Os compostos antimicrobianos naturais são um tema de grande interesse devido ao aumento da demanda por alimentos seguros e de alta qualidade. A utilização de lipossomas é uma alternativa interessante para proteger antimicrobianos nos alimentos, além de fornecer compostos naturais de liberação controlada. Os lipossomas revestidos com polissacarídeos apresentam melhor estabilidade, representando uma alternativa aos lipossomas convencionais. Inicialmente, os nanolipossomas que encapsulam a nisina foram preparados com fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) e pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico. Os lipossomas desenvolvidos apresentaram alta eficiência de encapsulação, baixo índice de polidispersão e foram estáveis durante 21 dias a 7 °C e 25 °C. A atividade antimicrobiana foi observada contra cinco cepas diferentes de Listeria em placas de ágar de leite, com uma melhor eficiência contra L. innocua 6a. Em um segundo momento, as características estruturais dos lipossomas foram estudadas por dispersão de raios-X de pequeno ângulo (SAXS) e as amostras foram submetidas a ciclos de temperatura (20-60 °C). Para isso, os lipossomas foram desenvolvidos contendo pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico pelos métodos de hidratação de filme e evaporação em fase reversa, para encapsular nisina. A análise de SAXS confirmou a presença de estruturas lamelares em todas as amostras. Além disso, parte da estrutura multilamelar tornou-se cúbica, provavelmente devido à presença de nisina nos lipossomas. A adição de polissacarídeos mostrou diferenças entre as fases cúbicas formadas. Em última análise, a mistura de lisozima e nisina foi encapsulada em lipossomas contendo polissacarídeos. O diâmetro médio dos lipossomas foi de 85,6 e variou para 77,3 e 79,9 nm com a incorporação de pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico, respectivamente. O potencial zeta dos lipossomas com polissacarídeos foi de cerca de -30 mV, mostrando alta eficiência de encapsulação. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada a 37 °C, mostrando que a PC-pectina reduziu a população de L. monocytogenes em 2 log UFC/mL e 5 log UFC/mL em leite integral e desnatado, respectivamente. Em refrigeração, a PC-pectina reduziu a população de L. monocytogenes para quase zero por até 25 dias em leite desnatado. Portanto, pode dizer-se que os lipossomas que contêm polissacarídeos podem ser uma tecnologia promissora para o encapsulamento da lisozima e nisina. Além disso, a existência de estrutura cúbica nos lipossomas pode proporcionar liberação controlada de antimicrobianos. / Natural antimicrobial compounds are a topic of utmost interest due to the increased demand for safe and high-quality foods. The use of liposomes is an interesting alternative to protect antimicrobials in food, also providing controlled release natural compounds. Polysaccharides coated liposomes present better stability, representing an alternative to conventional liposomes. Initially, nanoliposomes encapsulating nisin were prepared with soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) and pectin or polygalacturonic acid. The liposomes developed presented high encapsulation efficiency, low polydispersity index, and were stable for 21 days at 7°C and 25°C. The antimicrobial activity was observed against five different strains of Listeria in milk-agar plates, with a better efficiency against L. innocua 6a. In a second moment, structural characteristics of liposomes were studied by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and the samples were submitted to temperature cycles (20-60°C). For this, liposomes were developed containing pectin or polygalacturonic acid by the thin-film hydration method and reverse phase evaporation method for nisin encapsulation. The analysis of SAXS confirmed the presence of lamellar structures in all the samples. In addition, part of the multilamellar structure became cubic, probably due to the presence of nisin in the liposomes. The addition of polysaccharides showed differences between the cubic phases formed. Ultimately, the mixture of lysozyme and nisin were encapsulated in liposomes containing polysaccharides. The mean diameter of the liposomes was 85.6 and varied to 77.3 and 79.9 nm with the incorporation of pectin or polygalacturonic acid, respectively. The zeta potential of liposomes with polysaccharides were around -30 mV, showing high encapsulation efficiency. The antimicrobial activity was assessed at 37 °C, showing that PC-pectin reduced the population of L. monocytogenes to 2 log CFU/mL and 5 log CFU/mL in whole and skim milk, respectively. At under refrigeration, PC-pectin reduced the population of L. monocytogenes to almost zero for up to 25 days in skim milk. Therefore, it can say that the liposomes containing polysaccharides can be a promising technology for the encapsulation of lysozyme and nisin. In addition, the existence of cubic structure in the liposomes can provide controlled release of antimicrobials.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 portella_ja_me_rcla.pdf: 606945 bytes, checksum: 60e97ae179f482319dab6311d8920b54 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das modificações estruturais em sonogéis de sílica preparados a partir da sonohidrólise do tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) em função das diferentes adições de álcool polivinílico (PVA) em solução aquosa (5,5%). Os géis são estudados em estágios que vão desde o estado saturado (gel úmido) até o estado seco do gel (aerogel) resultante do processo de secagem supercrítica. As caracterizações estruturais das amostras são feitas através das técnicas de Termogravimetria (TG), densidade aparente, espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS), análise de distribuição de tamanho de poros e área superficial por Adsorção de Nitrogênio. A razão molar água/TEOS e o volume da mistura dos reagentes foram mantidos constantes no processo de sonohidrólise para todas as adições de PVA. Os sóis foram diluídos em quantidades proporcionais de água depois da hidrólise, a fim de obter a mesma concentração de sílica nos géis depois da geleificação e envelhecimento sob condições saturadas. A estrutura dos géis úmidos pode ser descrita como um fractal de massa com dimensão D essencialmente igual a 2,0 em praticamente todo o domínio de comprimentos característicos experimentalmente explorado por SAXS, de ~0.3 nm até ~15 nm. Para os sonogéis com TEOS puro e com baixa adição de PVA, há um afastamento da lei de espalhamento por um fractal de massa na região de baixos q’s devido ao tamanho finito do comprimento característico ξ da estrutura fractal de massa. O efeito fundamental das adições de PVA na estrutura dos géis úmidos é aumentar o comprimento característico ξ da estrutura fractal de massa, sem mudar a dimensão fractal D. Este resultado foi atribuído a efeitos estéricos do polímero na estrutura do gel... / The objective of this work is study the structural modification in silica sonogels prepared from the sonohydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with different additions of Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in water solution (5,5%). The gels are studied in different stages since the satured conditions until the dried conditions how result of the supercritical process. The structural characteristics of the samples are measurement by Termogravimetry (TG), Density, Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and nitrogen adsorption. How these gels were prepared from the sonohydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with different additions of PVA, the water/TEOS molar ratio and the reactant mixture volume were kept constant in the sonohydrolysis step for all the PVA additions. The sols were diluted in a proportionated water quantity after the hydrolysis in order to obtain the same silica concentration in the gels after gelation and aging under sealed conditons. The structure of wet gels can be described as a mass fractal with dimension D equal to 2.0 on the whole length The objective of this work is scale experimentally probed by SAXS, from ~0.3 to ~15 nm. Pure and low-PVA-addition wet gels exhibit an upper cutoff accounting for a finite characteristic length ξ of the mass fractal structure. The main effect of the addition of PVA on the structure of the wet gels is to increase the characteristic length ξ of the mass fractal structure, without changing the mass fractal dimension D. This result was attributed to steric effects of the polymer in the structure of the gel. Aerogels were obtained by CO2 change and supercritical extraction. The pore volume fraction of the aerogels diminishes typically about 11% with respect to that of the wet gels, although nitrogen adsorption could be underestimating some porosity. The mass fractal structure of the original wet gels seems to evolve to a mass/surface fractal...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 maceti_h_me_rcla.pdf: 484546 bytes, checksum: 6d093c2c96c1a1dba6ae5a651183c6b5 (MD5) / Sonogéis de sílica foram preparados a partir da sonohidrólise de tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) e, após o envelhecimento, a fase líquida do gel foi trocada por acetona, durante a fase saturada do processo. A evolução estrutural durante a secagem do sonogel úmido com a fase líquida trocada por acetona foi estudada por espalhamento de raio-x a baixo ângulo (SAXS). A evolução estrutural do xerogel derivado do sonogel com fase líquida trocada por acetona, foi estudada em função da temperatura, por meio de espectroscopia de absorção UV-visível, medidas de densidade real e aparente, medidas de contração linear, e análises térmicas (DTA, TG e DL). Os períodos associados à evolução estrutural determinados por SAXS estão de acordo com os períodos clássicos determinados a partir das características da taxa de evaporação da fase líquida, na obtenção de xerogéis. O gel úmido pode ser descrito como formado por partículas primárias (microclusters), com densidade de cerca de 1,8 g/cm3, tamanho característico a ~ 0,67 nm e superfície fractal, que se juntam para formar uma estrutura fractal de massa, com dimensão fractal de massa D ~ 2,2 e comprimento característico ? ~ 6,7 nm. À medida que a rede colapsa durante o período de taxa de evaporação constante, no qual o gel se mantém saturado com a frente de evaporação na superfície externa do gel, a estrutura fractal de massa vai se compactando, aumentando D e diminuindo ?, com alisamento da superfície fractal dos microclusters. O xerogel obtido ao término do processo de secagem apresenta características de um sistema com poros vazios e partículas não fractais, com superfície de interface lisa e área de superfície de cerca de 385 m2/g. Os resultados das medidas de densidade aparente, de DTA e TG, mostram que os géis perdem resíduos... . / Silica sonogels were prepared from the sonohydrolysis of tetraetilortosilicate (TEOS) and the liquid phase of the gel was exchanged by acetone during the saturated stage of the process. The structural evolution of the drying of the wet exchanged sonogel was studied by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The structural evolution of the xerogel derived from the exchanged sonogel was studied as a function of the temperature by means of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, bulk and skeletal density measurements, linear contraction measurements, and thermal analysis (DTA, TG and DL). The periods associated to the structural evolution as determined by SAXS are in agreement with those classical ones as determined from the features of the evaporation rate of the liquid phase in the obtaining of xerogels. The wet gel can be described as formed by primary particles (or microclusters) with density of about 1.8 g/cm3, characteristic length a ~ 0.76 nm e surface fractal, linking together to form mass fractal structures with mass fractal dimension D ~ 2.2 in a length scale ? ~ 6.7 nm. As the network collapses, while the liquid/vapor meniscus is kept at the external evaporation surface of the gel, the mass fractal structure becomes more compacted by increasing D and decreasing ?, with smoothing of the fractal surface of the microclusters. The xerogel obtained at the end of the drying process presents characteristics of a system with empty pores and non-fractal particles, with smooth interface surface and surface area of about 385 m2/g. The results of bulk density measurements and of DTA and TG thermal analysis show that the gels lose organic residuals and more strongly bonded water at temperatures up to 200-250 oC. This event is related with the increase of the absorption in the UV region, which was found at temperatures up... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Os compostos antimicrobianos naturais são um tema de grande interesse devido ao aumento da demanda por alimentos seguros e de alta qualidade. A utilização de lipossomas é uma alternativa interessante para proteger antimicrobianos nos alimentos, além de fornecer compostos naturais de liberação controlada. Os lipossomas revestidos com polissacarídeos apresentam melhor estabilidade, representando uma alternativa aos lipossomas convencionais. Inicialmente, os nanolipossomas que encapsulam a nisina foram preparados com fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) e pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico. Os lipossomas desenvolvidos apresentaram alta eficiência de encapsulação, baixo índice de polidispersão e foram estáveis durante 21 dias a 7 °C e 25 °C. A atividade antimicrobiana foi observada contra cinco cepas diferentes de Listeria em placas de ágar de leite, com uma melhor eficiência contra L. innocua 6a. Em um segundo momento, as características estruturais dos lipossomas foram estudadas por dispersão de raios-X de pequeno ângulo (SAXS) e as amostras foram submetidas a ciclos de temperatura (20-60 °C). Para isso, os lipossomas foram desenvolvidos contendo pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico pelos métodos de hidratação de filme e evaporação em fase reversa, para encapsular nisina. A análise de SAXS confirmou a presença de estruturas lamelares em todas as amostras. Além disso, parte da estrutura multilamelar tornou-se cúbica, provavelmente devido à presença de nisina nos lipossomas. A adição de polissacarídeos mostrou diferenças entre as fases cúbicas formadas. Em última análise, a mistura de lisozima e nisina foi encapsulada em lipossomas contendo polissacarídeos. O diâmetro médio dos lipossomas foi de 85,6 e variou para 77,3 e 79,9 nm com a incorporação de pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico, respectivamente. O potencial zeta dos lipossomas com polissacarídeos foi de cerca de -30 mV, mostrando alta eficiência de encapsulação. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada a 37 °C, mostrando que a PC-pectina reduziu a população de L. monocytogenes em 2 log UFC/mL e 5 log UFC/mL em leite integral e desnatado, respectivamente. Em refrigeração, a PC-pectina reduziu a população de L. monocytogenes para quase zero por até 25 dias em leite desnatado. Portanto, pode dizer-se que os lipossomas que contêm polissacarídeos podem ser uma tecnologia promissora para o encapsulamento da lisozima e nisina. Além disso, a existência de estrutura cúbica nos lipossomas pode proporcionar liberação controlada de antimicrobianos. / Natural antimicrobial compounds are a topic of utmost interest due to the increased demand for safe and high-quality foods. The use of liposomes is an interesting alternative to protect antimicrobials in food, also providing controlled release natural compounds. Polysaccharides coated liposomes present better stability, representing an alternative to conventional liposomes. Initially, nanoliposomes encapsulating nisin were prepared with soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) and pectin or polygalacturonic acid. The liposomes developed presented high encapsulation efficiency, low polydispersity index, and were stable for 21 days at 7°C and 25°C. The antimicrobial activity was observed against five different strains of Listeria in milk-agar plates, with a better efficiency against L. innocua 6a. In a second moment, structural characteristics of liposomes were studied by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and the samples were submitted to temperature cycles (20-60°C). For this, liposomes were developed containing pectin or polygalacturonic acid by the thin-film hydration method and reverse phase evaporation method for nisin encapsulation. The analysis of SAXS confirmed the presence of lamellar structures in all the samples. In addition, part of the multilamellar structure became cubic, probably due to the presence of nisin in the liposomes. The addition of polysaccharides showed differences between the cubic phases formed. Ultimately, the mixture of lysozyme and nisin were encapsulated in liposomes containing polysaccharides. The mean diameter of the liposomes was 85.6 and varied to 77.3 and 79.9 nm with the incorporation of pectin or polygalacturonic acid, respectively. The zeta potential of liposomes with polysaccharides were around -30 mV, showing high encapsulation efficiency. The antimicrobial activity was assessed at 37 °C, showing that PC-pectin reduced the population of L. monocytogenes to 2 log CFU/mL and 5 log CFU/mL in whole and skim milk, respectively. At under refrigeration, PC-pectin reduced the population of L. monocytogenes to almost zero for up to 25 days in skim milk. Therefore, it can say that the liposomes containing polysaccharides can be a promising technology for the encapsulation of lysozyme and nisin. In addition, the existence of cubic structure in the liposomes can provide controlled release of antimicrobials.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude d’oxydes (ZnO et SiO2) fabriqués par voie sol-gel. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la cinétique de croissance des nanoparticules de ZnO en milieu aqueux. L’étude in-situ de la croissance d’oxyde de zinc par la technique de croissance en milieu aqueux (ACG) a été réalisée grâce à la radiation synchrotron de l’ESRF sur la ligne ID10B. Nous avons réalisé la diffraction de rayons X en incidence rasante sur un substrat plongé dans une solution constituée de nitrate de zinc hexahydraté [Zn(NO3)2,6H2O], d’hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) (C6H12N4) et de l’eau dé-ionisée comme solvant. Nous avons réussi à mettre en évidence l’existence de nanoparticules de ZnO dans la solution et suivre la cinétique de formation. La deuxième partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’étude des films minces de silice mésoporeux structurés par un tensioactif connu sous l’acronyme Brij58. Nous avons commencépar établir le diagramme de phase du Brij58 par la diffusion centrale des rayons X (SAXS), complété par l’établissement d’un diagramme d’état solide-liquide par la rhéologie. Grâce à ce diagramme de phase nous avons pu fabriquer des films minces de silice. L’étude de la structuration des films a été réalisée par la diffusion des rayons X en incidence rasante (GISAXS) et la réflectivité des rayons X. Nous avons finalisé ce travail par l’utilisation des films mésoporeux comme matrice hôte à deux fluides : l’eau et le CO2, et par l’insertion de nanocristaux de ZnO dans les pores de la matrice mésoporeuse. / This thesis presents the study of oxides (ZnO and SiO2) synthesized by sol-gel method. Firstly, we study the kinectics growth of ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous medium. The aqueous chemical growth of ZnO was done at the ESRF (ID10 beamline) for using the synchrotron radiation (22 Kev). The in-situ monitoring by synchrotron radiation on a substrate placed in solution made up from zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2,6H2O, 98%, Acros Organics] and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4, 99%, Acros Organics) precursors dissolved in equimolar concentration in deionized water (MilliQ, 18.2Mo), allowed us to highlight the presence of ZnO nanoparticles in solution and permit to follow the kinetics of the formation of zinc oxide. In the second part, we have synthesized and analysed mesoporous silica thin films templated by a non-ionic surfactant, the Brij58. This work required to establish the binary phase diagramm Water/Brij58 by Small Angle X-rays Scattering (SAXS) at room temperature. The SAXS study is complemented by the determination of the liquid-solid transition of binary system Water/Brij58 by rheolgy. The study of well structured films was carried out by Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-rays Scattering (GISAXS) and by X-rays reflectivity. Lastly, our aim was then to combine the synthesis of porous thin film with the inclusion of zinc oxide nanocrystals in the pores. We completed this work by using these films as porous host matrix for two fluids, water and CO2.

Os compostos antimicrobianos naturais são um tema de grande interesse devido ao aumento da demanda por alimentos seguros e de alta qualidade. A utilização de lipossomas é uma alternativa interessante para proteger antimicrobianos nos alimentos, além de fornecer compostos naturais de liberação controlada. Os lipossomas revestidos com polissacarídeos apresentam melhor estabilidade, representando uma alternativa aos lipossomas convencionais. Inicialmente, os nanolipossomas que encapsulam a nisina foram preparados com fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) e pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico. Os lipossomas desenvolvidos apresentaram alta eficiência de encapsulação, baixo índice de polidispersão e foram estáveis durante 21 dias a 7 °C e 25 °C. A atividade antimicrobiana foi observada contra cinco cepas diferentes de Listeria em placas de ágar de leite, com uma melhor eficiência contra L. innocua 6a. Em um segundo momento, as características estruturais dos lipossomas foram estudadas por dispersão de raios-X de pequeno ângulo (SAXS) e as amostras foram submetidas a ciclos de temperatura (20-60 °C). Para isso, os lipossomas foram desenvolvidos contendo pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico pelos métodos de hidratação de filme e evaporação em fase reversa, para encapsular nisina. A análise de SAXS confirmou a presença de estruturas lamelares em todas as amostras. Além disso, parte da estrutura multilamelar tornou-se cúbica, provavelmente devido à presença de nisina nos lipossomas. A adição de polissacarídeos mostrou diferenças entre as fases cúbicas formadas. Em última análise, a mistura de lisozima e nisina foi encapsulada em lipossomas contendo polissacarídeos. O diâmetro médio dos lipossomas foi de 85,6 e variou para 77,3 e 79,9 nm com a incorporação de pectina ou ácido poligalacturônico, respectivamente. O potencial zeta dos lipossomas com polissacarídeos foi de cerca de -30 mV, mostrando alta eficiência de encapsulação. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada a 37 °C, mostrando que a PC-pectina reduziu a população de L. monocytogenes em 2 log UFC/mL e 5 log UFC/mL em leite integral e desnatado, respectivamente. Em refrigeração, a PC-pectina reduziu a população de L. monocytogenes para quase zero por até 25 dias em leite desnatado. Portanto, pode dizer-se que os lipossomas que contêm polissacarídeos podem ser uma tecnologia promissora para o encapsulamento da lisozima e nisina. Além disso, a existência de estrutura cúbica nos lipossomas pode proporcionar liberação controlada de antimicrobianos. / Natural antimicrobial compounds are a topic of utmost interest due to the increased demand for safe and high-quality foods. The use of liposomes is an interesting alternative to protect antimicrobials in food, also providing controlled release natural compounds. Polysaccharides coated liposomes present better stability, representing an alternative to conventional liposomes. Initially, nanoliposomes encapsulating nisin were prepared with soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) and pectin or polygalacturonic acid. The liposomes developed presented high encapsulation efficiency, low polydispersity index, and were stable for 21 days at 7°C and 25°C. The antimicrobial activity was observed against five different strains of Listeria in milk-agar plates, with a better efficiency against L. innocua 6a. In a second moment, structural characteristics of liposomes were studied by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and the samples were submitted to temperature cycles (20-60°C). For this, liposomes were developed containing pectin or polygalacturonic acid by the thin-film hydration method and reverse phase evaporation method for nisin encapsulation. The analysis of SAXS confirmed the presence of lamellar structures in all the samples. In addition, part of the multilamellar structure became cubic, probably due to the presence of nisin in the liposomes. The addition of polysaccharides showed differences between the cubic phases formed. Ultimately, the mixture of lysozyme and nisin were encapsulated in liposomes containing polysaccharides. The mean diameter of the liposomes was 85.6 and varied to 77.3 and 79.9 nm with the incorporation of pectin or polygalacturonic acid, respectively. The zeta potential of liposomes with polysaccharides were around -30 mV, showing high encapsulation efficiency. The antimicrobial activity was assessed at 37 °C, showing that PC-pectin reduced the population of L. monocytogenes to 2 log CFU/mL and 5 log CFU/mL in whole and skim milk, respectively. At under refrigeration, PC-pectin reduced the population of L. monocytogenes to almost zero for up to 25 days in skim milk. Therefore, it can say that the liposomes containing polysaccharides can be a promising technology for the encapsulation of lysozyme and nisin. In addition, the existence of cubic structure in the liposomes can provide controlled release of antimicrobials.

Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, and it is a tightly regulated checkpoint in glucose homeostasis. The monomeric enzyme possesses a highly exotic kinetic profile, with a sigmoidal dependence on glucose, which has been the source of vigorous investigation and debate in the last several decades. This unique regulatory behavior can be thought of as a remarkable glucose sensor, which may result in hyperglycemia when it is not active enough and hypoglycemia when it is too active. This interdisciplinary study, which draws on small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) integrated with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and experimental glucose binding thermodynamics, I reveal the critical regulation of the glucose sensor is due to a solvent controlled switch. Moreover, this solvent controlled switch manifests a regulatory mechanism of GK; a specific local conformational change that leads to an enzyme structure that has a much more favorable solvation energy than most of the protein ensemble. These findings have direct implications for the design of small molecule GK activators as anti- diabetes therapeutics as well as for understanding how proteins can be designed to have built-in regulatory functions via solvation energy dynamics.

La recherche de molécules permettant l’extraction et la stabilisation d’actinides est un sujet majeur de la chimie associée au domaine du retraitement des combustibles usés dans l’industrie nucléaire. Parmi les espèces chimiques, les polyoxométallates vacants, par leurs propriétés modulables d’un point de vue structural et fortement nucléophiles se posent comme de bons candidats pour la complexation des cations métalliques. Dans ce contexte, l’association de polyoxotungstates trivacants vis-à-vis d’actinides tétravalents et hexavalents (thorium(IV), uranium(IV et VI)) et de lanthanides considérés comme simulants d’actinides mineurs a été investiguée. Les études ont concerné la réactivité des précurseurs trivacants de type {SiW9O34}, {AsIIIW9O33}, {AsVW9O34} et {PW9O34} avec les éléments 4f (Ce(IV) et 5f (Th(IV), U(VI)), qui ont donné lieu à la complexation de clusters hexanucléaires {Ce6O8} ou de systèmes polyanioniques incorporant jusqu’à 12 centres actinides Th(IV) ou U(VI). Les espèces de type cryptant {As4W40O140} et {P8W48O184} ont permis d’encapsuler respectivement jusqu’à 4 cations uranium(IV) ou 7,2 cations uranyles par molécules. Le troisième cryptant testé {Na2Sb8W36O132(H2O)4} n’a pas permis la complexation d’actinides. Il se réorganise néanmoins, en formant une entité polyanionique contenant les espèces {SbW10O37} et {SbW8O31} lors de la réaction avec les lanthanides trivalents (Gd --> Lu). Au total, 23 composés cristallisés ont été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal. Les différents assemblages moléculaires ont fait l’objet de caractérisations physico-chimiques (IR, ATG). Leurs stabilités, notamment en solution aqueuse, ont été mises en évidence par la diffusion des rayons X (SAXS). / The research of molecules for the extraction and stabilization of actinides is a key topic in the field of chemistry related to the reprocessing of spent fuels in the nuclear industry. Among the chemical species, vacant polyoxometalates, owing to their modular structural properties and high nucleophilia, are good candidates for the complexation of metal cations. In this context, the association of trivacant polyoxotungstates with tetravalent and hexavalent actinides (thorium(IV), uranium(IV and VI)) and lanthanides considered as minor actinide simulants was investigated. The studies concerned the reactivity of trivacant precursors {SiW9O34}, {AsIIIW9O33}, {AsVW9O34} and {PW9O34} with 4f elements (Ce(IV)) and 5f (Th(IV), (U(VI)), which resulted in the complexation of hexanuclear clusters {Ce6O8} or polyanionic systems incorporating up to 12 actinides Th(IV) or U(VI) centers. Cryptand species {As4W40O140} and {P8W48O184} have encapsulated up to 4 uranium(IV) cations or 7.2 uranyl cations per molecule respectively. The third cryptant tested {Na2Sb8W36O132(H2O)4} did not allow actinide complexation. It nevertheless reorganizes, forming a polyanionic entity containing the species {SbW10O37} and {SbW8O31} during the reaction with trivalent lanthanides (Gd --> Lu). A total of 23 crystallized compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The various molecular assemblies have been subjected to physico-chemical characterizations (IR, TGA). Their stability, particularly in aqueous solution, has been demonstrated by X-ray scattering (SAXS).

Le processus de maturation et de dégradation des ARNm chez les bactéries implique différentes ribonucléases (RNases). Une endoribonucléase a été découverte en 2009 chez Bacillus subtilis appelée RNase Y. Cette RNase joue un rôle central en catalysant la réaction de clivage initiatrice, un clivage endonucléolytique. Les fragments d'ARN issus du clivage par la RNase Y deviennent alors plus sensibles à la dégradation, en 5' et 3', par les exonucléases. En combinant ces différentes techniques, il s'est avéré que la RNase Y semble s'organiser sous forme d'un oligomère ayant une forme en anneau. Cet oligomère est homogène en microscopie, globulaire et structuré en SAXS. Le domaine ID lui n'est pas complètement déstructuré comme le révèle son analyse en SAXS. Il contient des éléments de structure secondaire de type hélice α et ne possède pas de structure tertiaire, comme le concluent respectivement les analyses en CD et RMN. L'analyse en SAXS de la forme dimérique de la RNase Y révèle que le dimère est structuré mais qu'il possède une forme allongée. Les tests d'activité in vitro sur la forme dimérique et oligomérique montre que ces deux formes sont activent. Les images collectées en cryo-microscopie nous permettrons d'obtenir une structure de meilleure résolution de l'oligomère, qui semble être constitué de 8 dimères de RNase Y. / Messenger RNA decay and processing in bacteria involve a set of various ribonucleases (RNases). In Bacillus subtilis, a newly discovered endoribonuclease called RNase Y was shown to play a central role in mRNA decay by catalyzing the initial endonucleolytic cleavage reaction. Its action releases several RNA pieces that are more sensitive to degradation by exoribonucleases. By combination of these different approaches, it was found that RNase Y seems to be organized in a oligomeric form with a ring shape. This oligomer is homogenous in microscopy, globular and structured in SAXS. The intrinsically disordered domain is not completely disordered as we can conclude with the SAXS analysis. It contains some secondary structural elements (α helix) but it has no tertiary structure as we can conclude with CD and NMR analysis respectively. SAXS analysis of the RNase Y dimeric form show that this dimeric form is structured but have a very elongated shape. In vitro activity tests on both oligomeric and dimeric form reveal that these two forms are active. Oligomer cryomicroscopy pictures collected will allow us to get a structure with a better resolution. At the moment, this oligomer seems to be composed by eight RNase Y dimer.

The Ca2+ -signaling pathway is an important mechanism of cell signaling. Ca2+ /Cal- modulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are members of Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMKs are regulated by Ca2+ /CaM binding in response to increase in intracellular level of Ca2+ . An important member of this protein family is Ca2+ /CaM- dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK), which is an upstream activator of CaMKI and CaMKIV. There are two isoforms of CaMKK, CaMKK1 and CaMKK2. CaMKK1 is regulated not only by Ca2+ /CaM-binding, but also by phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylation induces inter- action with the 14-3-3 proteins. Previous studies of interaction between CaMKK1 and 14-3-3 proteins suggested, that the interaction with 14-3-3 proteins keeps CaMKK1 in the PKA-induced inhibited state and blocks its active site. However, the exact mecha- nism of this inhibition is still unclear mainly due to the absence of structural data. Main aim of this diploma thesis was to characterize the protein complexes between CaMKK1, Ca2+ /CaM and 14-3-3γ using analytical ultracentrifugation, small angle X-ray scattering, and chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed concentration-dependent dimerization of CaMKK1, which is...