/AIDS. The genocide of 1994 resulted in the death of an estimated 800,000 people, and prompted mass displacement and estrangement of the majority of the population. There has been considerable interest in Rwanda‟s progress following the genocide on the part of academics, NGOs and development practitioners. Whilst some of this has focused on children and the vulnerable, the long term perspective has not been sufficiently considered. This research set out to address this by undertaking a longitudinal study over four years examining the child headed household in Rwanda. A core group of 42 households formed the sample, taken from urban, peri-urban, and rural areas and from a refugee camp. In the first place the study explores the definition of “child headed household” and offers a typology of the phenomenon. Second, it offers an analysis based on field work of the livelihood challenges to the children within these households, including the basic survival needs of land and property inheritance, income generation and education. Finally the psychosocial needs of the child headed households for acceptance and participation within communities were considered. This work considers the challenges to livelihood survival and the non-material needs of those in child headed households in Rwanda within the realities of daily life. It concludes that child headed households need to be redefined in terms of age, composition, and their particular narratives, and their variable composition is an integral characteristic. The livelihood needs of CHHs are particularly challenged by the lack of opportunities for income generation, access to land rights and changes in household life, including revisions in programmes and policies. Furthermore the non-material needs of the children in these households are often unacknowledged; their stories frequently portray a lack of family and community support, marginalisation and isolation, which contests widely held and historic understandings of family and community.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The implementation of policy reforms in developing countries continues to be negatively influenced by factors such as difficulties with resource mobilization, the dominance of technocratic policy management advocated by donors, and the persistence of state centralism. Tax system reforms in Rwanda constitute institutional and policy reforms aimed at improving tax compliance and ultimately the contribution of tax revenue to the national GDP. But, because of implementation flaws, including among others the scant flow of technical and financial resources; the dominance of a narrow technocratic approach in implementation; and indeed the failure of the implementers to mobilize political resources and constituent support, the realization of the above objective became a less attainable goal. This research examines the institutional and policy reforms in the tax system and the dynamics of their implementation, through the manipulation of secondary, numerical and textual information/ data on tax system administration in Rwanda. Chapter one of the research deals with the development of the idea to research tax system reform and the formulation of the research problem, hypothesis and methodology. In addition to that, chapter one provides an overview of the tax system reform in Rwanda, a comparative insight into the implementation of reform policies in developing countries, and contemporary experiences in tax system reforms. Chapters two and three, which are formative chapters, focus respectively on the background situations that either influenced or affected tax system reform in Rwanda, and the normative requirements for tax systems. Chapter four evaluates the implementation of reform and how it concurs with problem situations and normatives. Chapter five is summative in that it provides an interpretation and recommendations, as well as a summary of the research findings. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die implementering van beleidshervorming in ontwikkelende lande word negatief beïnvloed deur faktore soos probleme met die mobilisering van hulpbronne, die oorheersing van die tipe tegnokratiese beleidsbestuur wat deur donateurs voorgestaan word, en 'n voortgesette sentralistiese staatsbestel. Belastinghervorming in Rwanda omsluit institusionele en beleidshervorming met die oog op verbeterde belastingbetaling, wat tot 'n uiteindelike verbetering in die bydrae van belastinginkomste tot die BNP moet lei. Teenspoed tydens die implementering van die hervormingspoging, onder meer as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan tegniese en finansiële hulpbronne, die bekrompenheid van die tegnokratiese benadering waardeur die implementeringspoging oorheers is, en inderdaad die feit dat die implementeerders nie die nodige politieke middele of die publiek se ondersteuning kon mobiliseer nie, het egter veroorsaak dat hierdie doelwitte moeilik bereikbaar geraak het. Hierdie navorsing stel ondersoek in na institusionele en beleidshervorming ten opsigte van die belastingstelsel, en kyk ook na die implementeringsdinamiek daarvan. Die ondersoek is gegrond op 'n ontleding van sekondêre numeriese en tekstuele inligting/data oor die administrasie van die belastingstelsel in Rwanda. Hoofstuk een dui aan hoe die gedagte ontstaan het om navorsing oor die hervorming van die belastingstelsel in Rwanda te doen, en stel die navorsingsprobleem, die -hipotese en -metodologie bekend. Hierbenewens bied hoofstuk een 'n oorsig oor die hervorming van die belastingstelsel in Rwanda, en vergelykende insigte in die implementering van hervormingsbeleid in ontwikkelende lande asook onlangse ervaring wat die hervorming van belastingstelsels betref. Hoofstuk twee en drie is formatief van aard. Hulle fokus onderskeidelik op die agtergrondomstandighede wat 'n invloed op belastinghervorming in Rwanda gehad het, en op die normatiewe vereistes wat aan belastingsisteme gestel word. Hoofstuk vier evalueer die implementering van hervorming en hoe dit met probleemsituasies en hervormingsnorme verband hou. Hoofstuk vyf is summatief van aard en bevat 'n vertolking en aanbevelings, sowel as 'n samevatting van die navorsingsbevindinge.

L’analyse de différentes approches théoriques qui traversent le domaine de la planification et de la prise de décision fait ressortir des conceptions contradictoires des visées de l’action de planification. Dans le modèle rationaliste l’action de planification vise la préparation rationnelle des actions futures. Elle vise l'ajustement aux aléas de l’action dans l’incrémentalisme et l’adaptation aux fluctuations de l’environnement dans la théorie de la contingence. La post-rationalisation y voit plutôt un processus de légitimation à posteriori des choix déjà arrêtés tandis que le « sensemaking-sensegiving » y voit un processus de production de sens et de restitution d’un sentiment d’ordre aux collaborateurs pour permettre la coordination de l’action. La théorie de la dépendance y voit par contre un processus de mobilisation des ressources externes alors que l’approche discursive conçoit l’action de planification comme une recherche de consensus entre acteurs aux intérêts divergents. Nous avons élaboré un méta-modèle de synthèse qui articule les sept courants théoriques et en fonction duquel il devient possible de tester le pouvoir explicatif des différentes théories sur la base de cinq variables principales ci-après : (1) la préoccupation centrale des initiateurs de l’action de planification ; (2) les allocutaires -clés visés par cette action ; (3) les actions attendues en retour de ces allocutaires-clés ; (4) le contexte qui donne du sens à cette transaction et (5) les participants privilégiés au processus de planification. Ce méta-modèle a été appliqué à l’analyse de l’action d’élaboration du plan d’éducation pour tous au Rwanda, un programme ambitieux qui fait suite au forum de Dakar en 2000 et qui vise à assurer la couverture complète de l’enseignement de base, la formation des jeunes déscolarisés aux métiers et l’alphabétisation des adultes. Les résultats obtenus montrent que tout au long de ce processus, les planificateurs se préoccupaient essentiellement de satisfaire aux recommandations contenues dans le cadre d’action de Dakar et dans les documents connexes définissant la stratégie internationale de sa mise en œuvre pour rendre le plan crédible devant les organismes de financement. Étant donné que ces recommandations utilisées à l’occasion de l’endossement des plans comme des critères de crédibilité appelaient des actions répondant à des logiques différentes et par conséquent difficiles à satisfaire de manière effective, les planificateurs recourraient à des réponses de nature symbolique pour satisfaire formellement à certaines d’entre elles sans heurter les autres exigences qui se référent à d’autres logiques d’action. Sur le plan du discours, cette stratégie se traduisait par une adaptation des argumentaires suivant les allocutaires visées. En face des bailleurs de fonds, les planificateurs impulsaient l’image d’une organisation agissant selon les normes partagées qui ont été définies au forum mondial de Dakar. En analysant les argumentaires adoptés en face de cette catégorie d’acteurs, on remarque que les planificateurs prenaient soin de montrer que tous les critères définis à Dakar comme attestant d’un plan crédible ont été respectés au cours de l’élaboration du plan de l’EPT. Des tels argumentaires permettaient de conclure plus facilement leurs propos par une demande d’aide. En face des acteurs des services d’exécution, les planificateurs impulsaient plutôt l’image d’une organisation impliquée dans des choix décisionnels internes. Les argumentaires visant cette catégorie d’acteurs insistaient plutôt sur les spécificités des choix du gouvernement par rapport aux objectifs définis à Jomtien et à Dakar. Cette image de choix interne et de l’autonomie de la décision permettait par la suite aux planificateurs de faire apparaître le processus d’élaboration du plan de l’EPT comme étant un processus de choix des réalisations futures. Interprétés à la lumière de la «ressource dependence theory », ces résultats montrent que l’élaboration du plan d’éducation pour tous est intervenue dans un contexte où les critères à satisfaire exposaient les planificateurs à des demandes mettant en mal la cohérence des discours et des actions à entreprendre. Cela étant, le découplage des actions visant à satisfaire à des exigences différentes et l’argumentation sélective selon les audiences visées peuvent être interprétées comme des stratégies destinées à maintenir une certaine marge de manœuvre dans un contexte de forte dépendance externe.