<p>Många databassystem utsätts ideligen för förändring. Dessa förändringar påverkar databasens schema. Detta har lett till att stöd för dessa förändringar har utvecklas. Schema versioning är det stödet för förändringar av databasscheman som ger det mest omfattande stödet. Med schema versioning menas att DBMS:et kan hantera flera versioner av databasschemat. Ett problem med schema versioning är att användaren måste veta vilken version en viss fråga ska ställas emot för att svaret ska bli korrekt. I detta arbete har det undersökts för vilka typer av förändringar mot en relationsdatabas som detta problem kan undvikas genom att uppnå versionstransparens, vilket innebär att versionshanteringen är osynlig för användaren. Undersökningen gjordes mot en modell som bara använder information ifrån de frågor som ställs mot databasen för att hitta rätt version att ställa frågan emot. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att versionstransparens kan uppnås för alla typer av förändringar utom för ändringar av datatypen för kolumner.</p>

<p>Behovet av datautbyte mellan olika system, ökar ständigt. Därför byggs fler och fler system med möjligheten att utbyta och överföra data via XML. Då olika system lagrar data på olika sätt, måste de strukturella och innehållsmässiga skillnaderna hanteras innan data kan överföras.</p><p>Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur dataöverföringar mellan XML-dokument i flera steg påverkas av strukturella eller innehållsmässiga skillnader. Arbetet visar i vilka fall data inte kan överföras korrekt. Studien utförs genom en experimentell metod. Experimenten genomförs med en applikation som utvecklats för ändamålet.</p><p>Resultatet från studien visar att problem kan uppstår då käll- och målstrukturen lagrar ett element eller attribut med olika datatyper, de övriga strukturmässiga skillnaderna genererar få problem. De innehållsmässiga skillnaderna medför att data inte kan identifieras då attributet saknas i käll- eller målstrukturen.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 22, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

This study will look into to the concepts of Peripersonal Space, The Body Schema and The Body Image. It examines how the terms are typically used and describes the various views about the concepts found in the literature, as well as the contradictions between these views. In the section “The Difficulty to Differentiate the Concepts” the reader gets a deeper understanding of which criteria researchers use to differentiate the concepts from one another. The fact that there are changes in kineamethic model and sensation in humans when they are using a rake is proposed as support for the idea that also the body schema is involved in tool use. In differentiating the Body schema – Body Image from each other (and other types of body representation) we come to the conclusion that positive definitions about different representations is needed and that researchers should unite their views what the definitions should be. We also mention a problem based on the possibility on infinite body representations and a solution by a Bayesian model is proposed that looks at the input as well as the output in experiments.

The objects of this study are the thirty-four gigues of J. S. Bach. This corpus of pieces represents one musician's encounter with the most engrossing dance genre of his time, and by coming to terms with this repertory I develop analytical perspectives with wide relevance to music of Europe in the early eighteenth century. The dissertation has a clear analytical focus but it also speaks to methodological issues of the relationship between theory and analysis, and the problem of reading a creative practice out of fixed works. Its main theoretical commitment is to middle-out perspectives on musical process. The dissertation's main themes are form, hypermeter, and schema. Its primary contribution to music theory lies in setting out an original position on the analysis of hypermeter, and advancing approaches to form and schema that are consistent with that position. "Form" and "schema" refer to compositional formulas that associate with hypermeter on the larger and smaller scales respectively, with observational windows as wide as the first half of a binary movement and as narrow as a couple of bars. Chapter 2 addresses the form of Bach's cello gigues. I arrive at a complete model of formal functions and phrase rhythm by first considering the turning points in the rhetoric of Fortspinnung. Chapter 4 addresses the chain of fifths sequence in Bach's harpsichord gigues. I analyze over fifty sequence passages, develop a typology of their contrapuntal frameworks, and consider the connections from sequence passages to subsequent events. These substantive analytical case studies flank the discussion of hypermeter. Chapter 3 includes analyses of Bach's orchestral gigue and two chamber-sonata gigues but is the most purely theoretical chapter. Its arguments are relevant to the study of meter and hypermeter across the whole "common practice" period. Since Chapters 2-4 address subsets of the corpus, a comprehensive overview is entrusted to Chapter 1, which also introduces the dissertation. Chapter 1's overview anchors the more specialized chapters in a wider reflection on the ability of compositional technique to inflect different styles, idioms, genres, and affects. / Music

Studien är baserad på lärares erfarenheter av läsförståelseundervisning.Utgångspunkten i studien är sviktande resultat i läsförståelse i internationella undersökningar för svenska elever. Det är en kvalitativ studie som syftar till att undersöka och beskriva lärares erfarenheter av medveten explicit läsförståelseundervisning i klassrumsmiljö. Metoden som används är öppna intervjuer. Respondenterna undervisar alla i svenska i skilda åldersgrupper, en från varje stadium på grundskolan samt gymnasiet. Framträdande i studiens resultat är att lärare är mycket intresserade av att ge elever god läsförståelse. Trots det känner majoriteten av respondenterna inte till att det finns forskningsbaserade läsförståelsestrategier som bevisligen ger ökad läsförståelse, i synnerhet för elever i behov av särskilt stöd.

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The combinational logic circuits, which are performing some kind of logic function, can have several realizations. Realizations differ from each other, because of the elements of the database used in circuit. The test of one scheme realization do not necessarily fully verify mistakes of the other realization. The number of pathways in different realizations may also differ. The determination of dependence between test's propriety and the number of pathways for different circuits is the main task in this paper. After finding pathways in different realizations of circuit, and comparing these pathways, the number of fictional pathways in every realization is detected. Special software was developed for calculating pathways in VHDL combinational logic circuits. The software was used for testing pathway calculation operations of circuit realization and for comparing pathways of realizations. The main purpose of this paper was to develop software for pathways in VHDL circuit calculation, to perform experiments using this software, and to estimate the dependence for the number of pathways. The practise of developed software is wide. This system may be implemented for optimising the algorithm of test generator. Usually the test generation program generates more than minimum of possible tests. If the number of pathways in circuit is known, the developed software will help to optimise the algorithm of test generation so that the minimum number of tests would be generated.

Our thesis investigates a mechanism for representing schema mapping by tabular forms and checking utility of the new representation. Schema mapping is a high-level specification that describes the relationship between two database schemas. Schema mappings constitute essential building blocks of data integration, data exchange and peer-to-peer data sharing systems. Global-and-local-as-view (GLAV) is one of the approaches for specifying the schema mappings. Tableaux are used for expressing queries and functional dependencies on a single database in a tabular form. In our thesis, we first introduce a tabular representation of GLAV mappings. We find that this tabular representation helps to solve many mapping-related algorithmic and semantic problems. For example, a well-known problem is to find the minimal instance of the target schema for a given instance of the source schema and a set of mappings between the source and the target schema. Second, we show that our proposed tabular mapping can be used as an operator on an instance of the source schema to produce an instance of the target schema which is `minimal' and `most general' in nature. There exists a tableaux-based mechanism for finding equivalence of two queries. Third, we extend that mechanism for deducing equivalence between two schema mappings using their corresponding tabular representations. Sometimes, there exist redundant conjuncts in a schema mapping which causes data exchange, data integration and data sharing operations more time consuming. Fourth, we present an algorithm that utilizes the tabular representations for reducing number of constraints in the schema mappings. At present, either schema-level mappings or data-level mappings are used for data sharing purposes. Fifth, we introduce and give the semantics of bi-level mapping that combines the schema-level and data-level mappings. We also show that bi-level mappings are more effective for data sharing systems. Finally, we implemented our algorithms and developed a software prototype to evaluate our proposed strategies.