Companies face new challenges almost every day. In order to stay competitive, it is important that companies strive for continuous development and improvement. By describing companies through their processes it is possible to get a clear overview of the entire operation, which can contribute, to a well-established overall understanding of the company. This is a case study based on Stort AB which is a small logistics company specialized in international transportation and logistics solutions. The purpose of this study is to perform value stream mapping in order to create a more efficient production process and propose possible improvements in order to reduce processing time. After performing value stream mapping, data envelopment analysis is used to calculate how lean Stort AB is today and how lean the company can become by implementing the proposed improvements. The results show that the production process can improve efficiency by minimizing waste produced by a bad workplace layout and over-processing. The authors suggested solution is to introduce standardized processes and invest in technical instruments in order to automate the process to reduce process time. According to data envelopment analysis the business is 41 percent lean at present and may soon become 55 percent lean and finally reach an optimum 100 percent lean mode if the process is automated. / Företag står idag inför ständigt nya utmaningar. För att behålla sin konkurrenskraft är det viktigt att företag ständigt utvecklas och förbättras. Att beskriva företag genom deras processer och kartlägga alla flöden som genomströmmar företaget så uppstår en tydlig överblick över hela verksamheten som bidrar till en bra helhetsförståelse av företaget. Denna studie baseras på en fallstudie hos Stort AB som är ett mindre logistikföretag med specialisering på internationella transporter och logistiklösningar. Syftet med studien är att utföra en värdeflödesanalys med mål att effektivisera pakethanteringen och föreslå möjliga förändringsalternativ hur Stort AB kan effektivisera den befintliga pakethanteringen med fokus på tidsreducering. Efter värdeflödesanalysen användes data envelopment analysis för att beräkna hur lean verksamheten är idag och hur lean verksamheten kan bli genom förbättringsförslagen. Resultaten visar att pakethanteringen kan effektiviseras genom att minimera slöseri i form av onödiga rörelser och överbearbetning, införa standardiserade processer och genom att investera i teknik för att automatisera processen. Enligt beräkningar är verksamheten 41 procent lean i nuläget och kan inom kort framtid bli 55 procent lean och slutligen nå ett optimalt 100 procentigt lean-läge om pakethanteringen automatiseras.

Video-on-Demand (VoD) is a service that allows people to request and view stored videos or movies of their choice directly online from a VoD service provider. The selected streaming videos are then delivered over the broadband Internet. The bursty nature of Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) compressed video (such as MPEG) poses some important issues for video delivery over high-speed networks due to its significant bit rate variation over multiple time scales. However, sufficient quality of service (QoS) mechanisms must be in place before it can be widely enabled and deployed over Internet. Conventionally a static bandwidth level close to the peak rate is reserved for a streaming video flow. Any static allocation of network resources for VBR video traffic would be difficult and inefficient considering the peak rate to be significantly higher than the average data rate. Since the traffic pattern over time is already known for pre-recorded videos, this issue is addressed by the Renegotiated Constant Bit Rate (RCBR) service which proposes QoS allocation over multiple time scales. Since this mechanism has been tested via simulations and analysis only we implemented it on a real test bed with a VoD server and clients to study its performance. We observed that under heavy bandwidth constraints the performance of RCBR is much better than traditional CBR in terms of packet loss rate. We also implement a new Adaptive Buffer Window mechanism and the concept of application level smoothing to increase the scalability of a VoD server. / Master of Science

For a long time ,the whole performance of the Taiwan¡¦s terminals that present both the passengers and the aircraft movements decline tendency.This research was from 2003 to 2007 the Taiwan¡¦s top 10 terminals as the object of study. The aim of study was providing the government and managers understood the implying of performance. This study based on Avkiran & Rowands (2008) Three-Stage SBM-DEA for the main methodology that excluded both external factor and statistic interference. And applied auxiliary by Malmquist index, carried on the performance measurement of the Taiwan¡¦s top 10 terminals with more detached and more impartial. According to the analysis it provided the government and managers to improve and work out a better future.

No description available.

Today it is important for production companies to create an overview of how the company is conducted to maintain its competitiveness. Mapping processes and material flows visualize production areas that create a direct value for the customer, while remaining areas or activities that do not add a direct value  should be minimized or eliminated. In order to identify material flows and non- value creation activities, complex models are required that can be combined in different ways. The study is based on a case study of an international mass-producing company that is partly located in the middle of Sweden. The factory studies four production lines, each producing the same product type but of different sizes. The aim of this survey is to create a deeper insight in a production process cost and material flows by combining a process-calibration method with methods for calculating the efficiency of processes. The first model used is a mapping process and material flow model to shorten lead times. The 2nd model used is a model that graphically shows which value and non-value creation activities to use the result in an efficiency calculation. The result consists of efficiency calculation, which shows that production Line 1 was streamlined by 19.12%, Line 2 by 6.68%, Line 3 by 18.73% and Line 4 by 4.77%. The goal of efficiency calculations is to achieve an optimal method where the efficiency is 100%. / I dagsläget är det viktigt för produktionsföretag att skapa en överblick över hur verksamheten bedrivs för att upprätthålla sin konkurrensförmåga. Att kartlägga processer och materialflöden synliggör områden i produktionen som skapar ett direkt värde för kunden, medan de resterande områden eller aktiviteter som inte tillför ett direkt värde bör minimeras eller elimineras. För att kunna identifiera materialflöden och de icke-värdeskapande aktiviteter krävs komplicerade modeller som kan kombineras på olika sätt. Studien är baserad på en fallstudie på ett internationellt massproducerande företag som delvis är beläget i Mellansverige. I fabriken studeras fyra produktionslinjer som alla tillverkar samma produkttyp men av olika storlekar. Syftet med den här studien är att skapa en djupare insikt i en produktionsprocess kostnader och materialflöden genom att kombinera en processkartläggningsmetod med metoder för att beräkna effektivitet. Den första modellen används för att kartlägga processer och materialflöden med avseende på att förkorta ledtider. Nästa steg är att använda en modell som grafiskt visar vilka aktiviteter som är värde- och icke-värdeskapande för att sedan kunna använda resultatet i en effektivitetsberäkning. Det sista steget består av effektivitetsberäkning och resultatet blev då att produktionslinje 1 effektiviserades med 19,12%, linje med 2 6,68%, linje 3 med 18,73% och linje 4 med 4,77%. Syftet med effektivitetsberäkningarna är att nå ett optimalt läge där effektiviteten är 100%.

O enfrentamento da pobreza e a promoção do desenvolvimento humano são desafios muito persistentes e arraigados em nossa sociedade, cujas consequências afetam a vida de milhões de pessoas. Diante desse cenário, derivados das discussões da Cúpula do Milênio de 2000, realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), foram elaborados os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). Nesse percurso, um dos grandes esforços do Brasil para combater a pobreza e a desigualdade social, foi a implementação do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) em 2003. Presente em todos os municípios brasileiros, o Bolsa Família é considerado o maior programa de transferência de renda com acompanhamento na área de saúde, educação e assistência social do mundo em desenvolvimento. Em, 2016, com um custo de 0,45% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), o programa, atendeu mais de 13,5 milhões de famílias, ou seja, mais de 46,5 milhões de brasileiros, que representaram aproximadamente 23% da população total do país. Devido sua relevância social, o objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar a eficiência das Unidades Federativas brasileiras em converter investimentos no Programa Bolsa Família e PIB per capita, em avanços no cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio, assim como identificar os determinantes da eficiência. Para isso, foram elaborados 6 modelos de eficiência, adequados ao contexto brasileiro, correspondentes aos propósitos dos seis primeiros Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio: 1) erradicar a extrema pobreza e fome, 2) atingir o ensino primário universal, 3) promover a igualdade entre os sexos e a autonomia das mulheres, 4) reduzir a mortalidade infantil, 5) melhorar a saúde materna, 6) combater HIV/AIDS, malária e outras doenças. Além disso, elaborou-se um modelo geral de eficiência para a avaliação do desenvolvimento humano. Aplicou-se a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) – modelo Slack-Based Measure (SBM) com retornos variáveis de escala, orientado ao output, para o período de 2004-2009 a 2011-2014. As variáveis inputs utilizadas para todos os modelos foram as Transferências de Recursos do Governo Federal destinados ao Programa Bolsa Família e o PIB per capita. De forma geral, os resultados demonstraram que o Brasil avançou no cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. Os escores de eficiência foram elevados, evidenciando o desempenho satisfatório e a contribuição do Bolsa Família para a promoção do desenvolvimento humano no país. Por outro lado, identifica-se a necessidade de ampliação de investimentos destinados ao PBF, uma vez que se os níveis de eficiência estão elevados, existe pouca margem para expandir sua performance, sem alterar os inputs. Além disso, para promover o desenvolvimento humano é importante a combinação de políticas públicas a médio e longo prazo, além de ampliação de gastos sociais para construção de uma estrutura sólida que promova o desenvolvimento humano e melhora da qualidade de vida dos brasileiros. / Confronting poverty and promoting human development are very persistent and deeply rooted challenges in our society, what consequences affect the lives of millions of people. In the face of this scenario, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been elaborated in the discussions of the 2000 Millennium Summit, held by the United Nations. Along these lines, one of Brazil\'s great efforts to combat poverty and social inequality was the implementation of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) in 2003. Present in all Brazilian municipalities, Bolsa Família is considered the largest income transfer program with accompaniment in the area of health, education and social assistance of the developing world. In 2016, at a cost of 0.45% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the program served more than 13.5 million families, or more than 46.5 million Brazilians, who accounted for approximately 23% of the country\'s total population. Due to its social relevance, the objective of this study was to measure the efficiency of the Brazilian Federative Units in converting investments in the Bolsa Família Program and GDP per capita, in advancing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, as well as identifying the determinants of efficiency. To this purpose, 6 efficiency models were developed, adapted to the Brazilian context, corresponding to the first six Millennium Development Goals: 1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) achieve universal primary education, 3) promote equality between gender, and women\'s empowerment, (4) reducing child mortality, (5) improving maternal health, (6) combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. In addition, a general efficiency model for the assessment of human development was developed. We applied the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) - Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model with variable returns of scale, oriented to the output, for the period from 2004-2009 to 2011-2014. The input variables used for all models were the Federal Government Resource Transfers destined to the Bolsa Família Program and the GDP per capita. Overall, the results demonstrated that Brazil has made progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The efficiency scores were high, evidencing the satisfactory performance and the contribution of the Bolsa Família to the promotion of human development in the country. On the other hand, it is identified the need to increase investments destined to the PBF, since if the levels of efficiency are high, there is little scope to expand its performance, without changing the inputs. In addition, to promote human development, it is important to combine public policies in the medium and long term, as well as to increase social spending to build a solid structure that promotes human development and improves the quality of life of Brazilians.

O enfrentamento da pobreza e a promoção do desenvolvimento humano são desafios muito persistentes e arraigados em nossa sociedade, cujas consequências afetam a vida de milhões de pessoas. Diante desse cenário, derivados das discussões da Cúpula do Milênio de 2000, realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), foram elaborados os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). Nesse percurso, um dos grandes esforços do Brasil para combater a pobreza e a desigualdade social, foi a implementação do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) em 2003. Presente em todos os municípios brasileiros, o Bolsa Família é considerado o maior programa de transferência de renda com acompanhamento na área de saúde, educação e assistência social do mundo em desenvolvimento. Em, 2016, com um custo de 0,45% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), o programa, atendeu mais de 13,5 milhões de famílias, ou seja, mais de 46,5 milhões de brasileiros, que representaram aproximadamente 23% da população total do país. Devido sua relevância social, o objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar a eficiência das Unidades Federativas brasileiras em converter investimentos no Programa Bolsa Família e PIB per capita, em avanços no cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio, assim como identificar os determinantes da eficiência. Para isso, foram elaborados 6 modelos de eficiência, adequados ao contexto brasileiro, correspondentes aos propósitos dos seis primeiros Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio: 1) erradicar a extrema pobreza e fome, 2) atingir o ensino primário universal, 3) promover a igualdade entre os sexos e a autonomia das mulheres, 4) reduzir a mortalidade infantil, 5) melhorar a saúde materna, 6) combater HIV/AIDS, malária e outras doenças. Além disso, elaborou-se um modelo geral de eficiência para a avaliação do desenvolvimento humano. Aplicou-se a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) – modelo Slack-Based Measure (SBM) com retornos variáveis de escala, orientado ao output, para o período de 2004-2009 a 2011-2014. As variáveis inputs utilizadas para todos os modelos foram as Transferências de Recursos do Governo Federal destinados ao Programa Bolsa Família e o PIB per capita. De forma geral, os resultados demonstraram que o Brasil avançou no cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. Os escores de eficiência foram elevados, evidenciando o desempenho satisfatório e a contribuição do Bolsa Família para a promoção do desenvolvimento humano no país. Por outro lado, identifica-se a necessidade de ampliação de investimentos destinados ao PBF, uma vez que se os níveis de eficiência estão elevados, existe pouca margem para expandir sua performance, sem alterar os inputs. Além disso, para promover o desenvolvimento humano é importante a combinação de políticas públicas a médio e longo prazo, além de ampliação de gastos sociais para construção de uma estrutura sólida que promova o desenvolvimento humano e melhora da qualidade de vida dos brasileiros. / Confronting poverty and promoting human development are very persistent and deeply rooted challenges in our society, what consequences affect the lives of millions of people. In the face of this scenario, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been elaborated in the discussions of the 2000 Millennium Summit, held by the United Nations. Along these lines, one of Brazil\'s great efforts to combat poverty and social inequality was the implementation of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) in 2003. Present in all Brazilian municipalities, Bolsa Família is considered the largest income transfer program with accompaniment in the area of health, education and social assistance of the developing world. In 2016, at a cost of 0.45% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the program served more than 13.5 million families, or more than 46.5 million Brazilians, who accounted for approximately 23% of the country\'s total population. Due to its social relevance, the objective of this study was to measure the efficiency of the Brazilian Federative Units in converting investments in the Bolsa Família Program and GDP per capita, in advancing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, as well as identifying the determinants of efficiency. To this purpose, 6 efficiency models were developed, adapted to the Brazilian context, corresponding to the first six Millennium Development Goals: 1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) achieve universal primary education, 3) promote equality between gender, and women\'s empowerment, (4) reducing child mortality, (5) improving maternal health, (6) combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. In addition, a general efficiency model for the assessment of human development was developed. We applied the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) - Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model with variable returns of scale, oriented to the output, for the period from 2004-2009 to 2011-2014. The input variables used for all models were the Federal Government Resource Transfers destined to the Bolsa Família Program and the GDP per capita. Overall, the results demonstrated that Brazil has made progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The efficiency scores were high, evidencing the satisfactory performance and the contribution of the Bolsa Família to the promotion of human development in the country. On the other hand, it is identified the need to increase investments destined to the PBF, since if the levels of efficiency are high, there is little scope to expand its performance, without changing the inputs. In addition, to promote human development, it is important to combine public policies in the medium and long term, as well as to increase social spending to build a solid structure that promotes human development and improves the quality of life of Brazilians.

Many companies fail to implement continuous improvements, an important part of a successful business in the current fast-growing technological society. This study is a case study at the international company Valmet AB, a supplier of technology, automation and service in the pulp, paper and energy industry focused on their material flow found after the recently closed logistics center in Sundsbruk, Sundsvall. The purpose of this case study is to carry out a VSM - value flow analysis with the aim of streamlining the material flow from unloading to loading of goods and find improvement proposals on what can be done to make this more efficient. A value flow analysis was used to assess how lean this part of Valmet’s operations is in the current situation and how lean they can become when implementing what has been proposed to achieve a future desired situation described in the value flow analysis. The results are presented in the form of a number of changes needed that are based on streamlining the non-standardized working method that is found in the material flow through primarily technical investment. The result shows a current lean value at Valmet of almost 62% and with a small technical investment able to reach a lean value within a short time of 67%. When implementing a standardized way of working, a pessimistic situation of almost 78% is found and with an optimistic situation calculated to reach up to 100% lean. / Många företag misslyckas med att införa kontinuerliga förbättringar, en viktig del för en lyckad framgångsrik verksamhet i det nuvarande snabbväxande teknologiska samhället. Denna studie är en fallstudie hos det internationella företaget Valmet AB, en leverantör av teknik, automation och service inom massa, pappers och energiindustrin inriktat på det materialflöde som återfinns efter det nyligen nedlagda logistikcentrum i Sundsbruk, Sundsvall. Syftet med denna fallstudie är att genomföra en VSM - värdeflödesanalys med målsättningen att effektivisera materialflödet från lossning till lastning av gods samt hitta förbättringsförslag på vad som kan göras för att effektivisera detta. Efter genomförd värdeflödesanalys användes DEA - dataomslutningsanalys för att bedöma hur lean denna del av Valmets verksamhet är i nuvarande läge och hur lean de kan bli vid implementering av det som föreslagits för att uppnå de framtida önskade lägena beskrivet i värdeflödesanalysen. Resultaten presenteras i form av ett antal förändringsbehov som bygger på att effektivisera det icke-standardiserade arbetssättet som återfinns i materialflödet genom framförallt teknisk investering. Resultatet visar till ett nuvarande lean-värde hos Valmet på närmare 62% och med en liten teknisk investering kunna nå ett lean-värde inom kort tid på 67%. Vid implementering av standardiserat arbetssätt återfinns ett pessimistiskt läge på nästan 78% och med ett optimistiskt läge beräknat att uppnå 100%.

nÃo hà / A busca por eficiÃncia à destaque na gestÃo pÃblica. Otimizar os recursos passou a ser seu alvo, desde a implantaÃÃo da AdministraÃÃo Gerencial no setor pÃblico, nos anos 80. Nesta pesquisa, o Sistema de Registro de PreÃos â SRP à tratado como ferramenta de otimizaÃÃo para as compras pÃblicas, apresentando a seguinte problematizaÃÃo: como as Universidades Federais brasileiras tÃm conduzido suas compras com o uso do SRP? Propondo-se, como objetivo, analisar e apresentar a eficiÃncia relativa das Universidades Federais brasileiras quanto ao uso do SRP nas compras pÃblicas. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, associada a estudo bibliogrÃfico e documental, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram utilizados dados primÃrios, obtidos por meio de questionÃrio, e dados secundÃrios coletados do sistema Painel de Compras Governamentais. Na obtenÃÃo da eficiÃncia relativa foi utilizado o mÃtodo Data Envelopment Analysis â DEA com o modelo Slacks-Based Measure â SBM, orientado a outputs. Foram investigadas 60 (sessenta) universidades federais, denominadas Decision Making Units (DMUâs). Nos resultados, identificou-se que o nÃmero de processos de compras por SRP à baixo. O maior percentual, por regiÃo, ficou em 47,64%. Hà DMUâs que usam a dispensa de licitaÃÃo como regra, e constatou-se que, a licitaÃÃo pode reduzir os valores das aquisiÃÃes em atà 74,20%, a depender da regiÃo. Quanto à disponibilidade de pessoal, 50% das DMUâs possuem 100% dos servidores do setor de licitaÃÃes aptos a trabalharem com o SRP. Quanto ao nÃmero de treinamentos sobre SRP, entre 2014 a 2017, hà DMUâs que: nÃo ofertaram - 18,33%; ofertaram 1 (um) - 26,66%; ofertaram 2 (dois) â 20%; e ofertaram 3 (trÃs) â 35%. As 60 (sessenta) DMUâs, quanto à eficiÃncia relativa, dividiram-se em: alta - 45%; mÃdia - 3%; baixa - 27%; e muito baixa - 25%. 26 (vinte seis) atingiram a fronteira da eficiÃncia, com o resultado de 100% e 56,66% foram consideradas ineficientes. O maior percentual de eficientes (53,84%) està concentrado nas capitais, ou seja, em grandes centros urbanos; e quando o nÃmero total de eficientes à dividido entre capitais e municÃpios de menor porte, estes conseguiram ter eficiÃncia de 44,44%, que à superior a das universidades das capitais (42,42%). Por fim, a mÃdia geral das DMUâs foi de 75,58%, um indicador baixo de eficiÃncia relativa, nÃo alcanÃada por 50% (30 universidades) da amostra, concluindo-se pela baixa eficiÃncia no uso do SRP. Todo este cenÃrio de ineficiÃncia pode ser modificado com o uso das benchmarks e de ajustes nos fatores de entrada e saÃda, indicados pelo DEA

Circular product flows are found as a business model in several companies and are characterized by the rental of various products. As a result of the products being returned, it creates changes in what can be regarded as a classic linear product flow. The study aims to evaluate the management of rental products at a specific case company and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of selected methods when applied to a circular product flow. The case company with which the study was conducted is Hjälpmedelscentralen Region Västernorrland, which has the task of providing technical aids to individuals with special needs. The methods used to fulfill the purpose are Value Stream Mapping, ABC-XYZ classification and DEA. By applying the methods, it makes it possible to evaluate the efficiency of the case company and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods when applying to circular product flows. The Value Stream Mapping resulted in four potential future states and that a non-value-adding process could be identified. The ABC-XYZ classification shows that about 5 percent of the articles have a high demand and a low variation while about 58 percent have a low demand and a low variation. Based on the DEA analysis, Hjälpmedelscentralen is currently 75 percent efficient in relation to the potentially most efficient state. In evaluation of the studied models, it can be stated that the choice of parameters for ABC-XYZ classification on a circular product flow differs from the most common parameters used in ABC-XYZ. Furthermore, it appears that VSM is not adapted for circular product flows, which contributes to a source of uncertainty in the DEA. / Cirkulära produktflöden återfinns som affärsmodell hos flera företag och kännetecknas av uthyrning av diverse produkter. Till följd av att produkterna returneras skapar det förändringar i vad som kan anses som klassiska linjära produktflöden. Studien syftar till att utvärdera hanteringen av uthyrningsprodukter hos ett specifikt fallföretag samt utvärdera valda metoders för- och nackdelar vid applicering på ett cirkulärt produktflöde. Fallföretaget som studien är genomförd hos är Hjälpmedelscentralen Region Västernorrland, som har till uppdrag att tillhandahålla tekniska hjälpmedel till individer med speciella behov. Metoderna som används för att uppfylla syftet är värdeflödesanalys, ABC-XYZ klassificering samt DEA. Genom att tillämpa metoderna möjliggör det att utvärdera fallföretagets effektivitet och metodernas för- och nackdelar vid applicering på cirkulära produktflöden. Värdeflödesanalysens resultat är fyra potentiella framtida tillstånd och att en icke-värdeskapande process kan identifieras. ABC-XYZ klassificeringen påvisar att cirka 5 procent av artiklarna har en hög efterfrågan och en låg variation medan cirka 58 procent har en låg efterfrågan och en låg variation. Utifrån DEA-analysen är hjälpmedelscentralen i dagsläget cirka 75 procent effektiv i förhållande till det potentiellt effektivaste tillståndet. Vid en utvärdering av studiens modeller går det att konstatera att val av parametrar för ABC-XYZ klassificering på ett cirkulärt produktflöde skiljer sig från de vanligast förekommande parametrarna som används vid ABC-XYZ. Vidare framgår det att VSM inte är anpassad för cirkulära produktflöden, vilket bidrar till en osäkerhetskälla i DEA.