Renewable energy sources are becoming more attractive due to the impending climate changes. The market for wood pellet is growing and is already used in households, heating plant and industries. To enhance the properties and refine the raw material a lot of the moisture need to be dried out before is can be processed into wood pellets. The demand for wood pellets has been growing in Sweden and the rest of Europe in recent years. To meet the demand more pellets needs to be produced. SCA BioNorr produces approximately 175 ktons of wood pellets annually but have permission to increase production to 240 ktons. BioNorrs bio-pellet plant has limitations which obstructs the increase of production, the largest one is related to the drying capacity. Another limitation regards the pellet press in the plant. The purpose of the project is to determine if a pre-dying technology called mechanical dewatering will allow increased production and decrease the energy demand for the complete drying process. Mechanical dewatering presses the raw material to extract water hence decreasing the moisture content of the raw material which feeds into the pellet plant. The chosen technology is called Saalasti Press 1803(SP1803) from the company Saalasti Oy. A model with a simplified representation of the pellet plant was made in Excel together with a representation of the SP1803. The model was designed towards the maximal flue gas flow in the pellet plant, and the raw material flow into the SP1803 unit matched their maximal capacity. That means that a proportion of the raw material will be processed by the SP1803 units and a proportion will bypass them. These different material flows are mixed before feeding into the pellet plant. The economical results was based on the cost of investment and costs and income from the increased production. Profitability was calculated by the pay back time and the proceeds during the economical lifespan. A sensitivity analysis was made on some parameters to distinguish how these affected profitability. Calculations was based on operating data from 2017 to 2019.  The results shows a considerable increase in production, 27 ktons for one SP1803 unit to 67 ktons for three SP1803 units. The annual production increased to 203 ktons for one SP1803 to 235 ktons for three SP1803 units. The specific energy demand in relation to pellet amount dropped from 0.81 [MWh/ton pellet] to 0.71 for one SP1803 and 0.63 for three units which is a decrease of between 14 to 29 %. The profitability on an investment of up to three SP1803 units was good, with the best one being an investment of one SP1803 unit. The pay back time for one SP1803 unit was 1.7 years and 2.4 for three units. The proceeds for one SP1803 unit was 59 Mkr and 70 Mkr for three units. The sensitivity analysis showed that the price of raw material and the product price affected the profitability most. All cases of the sensitivty analysis was profitable.  For continued evaluation an analysis of the pellet plant with an implemented SP1803 unit to find an optimal operating mode which allows increased production with low energy demand is recommended. This would require a more detailed representation of the pellet plant which takes altering operating parameters into account due to risk of over-drying and risk of fires in the plant. / Med det rådande klimathotet blir hållbara energikällor alltmer attraktiva. Biopellets är en växande bränslekälla i en marknad som redan är etablerad och används inom hushållsbruk, värmeverk och industri. För att pellets ska ha bra energiegenskaper så behöver råvaran förädlas, där en stor del av fukten i råvaran torkas ut innan det pressas till pellets. Efterfrågan på biopellets har ökat de senaste åren i Sverige och restan av Europa. För att möta efterfrågan behöver produktionen av pellets öka. SCA BioNorr i Härnösand producerar idag årligen ca 175 kton pellets men har tillstånd att producera 240 kton. I BioNorrs process finns det begränsningar som hindrar produktionsökningen. Den största begränsande faktorn är pelletsbrukets torkkapacitet. En annan begränsning är produktionskapaciteten på pelletmaskinerna i bruket.  Projektets mål är att bestämma om förtorkningstekniken mekanisk avvattning kan tillåta ökad produktion och sänka energibehovet för hela processen samt utvärdera lönsamhet på en investering på upp till 3 st enheter. Mekanisk avvattning som förtork går ut på att pressa ut en mängd vatten ur råvaran, och därav sänka fukhalten på råvaran innan det matas in till bruket. Den valda tekniken var Saalasti Press 1803(SP1803) från företaget Saalasti Oy.  I Excel modellerades mass och energibalans för en förenklad representation av BioNorrs pelletsbruk, samt en representation av SP1803. Modellen styrdes mot maximala rökgasflödet i bruket för att tillåta maximal produktion av pellets, samt att råvaruflödet in till SP1803-enheterna motsvarar dess maximala processkapacitet. Det innebär att en andel av totala råvaruflödet går genom SP1803 och en andel passerar. Dessa flöden blandas innan de matas in till pelletsbruket. De ekonomiska resultaten beräknades på investeringskostnader samt kostnader och intäkter gentemot produktionsökningen. Lönsamheten bestämdes genom återbetalningstid och avkastning vid 5 % kalkylränta över den ekonomiska livslängden, vilket valdes till 5 år. En känslighetsanalys utfördes på några utvalda parametrar för att urskilja hur de priserna påverkade lönsamheten. För beräkningarna användes driftdata från 2017 till 2019.  Resultaten visade en betydlig ökning i produktion, från 27 kton för 1 st SP1803 upp till 67000 ton pellets för 3 st SP1803-enheter. Årsproduktionen visade en tydlig ökning, från 203 kton för 1 st SP1803 upp till 235 kton för 3 st SP1803. Det specifika energibehovet relaterat till mängd pellets minskade från 0.81 [MWh/ton pellets] till 0.71 för 1 st SP1803 och ner till 0.63 för 3 st SP1803 vilket är en effektivisering på mellan 14 till 29 %. Lönsamheten på en investering på upp till 3 st SP1803 var god, mest lönsam var investeringen för 1 st SP1803. Återbetalningstiden varierade mellan 1.7 år för 1 st SP1803 till 2.4 för 3 st. Avkastningen över den ekonomiska livslängden beräknades till 59 Mkr för 1 st SP1803 till 70 Mkr för 3 st. Känslighetsanalysen visade att råvarupriset och produktpriset hade störst påverkan på lönsamheten. Samtliga fall i känslighetsanalysen var lönsamma.

With the growing interest in software defined radios (SDRs), cognitive radios, the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS), and the Software Communication Architecture (SCA) comes the need for a rapid prototyping approach to radio design. In the past, radios have traditionally been designed to have a static implementation with the express goal of implementing a specific type of communication, such as 802.11b, CDMA voice communication, or just a simple FM tuner. However, when designing an SDR, the developer must not only be able to understand the radio engineering aspects of the design, but also be able to interface correctly with the underlying core software framework. This added software complexity, along with the general need for faster, more economical waveform development, illuminates the need for a rapid prototyping SDR development environment. This thesis takes a fresh look at the task of providing radio designers with a functional, straightforward design tool that enables the developer to focus more on the radio design than the tedious task of interacting with CORBA, IDL, and the SCA Core Framework. The design approach used to create such a tool is investigated along with an overview of general SDR concepts and an introduction to MPRG's open source SCA Core Framework, OSSIE. Discussion on the design methodology behind creating an SCA waveform is provided and the final result of this research, OSSIE Waveform Developer (OWD), is introduced and explored in detail. The code generated using OWD is detailed and waveform design approaches are presented with some suggested modifications. Finally, the improvements gained by using OSSIE Waveform Developer instead of the traditional approach of manually developing waveforms are presented. / Master of Science

The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) is a standard for software defined radios (SDR) designed in part to promote code reuse for long-term development. With the emergence of adaptive/cognitive radios, new SDRs that are capable of reconfiguration during runtime must be developed. One advantage of SDR development over conventional radio development can be ease of design if the proper rapid development tools are made available. This thesis explores tools designed to help realize the construction of reconfigurable systems while promoting code-reuse within the bounds of the SCA. Developing these tools requires an understanding of the SCA as well as the Open Source SCA Implementation Embedded (OSSIE) for which they are developed. The use of CORBA to link together modularized components is also discussed. Finally, several simulations are conducted in order to approximate the amount of overhead resulting from the use of the reconfiguration tool developed (the "Connect Tool"). / Master of Science

A very basic engineering tradeoff is performance versus flexibility and this design choice must be made when developing a software radio. Hardware devices such as General Purpose Processors (GPPs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) all provide a designer with choices along the performance versus flexibility spectrum. The designer must choose a combination of GPP, DSP, FPGA and ASIC devices to balance the needs of performance versus flexibility. The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) is a specification for a software radio architecture produced by the Joint Program Executive Office (JPEO) Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS). The 2.2 revision of the SCA only implies support for GPPs, with no specified support for additional devices such as FPGAs. However, FPGA integration within the scope of the SCA is still possible. The integration of an additional processing hardware device other than a GPP requires the ability to logically represent the device within the Core Framework. This representation is implemented within the OSSIE Core Framework, an open source implementation of the SCA. The representation requires the support of multiple implementations of signal processing components within the framework, a simple component deployment model, and the abstraction of the FPGA interactions into a software component. / Master of Science

As more and more modern systems and products use built-in microcontrollers, hardware security becomes more important to protect against cyber-attacks. Internet of things devices, like Bluetooth devices, usually use an encryption algorithm to keep data safe from hackers. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a commonly used encryption algorithm. AES itself is hard to break. However, it is possible to utilize the information leaking from a system during the execution of encryption, called side-channel, to recover the key or part of the key used by the encryption algorithm. This kind of attack is called a side-channel attack (SCA). In this study, two deep learning (DL) models are trained to attack the Bluetooth microcontroller unit Nordic nRF52 development kit equipped with an nRF52832 chip. The DL models are trained using the far-field electromagnetic emissions that the microcontroller unintentionally generates and transmits through the antenna while encrypting data. All encryptions are executed with a fixed key and random plaintext. The attack is conducted in two stages: the profiling and attack stages. In the profiling stage, where the attacker is assumed to have full system control, 100 000 traces holding encryption information are sampled and used to train the DL models to classify a sub-byte of the fixed key given a trace. In the attack stage, traces are captured in two different environments. The first is an entirely isolated environment, while the second adds a specific Wi-Fi access point and client connection that execute HTTP requests and responses in this isolated environment referred to as the system environment. Given traces obtained from one of the two attack environments, the performance of the trained models at classifying the correct sub-key is evaluated.  To summarize the results of this study, twelve SCAs are performed on six datasets captured in two different environments using two different DL models for each dataset. The correct key byte can be retrieved in three of these SCAs. All three successful attacks are made in an isolated environment without any interfering noise. The best performance is achieved with the multi-layer perceptron DL architecture, processing traces each composed of 10 averaged traces of the identical encryption, and the correct key-byte is recovered after 8198 traces.

La Radio Logicielle (SDR) est une radio dont les transformations de la forme d’onde, modulation, démodulation des signaux d’un système radio sont mises en œuvre par du logiciel plutôt que par du matériel à fonctionnalité spécifique. Avec cette approche, l’adaptation du système à une autre norme de communication, ou même l’évolution vers une technologie plus récente peuvent être réalisés par mise à jour du logiciel sans remplacement du matériel qui serait long et coûteux. L’architecture de communication logicielle (Software Communication Architecture, SCA), est une architecture ouverte largement acceptée pour les projets de SDR. La spécification SCA minimise le coût de portage des applications en fournissant une couche d’abstraction qui rend transparentes les méthodes spécifiques de chaque système. Dans cette thèse, on s’intéresse au développement et à la programmation d’une plateforme SDR conforme à SCA.Les nouvelles plateformes de SDR sont en général implémentées sur des plateformes multiprocesseurs système sur puce (MPSoC) exploitant ses importantes ressources de calculs avec une bonne efficacité énergique. Les possibilités d’un rapide développement, déploiement et vérification des logiciels embarqués parallèles sur ces nouvelles plateformes MPSoC sont autant de points clés pour satisfaire les objectifs de performance tout en respectant les délais de mise à disposition sur le marché et le coût de développement.On a proposé un flot de conception pour la SDR avec l’exploration architecturale systématique et l’optimisation multi-objective utilisant le modèle de programmation hybride (distribué client/serveur + parallèle).On a étudié aussi la synthèse de topologie de réseau-sur-puce (PSTRP) qui est une partie du flot de conception. Le problème de la synthèse de la topologie du réseau-sur-puce peut se modéliser sous forme de programme linéaire en nombres entiers. Les résultats montrent que les contraintes d’implémentation, comme la hiérarchie du réseau sur puce, doivent être prises en compte pour obtenir un résultat à la fois mathématiquement optimisé et électroniquement réalisable. / The Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a reconfigurable radio whose functionality is controlled by software, which greatly enhances the reusability and flexibility of waveform applications. The system update is also made easily achievable through software update instead of hardware replacement. The Software Communication Architecture (SCA), on the other hand, is an open architecture framework which specifies an Operating Environment (OE) in which waveform applications are executed. A SCA compliant SDR greatly improves the portability, reusability and interoperability of waveforms applications between different SDR implementations.The multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC) consisting of large, heterogeneous sets of embedded processors, reconfiguration hardware and network-on-chip (NoC) interconnection is emerging as a potential solution for the continued increase in the data processing bandwidth, as well as expenses for the manufacturing and design of nanoscale system-on-chip (SoC) in the face of continued time-to-market pressures.We studied the challenges of efficiently deploying a SCA compliant platform on an MPSoC. We conclude that for realizing efficiently an SDR system with high data bandwidth requirement, a design flow with systematic design space exploration and optimization, and an efficient programming model are necessary. We propose a hybrid programming model combining distributed client/server model and parallel shared memory model. A design flow is proposed which also integrates a NoC topology synthesis engine for applications that are to be accelerated with parallel programming and multiple processing elements (PEs). We prototyped an integrated SW/HW development environment in which a CORBA based integrated distributed system is developed which depends on the network-on-chip for protocol/packet routing, and software components are deployed with unified interface despite the underlying heterogeneous architecture and os; while the hardware components (processors, IPs, etc) are integrated through interface conforming to the Open Core Protocol (OCP).

I detta kandidatexamensarbete har syftet varit att undersöka metoder för att forma ett wellpappark, skapat av Arcwise (SCA), till en cylindrisk-, tubformad kartong. Arbete mynnade ut till ett koncept för en resningsmaskin som monterar ihop Arcwisetuben. Resningsmaskinen ska vara en instegsmodell från manuellt arbete till en automatisk produktion. För utveckling av maskinkonceptet tillämpades metoden produktutveckling inom industrin, kapitel 4, enligt boken ”Produktutveckling effektiva metoder för konstruktion och design”.  Ifrån produktutveckling inom industrin tillämpas endast fem av sju faser i detta projekt; förstudie, produktspecificering, konceptutveckling-konceptgenerering, konceptutvärdering och konceptval samt prototyp. Förstudien ledde fram till att sugkoppar och tryckluft var bra metoder för tillämpning vid lyft och förflyttning av arket mellan de olika stationerna. Ett wellpappark deformeras inte plastiskt vid formgivning som exempelvis metall och behöver därför formges från två håll. Maskinkoncepten som tas fram görs med hjälp av en kravspecifikation, mind map och en aktivitetsanalys. Konceptskisserna bedöms med hjälp av Pughs matris. Det vinnande konceptet var en länkarmslösning som slutligen visualiseras i CAD som en prototyp. Projektets syfte uppfylldes genom att Arcwise wellpappark går att forma till en cylindrisk kartong och ett koncept som är redo för tillverkningsanpassning har tagits fram. / The purpose of this project has been to investigate methods for shaping a corrugated sheet, created by Arcwise (SCA), into a cylindrical tube. The work led to a concept of a Corrugated cardboard machine that produces Arcwise tubes. The machine is an entry-level model from manual work to automatic production. The development of the machine concept used is the method of Product development of industry. In the method were five of seven phases used: Feasibility study, product specification, concept development and concept generation, concept evaluation and concept selection and prototype. The feasibility study led to the fact that a suction cup and compressed air were good methods for lifting and moving the sheet between different stations. A corrugated sheet does not deform plastically during forming and therefore needs to be shaped from two directions. The machine concept that is developed are made with help of a requirements specification, mind map and an activity analysis. Pughs matrix were used to evaluate and decide which concept to develop further. The winning concept was a link arm solution that is visualized in CAD as a prototype. The purpose of the project where fulfilled, the Arcwise corrugated board can be shaped into a cylindrical tube and a production concept ready for manufacturing adaptation has been developed.

Die selektive Zementaktivierung (SCA) ist ein additives Fertigungsverfahren zur Herstellung von Bauteilen aus Beton. Die SCA gehört zu den Verfahren des selektiven Bindens, bei denen schüttfähiges Material (hier eine Trockenmischung aus Zement und Gesteinskörnung) in dünnen Schichten ausgebracht und durch Einbringen einer flüssigen Komponente (hier Wasser) selektiv gebunden wird. Verglichen mit anderen Verfahren der additiven Fertigung mit Beton sind bei der SCA sowohl die Auflösung als auch die geometrische Freiheit besonders hoch. ... / Selective cement activation (SCA) is an additive manufacturing process for the fabrication of concrete elements. SCA belongs to the group of the selective binding processes in which bulk material (here a dry mixture of cement and aggregate) is spread in thin layers and selectively bound by applying a liquid component (here water). Compared to other additive manufacturing processes using concrete, both resolution and geometric freedom are particularly high with SCA. ...

La cryptologie est un moyen de protéger la confidentialité, d'assurer l'intégrité, ou d'authentifier un système, tandis que la cryptanalyse est le moyen de retrouver l'information secrète. Les algorithmes cryptographiques modernes tels que AES ou DES sont impossibles à attaquer au niveau mathématique. La fuite d'information liée aux fonctionnements de ces machines est devenue un moyen puissant de cryptanalyse pour retrouver la clé secrète. Ces attaques sont connues sous le nom d'attaques par canaux cachés. Ce travail de thèse tente de trouver une réponse aux questions suivantes : * Existe t'il une architecture dont la fuite d'information ne permet pas à l'attaquant de retrouver la clé plus vite que par la cryptanalyse classique ? * Jusqu'à quel point ces fuites sont-elles tolérables, et comment peut-on maximiser l'utilisation de ces machines sans compromettre leur secret ? * Quelles sont les métriques pour déterminer la vulnérabilité des circuits électroniques face à une multitude de méthodes d'attaques ? Récemment d'innombrables chercheurs ont posé ces questions pour les différentes catégories de circuits électroniques. Dans ce travail de thèse nous restreignons notre espace de recherche parmi les circuits de type "FPGA" et de type "asynchrone". L'atout principal des circuits FPGA est leur reconfigurabilité, qui peut être utilisée pour modifier l'implémentation de l'algorithme face à une attaque. Les circuits asynchrones ont de bonnes propriétés telles que la tolérance aux fautes, la décorrélation de la consommation avec le calcul, qui permettent de réduire la portée des attaques par canaux cachés.

ABSTRACT CHARACTERIZATION OF SERPENTINE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE Can, Semra Ph.D., Department of Polymer Science and Technology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Teoman Tin&ccedil / er March 2008, 158 pages In this study, the aim is to prepare polypropylene (PP)/serpentine composites and study their mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Another objective is to explore whether it is possible to have PP/serpentine nanocomposites with melt intercalation method by using the advantage of the layer silicate structure of serpentine. The most widely used fillers in PP are talc and mica which belong to the phyllosilicates group of silicate minerals. So far, there has been almost no study employing serpentine as filler in either any polymers or PP, although it also belongs to the same group of minerals as talc and mica. Accordingly, it was planned to divide the work into the study of two groups. In group 1, for the compositions with 2, 5, 10 and 20 wt% serpentine, the particulate filler effects of serpentine both alone and in the presence of surface treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and silane coupling agent (SCA) were investigated. The most impressive results in terms of static and dynamic mechanical properties were achieved with SCA rather than HCl. When the effect of serpentine without any treatment is considered, reinforcing effect of it can easily be observed without deteriorating the composite properties even at high filler loadings. In group 2, the nanofiller effects of serpentine in 2 and 5 wt% filled compositions by modification of both the filler and the matrix were aimed to be examined with melt intercalation method. In addition to HCl and SCA treatments, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) and quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide were used as compatibilizer and intercalating agent, respectively. While the amount of QAS was kept constant, different percentages of compatibilizer were employed. The presence of QAS and PP-g-MA further improved the properties with respect to group 1 members. Interestingly, the percentage strain at break values did not decrease as much as group 1 compositions with the same filler content. It can be concluded that partial intercalation of group 2 compositions was achieved, according to the X-ray and TEM results. Keywords: Serpentine, PP/serpentine composites, SCA, PP-g-MA, serpentine nanocomposites