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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Synthèse sélective de N-hétérocycles carbonylés par multi-catalyse homogène et hétérogène / Selective synthesis of carbonylated N-heterocycles by homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-catalysis

Genelot, Marie 05 January 2011 (has links)
La synthèse tout-en-un de 4-quinolones et d'indoxyles a été réalisée par couplage de Sonogashira carbonylant suivi d'une cyclisation. Une étude en catalyse homogène a révélé que les catalyseurs présents contrôlaient la sélectivité vers l'un ou l'autre des composés. Si la première étape est pallado-catalysée, l'étape de cyclisation est catalysée par des nucléophiles organiques. Ainsi, des 4-quinolones ont été préparées par multi-catalyse {[Pd]+amine} et des indoxyles par catalyse tandem {[Pd]/phosphine}. Les systèmes catalytiques ont été hétérogénéisés par fonctionnalisation de silices mésoporeuses de type SBA. Deux stratégies ont été utilisées pour contrôler la localisation de la fonctionnalité. Différents complexes de Pd ont été intégrés dans les pores du matériau par greffage post-synthétique ou dans les murs par synthèse directe. Plusieurs amines et une phosphine ont été immobilisées par greffage post-synthétique donnant ainsi des catalyseurs nucléophiles fonctionnalisés dans leurs pores. Les activités catalytiques de ces matériaux ont été évaluées dans la synthèse de la 2-phényl-4-quinolone et du 2-benzylidène-indoxyle. La première a été préparée dans de bons rendements et le système {[Pd]@SBA+amine@SBA} est recyclable sur 3 cycles. Tous les matériaux ont montré une lixiviation du Pd mais leur utilisation permet de diminuer la contamination en Pd du produit final comparé à un complexe homogène. L'indoxyle a été obtenu avec un système semi-hétérogène {[Pd]@SBA/PPh3}, l'utilisation de la phosphine greffée conduisant à la transformation de l'indoxyle vers le 2-benzylindole. La formation d'α-céto-amides en catalyse hétérogène via double carbonylation a aussi été étudiée / The one-pot selective synthesis of 4-quinolones and indoxyls was achieved through a carbonylative Sonogashira coupling followed by cyclization. A study in homogeneous catalysis revealed that the nature of catalysts in presence controlled the selectivity toward each compounds. Whereas the first coupling step is palladium catalyzed, the cyclizations require organic nucleophilic species. Thus, 4-quinolones were obtained by one-pot multi-catalysis {[Pd]+amine} and indoxyls by one-pot tandem catalysis {[Pd]/phosphine}. The catalytic systems were heterogenized by functionalizing mesostructured SBA silicas. Two strategies were employed aiming at a control of the localization of the functionality. Different Pd complexes were integrated in the pores of the material by post-synthesis grafting or incorporated into the walls via direct synthesis. Different amines and a phosphine were immobilized by post-synthesis grafting affording hybrid materials containing amine or phosphine catalysts in their pores. Catalytic activities of those materials were evaluated in the reaction affording 2-phenyl-4-quinolone and 2-benzylidene-indoxyl. The former was obtained in good yields and the heterogeneous catalytic system {[Pd]@SBA+amine@SBA} was recyclable over 3 runs. All hybrid materials showed Pd leaching but their uses still enables to decrease the Pd contamination of the final product compared to homogeneous complexes. The indoxyle compound was obtained in a semi-heterogeneous system {[Pd]@SBA/PPh3}, the use of the grafted phosphine providing transformation of the indoxyle toward 2-benzylindole. Formation of α-keto-amids by heterogeneously catalyzed double carbonylation was also studied
92

Synthèse et caractérisation de catalyseurs monométalliques et bimétalliques à base de métaux de transition pour les réactions d'hydrogénation chimiosélective / Synthesis and characterization of monometallic and bimetallic catalysts based on transition metals for chemoselective hydrogenation reactions

Ciotonea, Carmen 01 July 2015 (has links)
La préparation de matériaux catalytiques, à base de métaux de transition (Ni, Co, Cu) supportés sur des supports à porosité organisée, performants pour la réaction d’hydrogénation chimiosélective du cinnamaldéhyde, a été étudiée. L’étude peut être divisée en deux parties distinctes, selon la nature du support, silicique ou aluminique. La première partie traite de la dispersion de métaux de transition sur des supports de type SBA-15.Dans le premier chapitre est présentée la préparation des catalyseurs par la méthode IWI-MD (Incipient Wetness Impregnation – Mild Drying). Plusieurs études, afin de valider l’efficacité de cette méthode, ont été menées : (i) influence de la texture du support, (ii) influence de la température et du temps de séchage; (iii) influence de la teneur en métal. Le deuxième chapitre rapporte l’étude de la préparation par la voie de déposition par précipitation. L’étude de la méthode d’infiltration des sels fondus, dite de Melt Infiltration (MI), optimisée afin d’assurer une infiltration complète du précurseur dans la porosité du support préalablement à la formation de la phase oxyde, est présentée dans le Chapitre 3. Finalement, le dernier chapitre du document traite de la dispersion sur des supports aluminiques mésoporeux ordonnés (AMO). Les matériaux catalytiques ont été préparés sur des supports AMO, obtenus par la voie d’auto-assemblage induit par évaporation (AAIE). Les paramètres étudiés sont : (i) l’effet de la texture du support, à partir d’alumines de différentes tailles de pores et (ii) l’effet du mode de déposition des métaux (par IWI-MD, MI ou TS). / The development of efficient transition metal based catalysts for the chemoselective hydrogenation reaction of cinnamaldehyde is studied. The active phases, studied in this work, are among the transition metals (Ni, Co and Cu), supported on porous ordered materials. This study can be divided in two different sections, according to the support nature. The first part concerns the dispersion of transition metals on SBA-15 type silica support. In the first chapter is presented the transition metal dispersion (Ni, Co and Cu) using IWI-MD (Incipient Wetness Impregnation –Mild Drying) method. Studies performed, to optimize active phase dispersion, are: (i) influence of support texture, (ii) influence of drying temperature, (iii) influence of drying time, (iv) influence of metal loading. In the second chapter, Ni, Co and Cu catalytic materials are prepared using deposition precipitation method. In the third chapter is described the transition metal dispersion using melt infiltration method (MI), optimized to ensure a complete infiltration of metallic precursors in the support porosity before oxide phase formation. The second section of the Ph.D. is related to the dispersion of transition metal over ordered mesoporous alumina (AMO) supports. Catalytic materials, based on Ni and Cu over AMO (obtained by EISA process - Evaporation Induced by Self-Assembly), are produced. Parameters studied are: effect of support texture, effect of preparation route (IWI-MD, MI and TS).
93

Hybrid mesoporous materials for the oxidative depolymerization of lignin into valuable molecules / Matériaux hybrides mésoporeux pour la dépolymérisation oxydante de la lignine en molécules à haute valeur ajoutée

Nunes, Andreia 08 February 2016 (has links)
La lignine est un des polymères naturels les plus abondants et le seul constituant de la biomasse basé sur des unités aromatiques et, à ce titre, représente une ressource renouvelable prometteuse pour la production durable de molécules organiques plus complexes. Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur le développement de matériaux catalytiques capables de transformer sélectivement la lignine en molécules fonctionnelles de base, hautement oxygénées, et l'étude de leur mise en oeuvre en condition alcaline oxydante en utilisant le peroxyde d'hydrogène comme donneur d'oxygène. Différentes familles de matériaux hybrides de type SBA-15 à base de titane, Au/titane, Ag/titane et Fe(TAML) ont tout d'abord été synthétisées et entièrement caractérisées. Des études catalytiques comparatives ont ensuite été réalisées afin d'évaluer leurs performances en termes de degré de dépolymérisation et distribution de produits. Le catalyseur présentant le plus fort potentiel, le matériau TiO2 supporté sur SBA-15, a ensuite été soumis à des études de réactivité plus poussées afin d'optimiser les différents paramètres réactionnels (température, temps de réaction et quantité d'oxydant) permettant d'atteindre en présence d'un excès d'oxydant jusqu'à 90 %pds de conversion de la lignine et à 80°C un rendement en bio-huile de 50%pds constituée principalement d'acides carboxyliques et molécules aromatiques potentiellement valorisables / Lignin is one of the most abundant natural polymers and the only biomass constituent based on aromatic units and as such represents a promising renewable resource for the sustainable production of complex organic molecules. This dissertation reports on the development of catalytic materials capable of selectively transform lignin into basic functional molecules with high oxygen content and the study of their performance under alkaline oxidative conditions, using hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donner. Different families of hybrid materials based on the SBA-15 scaffold were first synthesized by incorporation of titanium, Au/titanium, Ag/titanium and Fe-TAML and completely characterized. Comparative catalytic studies were then accomplished in order to evaluate their performance in terms of degree of depolymerization and product distribution. The catalyst with the highest potential, the TiO2 based SBA-15 material, was then submitted to further reactivity studies in order to optimize the different reaction parameters (temperature, reaction time and quantity of oxidant). In the presence of an excess of oxidant, conversions up to 90 wt. % were obtained, whereas a temperature of 80 °C allowed to obtain a yield in bio-oil of 50 wt. %, which is mainly composed of carboxylic acids and aromatic molecules with potential to be further valorized
94

Obtenção de filme adsorvente de celulose/SBA-15 para limpeza de superfícies policromadas em obras de arte / Achievement of cellulose/SBA-15 adsorbent film for cleaning polychrome surfaces in works of art

Rizzo, Marcia de Mathias 11 June 2015 (has links)
O verniz acrílico Paraloid B72TM é um termoplástico que atua como um bom adesivo formando filmes claros. Tem sido usado em conservação e restauração de bens culturais desde os anos 50. Por apresentar Tg próximo a 40°C, no Brasil, algumas substâncias podem ficar adsorvidas à superfície de camadas pictóricas envernizadas. Nesse caso, a limpeza tradicional (palito com algodão e solventes) pode acarretar danos (penetração do solvente, abrasão, etc.) à obra de arte. A limpeza por métodos aquosos (géis e emulsões) pode deixar resíduos que interagem com os materiais originais. Por outro lado, a utilização de nano-géis magnéticos é bastante restrita e de difícil acesso. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de filmes adsorventes de celulose/SBA-15 para retirada do verniz Paraloid B72TM, onde se fizer necessário. Esses filmes foram empregados sobre miméticos (pinturas originais de diferentes técnicas e obras confeccionadas para estudo envernizadas com Paraloid B72TM) para verificação de sua eficácia. As matérias primas, os miméticos e os filmes adsorventes, antes e após a aplicação, foram caracterizadas por técnicas físico-química e analíticas [análise térmica (TG/DTG e DTA); espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR); microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET); espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X (XRF), microscopia digital de superfície e estereoscopia]. A microscopia digital de superfície e a estereoscopia foram usadas para inspeção do micro morfologia da superfície e possibilitaram identificar a presença de partículas adsorvidas na superfície das obras. A MEV, a MET permitiram observar a micromorfologia das superfícies e a FTIR caracterizar as matérias primas e os filmes adsorventes. O comportamento térmico das matérias primas e dos filmes adsorventes, antes e após a aplicação, foi avaliado por TG/DTG e DTA. A avaliação dos miméticos e dos filmes de adsorção, antes e depois da aplicação, por XRF evidenciou que não houve danos aos miméticos. O filme de celulose/SBA-15 como adsorvedor da resina acrílica na limpeza de superfícies policromadas em obras de arte, por meio de um solvente, se mostrou eficaz. Esse método é alternativo e não pretende substituir qualquer outro já existente. Visto que, em restauração de obras de arte cada caso é especifico e nada substitui o conhecimento, discernimento e destreza do restaurador. / The acrylic varnish Paraloid B72TM is a thermoplastic, which acts as an adhesive forming clear films. It has been used in conservation and restoration of cultural property since the 50ths. By presenting Tg near 40°C, some substances can become adsorbed on the surface of varnished paintng layers, for example in Brazil. In this case, the traditional cleaning (stick with cotton and solvents) can cause damage (penetration of the solvent, abrasion,...) to the artwork. The cleaning of aqueous methods (gels and emulsions) can leave residues that interact with the original materials. Already, the use of magnetic nano-gels is restricted and difficult to access. This paper aims at developing cellulose/SBA-15 adsorbent films for withdrawal of Paraloid B72TM varnish, where it becomes necessary. These films were employed on mimetic (original paintings of different techniques and works made for study varnished with Paraloid B72TM) to verify its effectiveness. The raw materials, adsorbents and mimetic films before and after application were characterized by physico-chemical and analytical techniques [thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DTA); infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); transmited electron microscopy (TEM); fluorescent X-ray spectroscopy (XRF), digital microscopy and surface stereoscopic]. The digital microscopy and surface stereoscopy were used to inspect the surface micro morphology and it was possible to identify the presence of particles adsorbed on the surface of the artwork. The SEM, the TEM showed the micro morphology of the surfaces and FTIR characterized the raw materials and adsorbents films. The thermal behavior of materials and adsorbents films before and after application was evaluated by TG/DTG and DTA. Assessment of adsorption and mimetics films before and after application by XRF showed that there was no damage to the mimetic. The cellulose/SBA-15 film as adsorbent in the acrylic resin in polychrome surface cleaning artwork by means of a solvent, is effective. This method is alternative and not intended to replace any existing one. Since, in restoration of works of art each case is specific and nothing replaces the knowledge, insight and conservator dexterity.
95

Avaliação do uso de sílica e resina funcionalizadas na modificação de eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite para determinação de íons metálicos / Evaluation of functionalized silica and resin in the modification of composite electrodes based on graphite for determination of metal ions

Véras, Antonio Onias Mesquita 11 September 2015 (has links)
Dois modificadores de eletrodos, sílica SBA-15 e resina poliestireno, ambos funcionalizados, foram usados na modificação de eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite. A sílica SBA-15 foi sintetizada e, posteriormente, organofuncionalizado pela rota heterogênea utilizando 5-amino-1,3,4-tiadiazol-2-tiol como modificador. O material obtido foi caracterizado por termogravimetria, ressonância magnética nuclear 13C, espectroscopia Raman e espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo. Os eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados com esse material (CPE-SiATT) foram utilizados com êxito no desenvolvimento de um método eletroanalítico para determinação de mercúrio (Hg2+) utilizando voltametria de redissolução anódica de pulso diferencial (DPASV). Após otimização dos parâmetros experimentais a curva analítica apresentou resposta linear no intervalo de 0,5 a 10,0 µmol L-1 com limite de detecção (LOD) de 367 nmol L-1. O método desenvolvido foi empregado na determinação de Hg2+ em revestimento interno de lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas e tubulares. Na comparação com espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite, os resultados concordaram ao nível de confiança de 95% conforme análise estatística usando o teste F e teste t de Student. Também foi desenvolvido um eletrodo de grafite-poliuretana modificado com a resina quelante QuadraPure®MPA (EGPU-QMPA). Esse dispositivo foi empregado no desenvolvimento de um método eletroanalítico para determinação sequencial de Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ em meio aquoso (mineral, rio e abastecimento urbano) baseado na redissolução anódica desses metais. Após otimização de parâmetros experimentais como composição do eletrodo, velocidade de varredura e potencial de acumulação, as curvas analíticas apresentaram intervalos lineares de 140 a 480 nmol L-1 (Cd2+), 98 a 290 nmol L-1 (Pb2+), 50 a 220 nmol L-1 (Cu2+) e 50 a 290 nmol L-1 (Hg) e os LOD obtidos foram 140,0; 11,96; 19,44 e 21,37 nmol L-1, respectivamente. O método desenvolvido foi aplicado na determinação desses quatro íons nas amostras de água citadas, sendo os resultados encontrados concordantes aos obtidos com a técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica (FAAS). O etanol combustível foi escolhido para avaliar o desempenho desse mesmo eletrodo em meio não aquoso. Foi desenvolvido um método eletroanalítico para determinação sequencial de Zn2+, Pb2+ e Cu2+ utilizando DPASV. Após otimização dos parâmetros, foram escolhidos LiCl 0,1 mol L-1, como eletrólito suporte, [H+] = 1,0 x 10-3 mol L-1, ν= 20 mV s-1 com 5 minutos de acumulação em -1400 mV (νs. SCE). As curvas analíticas apresentaram intervalos lineares de 1,0 a 7,0 µmol L-1 para Zn2+, 0,12 a 0,78 µmol L-1 para Pb2+ e 0,57 a 3,6 µmol L-1 para Cu2+ com limites de detecção de 2,21 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Zn2+), 26,3 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 68,6 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Cu2+). O método desenvolvido foi aplicado em amostras de etanol combustível obtidos de três estabelecimentos diferentes e os resultados concordaram com os obtidos por FAAS ao nível de confiança de 95% quando confrontados estatisticamente pelos testes F e t de Student. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalham mostraram que os CPE-SiATT podem ser empregados na com êxito determinação de Hg2+ em amostras ambientais. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho mostraram que os dispositivos desenvolvidos podem ser aplicados na determinação de alguns metais tóxicos atendendo os limites impostos pela legislação vigente. Além disso, disso o uso da resina funcionalizada foi um grande avanço no sentido de economia de tempo e estrutura de laboratório já que é obtida comercialmente e pronta para uso. / Two electrode modifiers, SBA-15 silica and polysterene resin, both functionalized had been used in the modification of graphite-based composite electrodes used in the determination of metallic ions in fluorescent lamps powder, waters and ethanol fuel. SBA-15 silica was synthesized and organofunctionalized with 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-tiol and introduced in a carbon paste. The resulting device was used in the determination of mercury in fluorescent lamps internal coating, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 367 nmol L-1, after 3 minutes pre-concentration time at -300 mV (νs. SCE). In the used samples the recovery was of 102% in average. Compared to graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS) the results agreed within 95% confidence interval according to the t and F tests. Other composite electrode made with graphite and polyurethane was modified with the QuadraPure®MPA scavenging resin. In aqueous media such device was used in the determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ in three water samples: mineral, tap and river. After optimizing experimental parameters such as electrode composition, scan rate (ν) and accumulation potential (Eac), as respectively 2.5% (m/m) modifier, 15 mV s-1 and -1000 V, in 0.10 mol L-1 KNO3 pH= 3.0 electrolyte, LOD = 140,0, 11.96, 19.44 and 21.37 nmol L-1, respectively for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ ions. The same electrode was evaluated regarding its performance in the determination of Zn2+, Pb2+ e Cu2+ in an hydro-alcoholic medium represented by ethanol fuel, using LiCl as supporting electrolyte with hydrogenionic concentration of 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1, ν = 20mV s-1, Eacc = 5 minutes, at -1400 mV (νs. SCE). Under such conditions LOD = 2.21 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Zn2+), 26.3 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 68.6 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Cu2+) were reached, with recoveries ranging from 96.8 to 100% (Zn2+), 94.3 to 101% ( Pb2+) and 94.4 to 109% (Cu2+). These results suggest that the electrodes are promising devices to be used in those samples, regarded the use of the standard addition procedure can avoid interferences from the species also present in the matrix.
96

Obten??o de diesel verde por craqueamento termocatal?tico de ?leo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) sobre materiais nanoestruturados do tipo LaSBA-15 / Obten??o de diesel verde por craqueamento termocatal?tico de ?leo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) sobre materiais nanoestruturados do tipo LaSBA-15

Luz Junior, Geraldo Eduardo da 26 April 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Eduardo da Luz Junior_TESE.pdf: 1318067 bytes, checksum: bc521809cc7c08b9ef99f31a1034f3a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-26 / In order to obtain a biofuel similar to mineral diesel, lanthanum-incorporated SBA- 15 nanostructured materials, LaSBA-15(pH), with different Si/La molar ratios (75, 50, 25), were synthesized in a two-steps hydrothermal procedure, with pH-adjusting of the synthesis gel at 6, and were used like catalytic solids in the buriti oil thermal catalytic cracking. These solids were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen porosimetry and ethanol dehydration, aiming to active sites identify. Taken together, the analyses indicated that the synthesis method has employed to obtain materials highly ordered mesostructures with large average pore sizes and high surface area, besides suggested that the lanthanum was incorporated in the SBA-15 both into the framework as well as within the mesopores. Catalytic dehydration of ethanol over the LaSBA-15(pH) products has shown that they have weak Lewis acid and basic functionalities, indicative of the presence of lanthanum oxide in these samples, especially on the La75SBA-15(pH) sample, which has presented the highest selectivity to ethylene. The buriti oil thermal and thermal catalytic cracking, realized from the room temperature to 450 ?C in a simple distillation system, has allowed obtaining two liquid fractions, each consisting of two phases, one aqueous and another organic, organic liquid (OL). The OL obtained from first fractions has shown high acid index, even in the thermal catalytic process. One the other hand, OL coming from second ones, called green diesel (GD), have presented low acid index, particularly that one obtained from the thermal catalytic process realized over LaSBA-15(pH) samples. The acid sites presence in these samples, associated to their large average pore sizes and high surface areas, have allowed them, especially the La75SBA-15(pH), to present deoxygenating activity in the buriti oil thermal catalytic cracking, providing an oxygenates content reduction, particularly carboxylic acids, in the GD. Furthermore, the GD comes from the second liquid fraction obtained in the buriti oil thermal catalytic cracking over this latest solid sample has shown hydrocarbons composition and physic-chemical properties similar to that mineral diesel, beyond sulfur content low / Com o objetivo de obter um biocombust?vel semelhante ao diesel mineral, materiais nano-estruturados do tipo SBA-15 com lant?nio incorporado, LaSBA-15(pH), com raz?es molares Si/La = 75, 50 e 25, foram sintetizados em dois est?gios, com ajuste do pH do gel de s?ntese a 6, e utilizados como s?lidos catal?ticos no craqueamento termocatal?tico de ?leo de buriti. As amostras s?lidas foram caracterizadas por fluoresc?ncia de raios-X (FRX), difra??o de raios-X (DRX), an?lise termogravim?trica (TG/DTG), espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho (FTIR), adsor??o-dessor??o de nitrog?nio e desidrata??o de etanol, para identifica??o dos s?tios ativos. Os resultados destas caracteriza??es indicaram que o m?todo de s?ntese empregado proporcionou a obten??o de materiais mesoestruturados altamente ordenados com grande di?metro m?dio de poros e elevada ?rea superficial, al?m de sugerir que o lant?nio foi incorporado na SBA-15 tanto no interior das paredes, quanto dentro dos mesoporos. A desidrata??o catal?tica de etanol sobre os s?lidos LaSBA-15(pH) mostrou que eles apresentam s?tios ?cidos e b?sicos de Lewis, indicativo da presen?a de ?xido de lant?nio nestes, especialmente na amostra La75SBA-15(pH), que apresentou a maior seletividade para etileno. Os craqueamentos t?rmico e termocatal?ticos do ?leo de buriti, realizados da temperatura ambiente a 450 ?C em um sistema de destila??o simples, possibilitaram a obten??o de duas fra??es l?quidas, compostas por duas fases, uma aquosa e outra org?nica, l?quido org?nico (LO). O LO obtido a partir das primeiras fra??es apresentou ?ndice de acidez muito elevado, at? mesmo nos processos termocatal?ticos. Por outro lado, o LO oriundo das segundas fra??es, denominado de diesel verde (DV), apresentou baixo ?ndice de acidez, particularmente aquele obtido nos processos realizados sobre as amostras LaSBA-15(pH). Os s?tios ?cidos presentes nestas amostras, associados aos seus grandes di?metros m?dios de poros e ?s elevadas ?reas superficiais, permitiram que elas, especialmente a La75SBA-15(pH), apresentassem atividade desoxigenante no craqueamento temocatal?tico do ?leo de buriti, ocasionando uma diminui??o da concentra??o de oxigenados no DV, particularmente ?cidos carbox?licos. Al?m disso, o DV obtido sobre esta ?ltima amostra s?lida apresentou composi??o de hidrocarbonetos e propriedades f?sico-qu?micas semelhantes ?s do diesel mineral, al?m de um baixo teor de enxofre
97

Degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica do res?duo atmosf?rico de petr?leo (RAT), utilizando materiais nanoestruturados do tipo SBA-15

Castro, Kesia Kelly Vieira de 17 April 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KesiaKVC_TESE.pdf: 1888403 bytes, checksum: 628d99fa0e77dc19c5054fa5d201217e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-17 / In this work were synthesized and characterized the materials mesoporous SBA-15 and Al- SBA-15, Si / Al = 25, 50 and 75, discovered by researchers at the University of California- Santa Barbara, USA, with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 30 nm and wall thickness from 3.1 to 6.4 nm, making these promising materials in the field of catalysis, particularly for petroleum refining (catalytic cracking), as their mesopores facilitate access of the molecules constituting the oil to active sites, thereby increasing the production of hydrocarbons in the range of light and medium. To verify that the materials used as catalysts were successfully synthesized, they were characterized using techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). Aiming to check the catalytic activity thereof, a sample of atmospheric residue oil (ATR) from the pole Guamar?-RN was performed the process by means of thermogravimetry and thermal degradation of catalytic residue. Upon the curves, it was observed a reduction in the onset temperature of the decomposition process of catalytic ATR. For the kinetic model proposed by Flynn-Wall yielded some parameters to determine the apparent activation energy of decomposition, being shown the efficiency of mesoporous materials, since there was a decrease in the activation energy for the reactions using catalysts. The ATR was also subjected to pyrolysis process using a pyrolyzer with gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Through the chromatograms obtained, there was an increase in the yield of the compounds in the range of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis, with emphasis on Al-SBA-15 (Si / Al = 25), which showed a percentage higher than the other catalysts. These results are due to the fact that the synthesized materials exhibit specific properties for application in the process of pyrolysis of complex molecules and high molecular weight as constituents of the ATR / No presente trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados os materiais mesoporosos SBA-15 e Al-SBA-15, Si/Al= 25, 50 e 75, descobertos por pesquisadores da Universidade da Calif?rnia- Santa B?rbara- EUA, tendo di?metro de poros variando entre 2 a 30 nm e espessura das paredes de 3,1 - 6,4 nm, tornando estes materiais promissores na ?rea da cat?lise, especificamente para o refino do petr?leo (craqueamento catal?tico), j? que seus mesoporos facilitam o acesso das mol?culas constituintes do petr?leo aos s?tios ativos, aumentando assim a produ??o de produtos na faixa dos hidrocarbonetos leves e m?dios. Para verificar se os materiais utilizados como catalisadores haviam sido sintetizados com sucesso, os mesmos foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e adsor??o de nitrog?nio (BET). Com o intuito de verificar a atividade catal?tica dos mesmos, utilizou-se uma amostra de Res?duo Atmosf?rico de petr?leo (RAT), proveniente do P?lo de Guamar?- RN, realizando-se atrav?s da termogravimetria o processo de degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica do res?duo. Mediante as curvas obtidas, observou-se uma redu??o na temperatura de in?cio do processo de decomposi??o catal?tica do RAT. Pelo modelo cin?tico proposto por Flynn- Wall obtiveram-se alguns par?metros para determina??o da energia de ativa??o aparente das decomposi??es, ficando evidenciada a efici?ncia dos materiais mesoporosos, j? que houve uma diminui??o da energia de ativa??o para as rea??es utilizando os catalisadores. O RAT tamb?m foi submetido ao processo de pir?lise utilizando-se um pirolisador com cromatografia gasosa, acoplado a um espectr?metro de massa. Mediante os cromatogramas obtidos, observou-se um aumento no rendimento dos compostos na faixa da gasolina e diesel oriundos da pir?lise catal?tica, com ?nfase para o Al-SBA-15 (Si/Al= 25), que apresentou um percentual superior aos demais catalisadores. Esses resultados se devem ao fato dos materiais sintetizados exibirem propriedades espec?ficas, para aplica??o no processo de pir?lise de mol?culas complexas e com alto peso molecular, como os constituintes do RAT
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Avaliação do uso de sílica e resina funcionalizadas na modificação de eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite para determinação de íons metálicos / Evaluation of functionalized silica and resin in the modification of composite electrodes based on graphite for determination of metal ions

Antonio Onias Mesquita Véras 11 September 2015 (has links)
Dois modificadores de eletrodos, sílica SBA-15 e resina poliestireno, ambos funcionalizados, foram usados na modificação de eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite. A sílica SBA-15 foi sintetizada e, posteriormente, organofuncionalizado pela rota heterogênea utilizando 5-amino-1,3,4-tiadiazol-2-tiol como modificador. O material obtido foi caracterizado por termogravimetria, ressonância magnética nuclear 13C, espectroscopia Raman e espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo. Os eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados com esse material (CPE-SiATT) foram utilizados com êxito no desenvolvimento de um método eletroanalítico para determinação de mercúrio (Hg2+) utilizando voltametria de redissolução anódica de pulso diferencial (DPASV). Após otimização dos parâmetros experimentais a curva analítica apresentou resposta linear no intervalo de 0,5 a 10,0 µmol L-1 com limite de detecção (LOD) de 367 nmol L-1. O método desenvolvido foi empregado na determinação de Hg2+ em revestimento interno de lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas e tubulares. Na comparação com espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite, os resultados concordaram ao nível de confiança de 95% conforme análise estatística usando o teste F e teste t de Student. Também foi desenvolvido um eletrodo de grafite-poliuretana modificado com a resina quelante QuadraPure®MPA (EGPU-QMPA). Esse dispositivo foi empregado no desenvolvimento de um método eletroanalítico para determinação sequencial de Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ em meio aquoso (mineral, rio e abastecimento urbano) baseado na redissolução anódica desses metais. Após otimização de parâmetros experimentais como composição do eletrodo, velocidade de varredura e potencial de acumulação, as curvas analíticas apresentaram intervalos lineares de 140 a 480 nmol L-1 (Cd2+), 98 a 290 nmol L-1 (Pb2+), 50 a 220 nmol L-1 (Cu2+) e 50 a 290 nmol L-1 (Hg) e os LOD obtidos foram 140,0; 11,96; 19,44 e 21,37 nmol L-1, respectivamente. O método desenvolvido foi aplicado na determinação desses quatro íons nas amostras de água citadas, sendo os resultados encontrados concordantes aos obtidos com a técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica (FAAS). O etanol combustível foi escolhido para avaliar o desempenho desse mesmo eletrodo em meio não aquoso. Foi desenvolvido um método eletroanalítico para determinação sequencial de Zn2+, Pb2+ e Cu2+ utilizando DPASV. Após otimização dos parâmetros, foram escolhidos LiCl 0,1 mol L-1, como eletrólito suporte, [H+] = 1,0 x 10-3 mol L-1, ν= 20 mV s-1 com 5 minutos de acumulação em -1400 mV (νs. SCE). As curvas analíticas apresentaram intervalos lineares de 1,0 a 7,0 µmol L-1 para Zn2+, 0,12 a 0,78 µmol L-1 para Pb2+ e 0,57 a 3,6 µmol L-1 para Cu2+ com limites de detecção de 2,21 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Zn2+), 26,3 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 68,6 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Cu2+). O método desenvolvido foi aplicado em amostras de etanol combustível obtidos de três estabelecimentos diferentes e os resultados concordaram com os obtidos por FAAS ao nível de confiança de 95% quando confrontados estatisticamente pelos testes F e t de Student. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalham mostraram que os CPE-SiATT podem ser empregados na com êxito determinação de Hg2+ em amostras ambientais. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho mostraram que os dispositivos desenvolvidos podem ser aplicados na determinação de alguns metais tóxicos atendendo os limites impostos pela legislação vigente. Além disso, disso o uso da resina funcionalizada foi um grande avanço no sentido de economia de tempo e estrutura de laboratório já que é obtida comercialmente e pronta para uso. / Two electrode modifiers, SBA-15 silica and polysterene resin, both functionalized had been used in the modification of graphite-based composite electrodes used in the determination of metallic ions in fluorescent lamps powder, waters and ethanol fuel. SBA-15 silica was synthesized and organofunctionalized with 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-tiol and introduced in a carbon paste. The resulting device was used in the determination of mercury in fluorescent lamps internal coating, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 367 nmol L-1, after 3 minutes pre-concentration time at -300 mV (νs. SCE). In the used samples the recovery was of 102% in average. Compared to graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS) the results agreed within 95% confidence interval according to the t and F tests. Other composite electrode made with graphite and polyurethane was modified with the QuadraPure®MPA scavenging resin. In aqueous media such device was used in the determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ in three water samples: mineral, tap and river. After optimizing experimental parameters such as electrode composition, scan rate (ν) and accumulation potential (Eac), as respectively 2.5% (m/m) modifier, 15 mV s-1 and -1000 V, in 0.10 mol L-1 KNO3 pH= 3.0 electrolyte, LOD = 140,0, 11.96, 19.44 and 21.37 nmol L-1, respectively for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ ions. The same electrode was evaluated regarding its performance in the determination of Zn2+, Pb2+ e Cu2+ in an hydro-alcoholic medium represented by ethanol fuel, using LiCl as supporting electrolyte with hydrogenionic concentration of 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1, ν = 20mV s-1, Eacc = 5 minutes, at -1400 mV (νs. SCE). Under such conditions LOD = 2.21 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Zn2+), 26.3 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 68.6 x 10-9 mol L-1 (Cu2+) were reached, with recoveries ranging from 96.8 to 100% (Zn2+), 94.3 to 101% ( Pb2+) and 94.4 to 109% (Cu2+). These results suggest that the electrodes are promising devices to be used in those samples, regarded the use of the standard addition procedure can avoid interferences from the species also present in the matrix.
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Matériaux mésoporeux pour l'isolation thermique / Thermal insulating mesoporous materials

Belmoujahid, Yassine 23 April 2014 (has links)
Nous avons étudié la conductivité thermique de particules de silice mésoporeuse organisée de type SBA-15 de morphologie bâtonnet et présentant trois états d’agrégation : non agrégées (morphologie A), agrégées en macrostructures fibreuses homogènes en taille (morphologie B) et agrégées en macrostructures fibreuses hétérogènes en taille (morphologie C). Ces trois types de morphologie ont subi un traitement thermique post-synthèse à des températures variables allant de 150 °C jusqu’à 900 °C. Les mesures de conductivité thermique ont été effectuées sur ces trois morphologies. Il s’est avéré que la morphologie B est la plus isolante par rapport aux deux autres morphologies. De plus, le traitement thermique post-synthèse à 300 °C est optimal pour avoir des caractéristiques texturales très importantes, ainsi qu’une meilleure performance en isolation thermique (23 mW.m-1.K-1 pour la poudre, 30 mW.m-1.K-1 pour le monolithe). Dans le cas de la morphologie B, nous avons modifié l’interconnexion entre les mésopores cylindriques réguliers qui caractérisent la SBA-15; soit la présence ou non de microporosité, voire de mésoporosité, en variant la température de l’étape de synthèse dite de vieillissement de 36 à 130 °C. Il apparait que la température de vieillissement à 130 °C améliore la performance d’isolation thermique (22 mW.m-1.K-1). Des pastilles de la SBA-15 de morphologie B en été élaborées par ajout de liants de deux types : organique avec la carboxyméthylcellulose, et inorganique avec une silice colloïdale. En ajoutant ces deux types de liants, les propriétés mécaniques sont un peu améliorées, cependant la performance d’isolation thermique diminue notablement. / We have studied the thermal conductivity of rod-shaped particles of ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) SBA-15 type with three states of aggregation: non aggregated (morphology A), aggregated in fibrous macrostructures homogeneous in size (morphology B) and aggregated in fibrous macrostructures heterogeneous in size (morphology C). These three types of morphology were heat treated at temperatures from 150 °C to 900 °C. The thermal conductivity measurements were performed on these three morphologies in powder form or monoliths (assembly of particles or aggregates). It has been found that the morphology B is more insulating compared to the two other morphologies. In addition, the post-synthesis heat treatment at 300 °C is optimum for obtaining important textural characteristics (specific surface area and pore volume), and a better thermal insulation performance (23 mW.m-1 K-1. for the powder and 30 mW.m-1.K-1 for the monolith). For morphology B, we have changed the interconnection between regular cylindrical mesopores of SBA-15 by varying the synthesis temperature during the aging step from 36 to 130 °C. It appears that the aging temperature at 130 °C, where the connection between the cylindrical mesopores is realized by mesopores, improves the performance of thermal insulation (22 mW.m-1.K-1). Monoliths of OMS SBA-15 type with morphology B were prepared by adding two kinds of binders: organic with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and inorganic with a colloidal silica (Ludox AS40). By adding these two kinds of binders, the mechanical properties of the SBA-15 with morphology B are improved, but the thermal insulation performance decreases considerably.
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Avaliação dos catalisadores Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS e Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA na síntese de Fischer-Tropsch. / Evaluation of the Fe / Cu / K / SBA-15TEOS and Fe / Cu / K / SBA-15CCA catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

EDUARDO, Raphael da Silva. 30 April 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-30T16:52:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAPHAEL DA SILVA EDUARDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 2452018 bytes, checksum: 88b5f90f5371eb8c9bb004e2e69c6bd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-30T16:52:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAPHAEL DA SILVA EDUARDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 2452018 bytes, checksum: 88b5f90f5371eb8c9bb004e2e69c6bd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Capes / A síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, reação de polimerização de gás de síntese na presença de um catalisador, se apresenta como uma oportunidade sustentável de geração de combustíveis de alta qualidade. Diante da necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos materiais, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de catalisadores Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS e Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA na síntese de Fischer-Tropsch. Os catalisadores foram preparados utilizando peneiras moleculares do tipo SBA-15 como suporte, sintetizadas com diferentes fontes de sílica (tetraortosilicato-TEOS e cinzas da casca de arroz-CCA). Os metais foram impregnados por via úmida, utilizando sais como precursores metálicos. As peneiras moleculares SBA-15TEOS e SBA-15CCA foram caracterizadas por Difração de raios X (DRX), Espectrometria de raios x de Energia Dispersiva (EDX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Capacidade de Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio (BET). Os catalisadores Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS e Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA foram caracterizados por Difração de raios X (DRX), Espectrometria de raios x de Energia Dispersiva (EDX), Capacidade de Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio (BET) e Redução a Temperatura Programada (RTP). Pelos resultados obtidos, a peneira molecular SBA-15CCA se assemelhou à SBA-15TEOS, sendo caracterizadas como materiais mesoporosos de morfologia típica, porém com resultados distintos de área específica (490 m2/g para SBA-15TEOS e 112 m2/g para SBA-15CCA). Os catalisadores apresentaram composições de sílica, ferro, cobre e potássio nas proporções pré-definidas e boa dispersão sobre a peneira molecular, a qual manteve sua estrutura mesoporosa, porém com redução de área específica após impregnação (257,3 m2/g para Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS, 91,7 m2/g para Fe/Cu/K/SBA15CCA). Pelos resultados de RTP, foi possível verificar as faixas de temperatura de redução típicas das fases óxidas do ferro e a influência do cobre nesse processo. A avaliação catalítica na síntese de Fischer-Tropsch foi satisfatória na razão molar H2/CO de 1:1, convergindo a altas frações de hidrocarbonetos líquidos. O catalisador Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS proporcionou excelente conversão a hidrocarbonetos de frações mais pesadas C10+ (78,18%); o catalisador Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA apresentou moderada conversão a hidrocarbonetos líquidos C5+ (54,47%). / The Fischer-Tropsch polymerization reaction of synthesis gas in the presence of a catalyst, is presented as a sustainable opportunity to generate high quality fuels. Given the need for development of new materials, this work aims to evaluate the performance of catalysts Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS and Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The catalysts were prepared using molecular sieves type SBA-15 as support, synthesized with different silica sources (TEOS - tetraortosilicate and rice husk ash - CCA). The metals were impregnated wet method using metal salts as precursors. The molecular sieves SBA-15TEOS and SBA-15CCA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Spectrometry Energy Dispersive (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Physical Adsorption Capacity of Nitrogen (BET). The Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS and Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Spectrometry Energy Dispersive (EDX), Physical Adsorption Capacity of Nitrogen (BET) and Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR). From the results obtained, the molecular sieve SBA15CCA resembled the SBA-15TEOS, being characterized as mesoporous materials typical morphology, but with different results of specific area (490 m2/g for SBA15TEOS and 112 m2/g for SBA- 15CCA). The catalysts showed compositions of sílica, iron, potassium and copper in pre-defined and good dispersion of the molecular sieve, which retained its mesoporous structure proportions, but with reduced specific area after impregnation (257.3 m2/g for Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS 91.7 m2/g for Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA); By the TPR results, it was possible to check the temperature ranges typical reduction of iron oxides phases and the influence of copper in this process. The catalytic reviewed in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was satisfactory molar ratio H2/CO of 1:1, the converging high fractions of liquid hydrocarbons. The catalyst Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15TEOS provided excellent conversion to hydrocarbons heavier fractions C10+ (78.18%); Fe/Cu/K/SBA-15CCA catalyst showed moderate conversion to liquid hydrocarbons C5+ (54.47%).

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