Os carcinomas de cabeça e pescoço correspondem a 10% de todos dos tumores malignos, destes aproximadamente 40% se manifestam na boca e 90% correspondem ao carcinoma espinocelular. Os principais agentes carcinogênicos relacionados ao câncer bucal são o tabaco e o álcool. A cirurgia é o tratamento de eleição para o carcinoma de boca seguido dos tratamentos quimio e radioterápicos. O uso de lipossomas como vetor de quimioterápicos abre grandes perspectivas para o tratamento do câncer, pois possibilitam maior eficácia, reduzindo a toxicidade e a dosagem do fármaco. Neste projeto foram avaliados os efeitos pró apoptóticos \"in vitro\" da fosfoetanolamina sintética (FOS) e da sua formulação lipossomal DODAC/FOS em duas linhagens celulares de carcinoma espinocelular de língua humano, SCC-9 e SCC-25. A FOS, a formulação lipossomal DODAC/FOS e o carreador DODAC vazio apresentam diferentes significados em seu potencial citotóxico. A FOS aumentou significativamente a formação de lipoperóxidos pela membrana celular nas maiores concentrações estudadas. A análise das fases do ciclo celular mostrou aumento significativo da população de células com DNA fragmentado em ambas as linhagens celulares induzindo a morte celular por apoptose com aumento da expressão de Bad, Bax, citocromo c e diminuição de Bcl-2, como também alterou o potencial elétrico mitocondrial promovendo a ativação da caspase-3. A FOS e a formulação lipossomal DODAC/FOS induziram retração dos filamentos de actina e fragmentação do DNA. O conjunto de resultados mostra que o composto FOS e a sua formulação lipossomal DODAC/FOS atuam nos efeitos citotóxicos e antitumoral promovidos por estes alquilfosfoésteres, sendo capazes de induzir a morte celular por apoptose em diferentes apresentações / Head and neck carcinomas account for 10% of all malignant tumors, approximately 40% of these tumors manifest in the mouth and 90% correspond to squamous cell carcinoma. The main carcinogenic agents related to oral cancer are tobacco and alcohol. Surgery is the treatment of choice for oral carcinoma followed by chemo and radiotherapeutic treatments. The use of liposomes as a vector of chemotherapy offers great prospects for treatment of cancer, as they allow greater efficacy, reducing the toxicity and the dosage of drug. In this project, in vitro pro apoptotic effects of synthetic phosphoethanolamine (Pho-S) and DODAC/Pho-S liposomal formulation were evaluated in two human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, SCC-9 and SCC-25. Pho-S, DODAC/Pho-S liposomal formulation and the empty DODAC carrier have different meanings in their cytotoxic potential. Pho-S significantly increased the formation of lipoperoxides by cell membrane in higher concentrations studied. Analysis of the cell cycle phases showed a significant increase in the cell population with fragmented DNA in both cell lines inducing apoptosis cell death with increase expression of Bad, Bax, cytochrome c and decrease of Bcl-2, as well as altered the potential mitochondrial activation promoting caspase-3 activation. Pho-S and the DODAC/Pho-S liposomal formulation induced retraction of the actin filaments and DNA fragmentation. The set of results shows that the Pho-S compound and its liposomal formulation DODAC/Pho-S act on the cytotoxic and antitumor effects promoted by these alkylphosphoesters, being able to induce cell death by apoptosis in different presentations

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do leite semidesnatado e do creme de leite pasteurizados, ao longo de 28 e 30 dias de estocagem sob refrigeração. As frações protéicas do leite semidesnatado e o perfil de ácidos graxos do creme de leite pasteurizados foram pesquisados nos dias 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 e 1, 10, 20 e 30 dias após a produção de cada produto. Foram definidos três grupos experimentais com baixa (< 100.000 cél.mL-1), intermediária (400.000 a 500.000 cél.mL-1) e alta (>750.000 cél.mL-1) CCS. O leite utilizado para compor cada grupo, em quatro repetições, foi coletado na granja leiteira da Fazenda da Aeronáutica, na cidade de Pirassununga-SP. O leite in natura de cada grupo foi submetido a desnate para obtenção do creme e do leite semidesnatado, tratados termicamente por pasteurização lenta e rápida, nesta sequência, seguido do envase asséptico em garrafas de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD). No leite in natura, o percentual de gordura foi menor (P<0,05) no grupo com baixa CCS em relação aos demais grupos. Observou-se, ainda para o leite in natura, maior teor de proteínas (3,42%) no grupo de alta CCS. Para as frações protéicas do leite semidesnatado, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05), com exceção da &beta;-caseína que apresentou maior concentração nos grupos de baixa e alta CCS (P<0,05). No grupo de CCS intermediária, o leite semidesnatado apresentou 8,98, 10,17 e 6,14 mg.mL-1 das frações &alpha;-caseína, &beta;-caseína e &kappa;-caseína, respectivamente. A participação da &alpha;S2-caseína, fração protéica verificada em menores proporções neste estudo, foi de 9,89; 10,59 e 14,97% em relação ao total de caseína, nos grupos de baixa, intermediária e alta CCS. Houve predominância dos ácidos palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), oléico (C18:1) e mirístico (C14:0), em todos os grupos de contagem de células somáticas e nos tempos utilizados para avaliação do creme de leite. No entanto, a concentração de ácido oléico (C18:1) foi menor nos cremes com CCS intermediária e alta (P<0,05), em relação ao grupo de baixa CCS. Os ácidos saturados apresentaram variação de 53,9 a 58,1% em relação aos insaturados. Os ácidos de cadeia curta estiveram presentes no creme de leite em aproximadamente 8,15%, enquanto os de cadeia média e longa participam com cerca de 47 e 44%, respectivamente. A CCS influenciou na concentração de &beta;-caseína do leite semidesnatado, ao passo que, no creme de leite, a diminuição do teor de ácido oléico associada ao aumento da CCS indicou maior atividade lipolítica sobre os ácidos graxos de cadeia longa durante o período de 30 dias de estocagem. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of somatic cell counts (SCC) levels on the physic-chemical and microbiological characteristics of both pasteurized semi-skimmed milk and milk cream, over 28 and 30 days of refrigerated storage. The semi-skimmed milk protein fractions were checked on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, whereas the pasteurized milk cream fatty acids profile was checked on days 1, 10, 20 and 30 after each production. Three experimental groups were defined with low (<100.000 cel.mL-1), intermediate (400.000 to 500.000 cel.mL-1) and high (>750.000 cel.mL-1) SCC. The milk used in each group, with four repetitions, was collected in the Air Force dairy farm in Pirassununga, São Paulo state, Brazil. The raw milk in each group was skimmed to obtain the cream, thermally treated by slow pasteurization, and the semi-skimmed milk (fast pasteurization), followed by aseptic bottling in high density polyethylene bottles. In the raw milk, significant differences were verified by the Tukey test (P<0,05) for the parameter fat in the level of low SCC in relation to the other groups. It was also observed for the raw milk a higher rate of proteins (3,42%) in the group of high SCC, while the low count group presented 2,83% protein. For the protein fractions in the pasteurized semi-skimmed milk, with an exception of the &beta;-casein which presented statistical difference for the 5% significance level between the low and high SCC groups, no other significant differences were observed. In the intermediate SCC group the pasteurized semi-skimmed milk presented 8,98 mg.mL-1 for &alpha;-casein, 10,17 mg.mL-1 for &beta;-casein and 6,14 mg.mL-1 for &kappa;-casein fractions. The &alpha;s2-casein was the protein fraction with the lowest proportions in this study, with 9,89% (low SCC), 10,59% (intermediate SCC) and 14,97% (high SCC) in relation to the casein total. There was predominance of palmitic acids (C16:0), estearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and miristic (C14:0) in all somatic cell counts groups and the times used to evaluate the pasteurized milk cream. However, lower levels of oleic acid (C18:1) were observed in creams with high and intermediate SCC, when compared with the lower SCC cream. The saturated acids presented variation of 53,9 to 58,1% in relation to the unsaturated ones. The short chain acids were found in the pasteurized milk cream with about 8,15%, while the ones with medium and long chains were 47% and 44% respectively. The SCC influenced the concentration of &beta;-casein in semiskimmed milk, while the decrease in oleic acid as observed in the cream samples containing higher SCC indicated higher lipolytic activity on the long-chain fatty acid in the product during 30 days of storage.

In computing the available computing power has continuously fallen short of the demanded computing performance. As a consequence, performance improvement has been the main focus of processor design. However, due to the phenomenon called 'Power Wall' it has become infeasible to build faster processors by just increasing the processor's clock speed. One of the resulting trends in hardware design is to integrate several simple and power-efficient cores on the same chip. This design shift poses challenges of its own. In the past, with increasing clock frequency the programs became automatically faster as well without modifications. This is no longer true with many-core architectures. To achieve maximum performance the programs have to run concurrently on more than one core, which forces the general computing paradigm to become increasingly parallel to leverage maximum processing power. In this thesis, we will focus on the Reactive Stream Program (RSP). In stream processing, the system consists of computing nodes, which are connected via communication streams. These streams simplify the concurrency management on modern many-core architectures due to their implicit synchronisation. RSP is a stream processing system that implements the reactive system. The RSPs work in tandem with their environment and the load imposed by the environment may vary over time. This provides a unique opportunity to increase performance per watt. In this thesis the research contribution focuses on the design of the execution layer to run RSPs on tiled many-core architectures, using the Intel's Single-chip Cloud Computer (SCC) processor as a concrete experimentation platform. Further, we have developed a Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) technique for RSP deployed on many-core architectures. In contrast to many other approaches, our DVFS technique does not require the capability of controlling the power settings of individual computing elements, thus making it applicable for modern many-core architectures, with which power can be changed only for power islands. The experimental results confirm that the proposed DVFS technique can effectively improve the energy efficiency, i.e. increase the performance per watt, for RSPs.

Evolution of concrete is continuously taking place to meet the ever-growing demands of the construction industry. Self compacting concrete (SCC) has emerged as a result of this demand to overcome the scarcity of labour. SCC is widely replacing normal vibrated concrete (NVC) these days owing to its advantages such as homogeneity of the mix, filling ability even in heavily congested reinforcement, smooth finish, reduction in construction time etc. The ingredients used for SCC is the same as that of the NVC. But the proportioning of ingredients to achieve self compactability alters the microstructure of SCC which in turn affects the mechanical and fracture properties. Moreover, the mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume when used for improving the workability of SCC help in the development of the microstructural skeleton. In this study, three SCC mixes SCC1- made with only cement, SCC2 - with fly ash in addition to cement and SCC3 - with fly ash and silica fume in addition to cement for achieving normal, medium and high strength SCC respectively are cast. The microstructural changes in SCC with and without mineral admixtures over a period of time are studied using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The modification of mechanical properties at microstructural level brings difference in the behavior at macro level. Hence in this study, the mechanical properties at microstructural are obtained by using microindentation test and are scaled up to the macro level to predict the influence of micromechanical properties on macro response. The fracture properties of SCC is considered to be the interest of this study and is carried out with the help of advanced techniques such as acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). From the various studies carried out, it is inferred that the mixes with mineral admixtures behave in a more brittle manner when compared to mix having no mineral admixture. It is also observed that class ‘F’ fly ash hydrates at a slow pace and the strength gain is observed after 28 days and even beyond 90 days. Hence, it is concluded that it is appropriate to consider the strength at 90 days instead of 28 days for a SCC mix with class ‘F’ fly ash. Silica fume on the other hand is observed to result in a more rapid gain in strength and this can partially offset the delay in strength gain due to fly ash.

No description available.

A company cannot be more sustainable than its supply chain. Given their complexity and the need for collaborative, strategic action for sustainability across supplier networks this research takes a systems perspective to answer, “How can a Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) lens support supplier network collaboration towards sustainability?”.The application of the SSD lens includes mapping barriers and enablers to collaboration for sustainability found in literature and a case company along with the Five-Level Model (5LM) to which we add complex adaptive system elements. Based on this a thematic analysis of the barriers and enablers is performed paper presents results of the 5LM and thematic analysis, finding that taking an SSD perspective shows interconnections across the multiple enablers and barriers to collaboration. The challenges encountered during 5LM along with the results implications for the Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) academic field and practitioners are discussed. We conclude that the variety and complexity of barriers and enablers for collaboration make it important to approach sustainability strategically across the supplier network. The SSD perspective supports collaboration for sustainability by providing an opportunity to examine it from a systems perspective and to formulate prescriptive considerations for the case company and guiding questions for SSCM practitioners.

Självkompakterande betong (SKB) eller som den också kallas vibreringsfri betong upptäcktes och utvecklades i Japan i slutet av 1980- talet. Anledningen till detta utvecklingsarbete var att betong gjutning väldigt kämpigt och tillgången på erfarna betongarbetare började bli låg. I Sverige använde man självkompakterande betong året 1993 som tekniken hämtades hem av CBI Betonginstitutet. Användning av självkompakterande betong leder till många fördelar som skiljer sig från den vanliga betongen avseende arbetsmiljö t.ex. slipper man vibrering och undviker tungt arbete som i konsekvens minskar antal skador på arbetsplatsen. Utöver detta ger SKB förkortad arbetstid, bättre utförande och möjlighet till arbetskraftbesparing. Sedan 1997 har Sverige ökat användning av SKB i platsgjutning medan andra länder som Danmark har gått fram till ca 30 % av sin platsgjutning. Den låga användningen beror på att självkompakterande betong är väldigt känslig och dyrare eftersom den innehåller mer tillsatsmaterial. Huvuddelen av projektet bestod av att ställa frågor till experter i byggbranschen om självkompakterande betong för att få största möjliga mängd av informationer. Informationer som vi har fått var emellan åtta besök och sex mail. Syftet med examensarbete är att öka kunskap om orsaken till låg utveckling av SKB på platsgjutning och kunskap om arbetsmiljö. Vidare syftar arbetet till att lyfta fram de arbetsmiljömässiga och konstruktiva fördelarna samt sprida information om dessa. Informationerna visar att anledningen till den låga användningen av SKB framför allt är priset.  Men tidigare misslyckanden och varierande betongegenskaper är också en av anledningarna. Genom att öka användning av SKB där man många fördelar bland annat ekonomisk vinst på lång sikt och framför allt bättre arbetsmiljö med tanke på samhället. / Self-compacting concrete (SCC) or vibrated concrete was invented and developed in Japan in the late 1980's. Working with concrete is very hard and all of that is because of injuries that come from using of the usual concrete.  In Sweden, they used self-compacting concrete since 1993 when the technology has brought to Sweden from Japan by the Swedish cement and concrete Research institute. Self-compacting concrete has many advantages that are different from the traditional concrete according to the work environment which include avoidance of vibration and heavy work and all these can reduce the number of injuries at workplace. Shortened construction time and possibilities to save manpower are additional benefits. Today, self-compacting concrete is used for about 10 % on site casting in Sweden. Many other countries have gone forward in using of SCC, Denmark uses about 30%. The low use is due to the sensitivity of SCC and expensive because it contains more filler. The main work of the project consists of the interviews with the related persons in the building branch and questions to them about self-compacting concrete to get the maximum amount of information. Information that we have received was between eight visits and six mail. The aim of the thesis is to increase knowledge about the cause of the low development of SCC in place casting and knowledge of the work environment. Furthermore, this work aims to highlight the work environment and constructive advantages and disseminate information about them. The study shows that the reason for the low use of SCC is especially the price. But the previous failures and varying concrete properties are also such of these reasons. Increasing the use of SCC leads to many benefits including economic profit in the long term, and especially from the society side.

Visualization is used for stainless steel container wall and lid cross section characterization. Two specific types of containers are examined: 3013 and SAVY. The container wall examined is from a sample of the inner container of a 3013 container. The inner lid cross section examined is from a SAVY container. Laser confocal microscope data and photographic data are used to determine features of the surfaces. The surface features are then characterized by various feature statistics, such as, maximum depth, area, eccentricity, and others. The purpose of this pilot study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using the methodology to detect potential corrosion events on the inner container surfaces. The features are used to quantify these corrosion events. An automatic image analysis system uses this methodology to classify images for possible further human analysis by flagging possible corrosion events. A manual image analysis methodology is used to determine the amount of MnS on the SAVY container lid cross section. Visualization is an integral component of the analysis methodology.

<p>If designed and constructed properly, post-tensioned construction can provide improved durability and offers the ability to construct longer span bridges and curved girders. Furthermore, this method of construction has become economically competitive with traditional, pretensioned concrete and steel plate girder bridges. A critical issue, however, has been corrosion of the steel strand. While grouting has been the primary corrosion protection method for the strand, experience has shown that grouting presents its own problems and limitations that compromised the durability and service-life of bridges. As a result, unbonded post-tensioning has gained interest as it eliminates issues with grouting and allows for inspection as well as future strand replacement. The behavior and strength of structures constructed with unbonded post-tensioning, however, is not well understood, especially shear strength. Therefore, the objective of this research investigation is to evaluate the structural performance of prestressed girders containing unbonded tendons with a primary focus on shear strength. The scope of this phase of the research was to develop the means and methods to construct and test girder specimens with multiple design criteria and allow evaluation of multiple test variables. The research developed the materials and procedures to enable the large scale testing program to be developed. Finally, the procedures developed were verified through the construction of the initial set of test specimens and testing of the first shear specimen.</p>

Att gjuta med betong under vatten är utmanande, och det ställs höga krav på både betongen och utförandet för att resultatet ska bli bra. Peab Anläggning har uppmärksammat en del problem med denna typ av gjutningar och ville därför tydliggöra problematiken för att öka chansen för bra resultat vid framtida undervattensgjutningar. Problemen bestod dels av gjutskador på den färdiga betongkonstruktionen, och dels av problem med betongen under gjutningens gång i form av skum och separation. Examensarbetet sammanställer svårigheterna med undervattensgjutning med självkompakterande betong (SKB) och undersöker vilka faktorer som påverkar det färdiga gjutresultatet. Detta har gjorts genom en litteraturstudie, intervjuer med kunniga personer inom ämnet samt besök på arbetsplatser där undervattensgjutningar utförts. De svårigheter som identifierats delas in under fyra huvudrubriker; planering inför gjutning, betong, form samt utförande. Planeringen inför gjutningen är mycket viktig men svår då många faktorer måste tas hänsyn till, såsom väder och trafik. För att minimera risken för oönskade gjutuppehåll krävs det även en förberedande plan med lösningar på problem som kan uppstå under gjutdagen. Svårigheten med färsk betong är att det är ett levande och därmed oförutsägbart material. Det är nödvändigt att betongen har god sammanhållning så att betongens cementpasta inte vaskas ut i vattnet. Det är även viktigt att betongen har rätt konsistens för att kunna omsluta all armering och fylla ut hela formen. Betongen testas när den kommer till arbetsplatsen. Bland annat kontrolleras betongens lufthalt samt homogenitet och flytbarhet, det senare med hjälp av flytsättmått. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till dessa kontroller och att ta beslutet att inte gjuta med dålig betong. Det ställs även höga krav på formen vid undervattensgjutningar. Den måste vara helt tät och byggas på rätt sätt så att skum och bottenslam kan rinna ut ur formen. En svårighet är att dykarna behöver utföra en del av formbyggandet under vattenytan. Utförandet är en stor utmaning, då arbetsmomentet är komplicerat och man gjuter i blindo. Metoden går ut på att betong pumpas ner under vattenytan genom ett betongrör med en undervattensventil. Under gjutningens gång är det viktigt att rörets mynning hela tiden är under betongytan och att gjutröret hålls vertikalt. Slutligen är det värt att nämna att litteraturen som finns idag om undervattensgjutningar är bristfällig, något som gör det svårt att lära sig om ämnet. De förslag på lösningar som grundas på slutsatsen är att all betong som kommer till arbetsplatsen bör testas, trots att det inte alltid är ett krav. Detta så att ett beslut kan tas kring varje enskilt betonglass om betongen är godkänd att gjuta med. För att öka chansen att betongen har önskade egenskaper är det viktigt att betongbilen som levererar betongen till arbetsplatsen är ren och inte innehåller rester av annan betong. Det krävs under hela arbetet en god kommunikation mellan både pumpmaskinist, dykare och arbetsledning för att de gemensamt ska kunna lösa eventuella problem som uppstår. Slutligen rekommenderas att ta hjälp av varandra och dra nytta av den kompetens och erfarenhet som finns inom företaget. / Casting with concrete under water is challenging, and requires high standards on both the concrete and the work practice to achieve good results. Peab noticed problems with this type of casting, and wanted to clarify the difficulties to increase the chance of good results with future underwater castings. The problems were injuries on the finished concrete structure and troubles with the concrete during casting such as foam and separation in the concrete. This paper compiles the difficulties with underwater casting with self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and investigates the factors that affect the final result. This has been done through interviews with experienced people, a literature review and visits to construction site that performed underwater casting. This paper identifies four main issues; pre-casting planning, concrete quality, form and work procedure. The planning is very important but difficult, as many factors need to be considered, such as weather, land traffic and boat traffic. In order to minimize the risk of unwanted breaks during casting, it is good to have a preparatory plan with solutions to problems that may occur. The difficulty with concrete is that it's a living, and thus unpredictable, material. It is very important that the concrete has good cohesion so that the concrete's cement paste is not washed out in the water. It is also necessary that the concrete has good consistency to ensure it will enclose all reinforcement and fill in the entire form. The concrete is tested when it arrives to the construction site. Among other things, the air content as well as homogeneity and flowability are controlled, the latter controlled by a slump flow test. It is important to take these controls into consideration, and to make the decision not to cast with bad concrete. The requirements on the form used during underwater casting are high. It must be completely dense and properly constructed so that foam and sludge can flow out of the form. One difficulty is that the divers sometimes need to build parts of the form under the water. The work practice is challenging as it's complicated and done blindly. The used method is to pump concrete under the water surface through a concrete pipe with an underwater valve. During the casting process, the mouth of the pipe must always be below the concrete surface and the casting tube should be kept vertically. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the literature available today about underwater casting is inadequate, which makes it difficult to learn about the subject. The suggested solutions presented in the report are that all concrete coming to the construction site should be tested, even though it is not always a requirement. Thus, the decision of whether the concrete had a high enough quality for casting would be made for each delivery. In order to increase the chances of the concrete having desired properties, it is important that the truck delivering concrete to the construction site is clean and does not contain residues of a different concrete. Throughout the work, a good communication between pump operator, diver and management is needed to jointly solve problems. At last, it is recommended to help each other and take advantage of the expertise and experience within the company.