Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The investigation was designed to evaluate the scoring systems of pitts (1984), and that of Murray and Majid(1978), when used to monitor caries progression in deciduous teeth. The evaluation.was based on the reproducibility and discrlininatory ability of the two systems. The Reproducibility Study was designed to compare the reproducibility of the two systems, and in addition, to illustrate, firstly the use of the subject as the sampling unit in measuring reproducibility, and secondly, a more sensitive method of measuring reproducibility when analysing caries progression data. The Progression Study was designed to discriminatory ability. In addition the compare use of the the effect on subject as the sampling unit in monitoring caries progression was illustrated in the analysis of this part of the investigation. A sub-sample of the posterior bitewing radiographs of 301, 5 year old children from a Duraphat clinical trial (Murray et al. 1977, Murray and Majid 1978) were re-examined. For the Reproducibility Study 150 sets of radiographs were examined a total of 4 times, (repeated examinations for each method). For the Progression Study three serial bitewing radiographs of 50 children were examined using the two methods. For the Reproducibility Study, Kendall's Tau-B was used as an approxlination of the weighted Kappa as a measure of reproducibility. While the pitts method appeared to be more reliable, the difference .between the tYK>methods was not significant( p~ 05). The surface cannot be used as an independent unit in measuring reproducibility. A method using the subject as the sampling unit was illustrated. Attention was drawn to the need to develop a measure of reproducibility for progression studies which would take into account the magnitude of the disagreement (instead of just disagreement) into the overall index of reproducibility. The use of weighted Kappa is suggested as a more appropriate measure of reproducibility. In the Progression Study Method 1 is more sensitive to the various stages of the disease process and provides a more complete overall picture of the carious process. The proportion of enamel lesions recorded for Method 1 were consistantly higher than that for Method 2. The behaviour of outer and inner enamel lesions differed considerably and Method 1 allowed the behaviour of these lesions to be considered separately. The progression rates were found to be faster with Method 2. With Method 1 30% of enamel lesions per subject had progressed to dentine or been filled 12 months later, the corresponding figure for Method 2 was 50%. Method 2 by excluding outer enamel lesions introduces two biases. The combination of these biases favour overestimating the proportion of lesions deemed to have progressed. The use of Method 2 may lead to the unnecessary loss of valuable data; more surfaces were excluded as being unreadable because of overlap. The average proportion of surfaces per subject recorded as unreadible due to overlap was 7% at baseline, 8% at 12 months and 8% at 24 months, the corresponding figures for Method 2 were 13%, 13% and 22% for Method 2. Method 1 thus appears to offer some advantages. The use of the subject as the sampling unit in analysing caries progression data offers a mnnber of advantages when canpared to the use of the surface as the sampling unit. The findings of the study indicate the proportions of high risk subjects (subjects in whom a large proportion of lesions progressed in a given time period) was low. With Method 1 in only 11% of the subjects did 80-100% of the enamel lesions progress after 12 months. The findings indicate that the Pitts system is the more useful scoring system in studies monitoring caries progression in deciduous teeth. / British Council

The diploma thesis is focused on the appreciation of clients' creditworthiness in obtaining loans at Komerční banka, a.s., which is one of the largest and most widely used banks in the Czech Republic. The work is divided into literary research and practical part. Literary research characterizes and explains the basic concepts of credit management and credit analysis. There are described different methods and models for assessing the creditworthiness of clients, which are further used in the practical part and are the basis for assessing the client's creditworthiness. The second part of the thesis analyzes Komerční banka, a.s., where its loan products are analyzed, and specific credit processes and credit analyzes are explained in model cases.

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There is a great need in real world applications for estimating depth through electronic means without human intervention. There are many methods in the field which help in autonomously finding depth measurements. Some of which are using LiDAR, Radar, etc. One of the most researched topic in the field of depth measurements is Computer Vision which uses techniques on 2D images to achieve the desired result. Out of the many 3D vision techniques used, stereovision is a field where a lot of research is being done to solve this kind of problem. Human vision plays an important part behind the inspiration and research performed in this field. Stereovision gives a very high spatial resolution of depth estimates which is used for obstacle avoidance, path planning, object recognition, etc. Stereovision makes use of two images in the image pair. These images are taken with two cameras from different views and those two images are processed to get depth information. Processing stereo images has been one of the most intensively sought-after research topics in computer vision. Many factors affect the performance of this approach like computational efficiency, depth discontinuities, lighting changes, correspondence and correlation, electronic noise, etc. An algorithm is proposed which uses texture features obtained using Laws Energy Masks and multi-block approach to perform correspondence matching between stereo pair of images with high baseline. This is followed by forming disparity maps to get the relative depth of pixels in the image. An analysis is also made between this approach to the current state-of-the-art algorithms. A robust method to score and rank the stereo algorithms is also proposed. This approach provides a simple way for researchers to rank the algorithms according to their application needs. / Master of Science

Doctor of Philosophy / In my research, I developed protein model quality estimation methods aimed at evaluating the reliability of computationally predicted protein models in the absence of experimentally solved ground truth structures. These methods specifically focus on estimating errors within the protein models to quantify their structural accuracy. Recognizing that even the most advanced protein structure prediction techniques may produce models with errors, I also developed a complementary protein model refinement method. This refinement method iteratively optimizes the weakly modeled regions, guided by the error estimation module of my quality estimation approach. The development of these model quality estimation methods, therefore, not only offers valuable insights into the structural reliability of protein models but also contributes to optimizing the overall reliability of protein models generated by state-of-the-art computational methods.

Frågeställning: Hur ser bankernas kreditbedömning för små och medelstora företag ut och hur kommer den att förändras i och med införandet av de nya regelverken K2 och K3? Hur resonerar banker vid kreditbedömning när företag redovisar enligt K2 och K3?Vill bankerna styra åt en viss tillämpning eller önskar de rapportering på basis av den löpande bokföringen? Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och analysera bankers kreditbedömning för små och medelstora företag, samt vilken påverkan kreditbedömningen kommer få efter införandet av de nya redovisningsregelverken. Metod: Studien hade en deduktiv forskningsansats och metoden var kvalitativ. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes som datainsamlingsmetod. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av den referensram som blev insamlad under en litteraturstudie och en artikelsökning. Slutsats: Studien visade att kreditbedömningens utgångspunkt är väldigt lika för de undersökta bankerna. Bankernas kreditbedömning har ännu inte påverkats av de nya regelverken K2 och K3 men det kan ändras i framtiden. Bankerna vill framförallt ha tillräckligt med underlag från företagen så att de kan göra en bra kreditbedömning. / Research questions: How does the banks credit assessment for SMEs look like and how will it change with the introduction of the new regulations K2 and K3? How do banks reason at credit assessment when companies report according to K2 and K3? Would banks steer to a particular application or do they wish to get reports on the basis of the daily accounting? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze banks’ credit assessment for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the impact of credit assessment due to the new accounting regulations. Method: The study had a deductive research approach and the methodology was qualitative. Semi-structured interviews were carried out as a data collection method. The empirical data were analyzed using the reference frame which was collected in a literature search and an article search. Conclusion: The study outcome shows that the credit assessment starting point is very alike from the examined banks. The banks credit assessment process has not been affected due to introduction of the new regulations K2 and K3 although it can change in future context. The banks want, above all, to have enough material from the companies so that they can make a good credit assessment.

A presente tese objetivou investigar a contribuição de variáveis e escalas psicológicas sugeridas pela literatura de Psicologia Econômica, a fim de predizer o risco de crédito de pessoas físicas. Nesse sentido, através das técnicas de regressão logística, e seguindo todas as etapas para desenvolvimento de modelos de credit scoring, foram construídos modelos de application scoring para pessoas físicas com variáveis sociodemográficas e situacionais, comumente utilizadas nos modelos tradicionais, mais a inclusão de variáveis comportamentais e escalas psicológicas, tais como: variáveis de comparação social, variáveis relacionadas com educação financeira, variáveis de comportamento de consumo, proxies de autocontrole e horizonte temporal, escala do significado do dinheiro (ESD), escala de autoeficácia, escala de lócus de controle, escala de otimismo, escala de autoestima e escala de comprador compulsivo. Os resultados foram contundentes e direcionaram para uma significativa contribuição de algumas dessas variáveis em predizer o risco de crédito dos indivíduos. As variáveis oriundas da ESD mostraram que as dimensões negativas relacionadas com o dinheiro estão mais associadas a indivíduos com problemas com dívidas. Também foi possível constatar que indivíduos com altos escores na escala de autoeficácia, provavelmente indicando um maior grau de otimismo e excesso de confiança, estão mais associados ao grupo de mau pagador. Notou-se ainda que compradores classificados como compulsivos possui maior probabilidade de se encontrar no grupo de mau crédito. Indivíduos que consideram presentear crianças e amigos em datas comemorativas como uma necessidade, mesmo que muitas pessoas considerem um luxo, possuem maior chance de se encontrarem no grupo de mau crédito. Problemas de autocontrole identificados por indivíduos que bebem em média mais de quatro copos de bebida alcoólica no dia ou são fumantes, mostraram-se importantes para identificar tendências ao endividamento. A partir desses achados acredita-se que a presente tese avançou no entendimento do risco de crédito das pessoas físicas, de forma a suscitar variáveis que podem aumentar a precisão da previsão dos modelos de credit scoring, tendo como uma das implicações imediatas a consideração de algumas das variáveis significativas como uma pergunta no formulário cadastral para novos clientes, tais como: Você acha que presentear amigos em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Você acha que presentear crianças em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Na média, você bebe mais de 4 copos de bebida alcoólica no dia? Você fuma cigarros? As implicações dos resultados também podem ser discutidas no âmbito dos modelos de behavioral scoring e modelos de credit scoring para pessoas jurídicas. / This works aimed to investigate the contribution of variables and psychological scales, suggested by the literature of Economic Psychology, in order to predict the credit risk of individuals. Accordingly, through the techniques of logistic regression, and following all the steps for developing credit scoring models, application scoring models were built for individuals with socio demographic and situational variables, commonly used in traditional models, further the inclusion of behavioral variables and psychological scales, such as: variables of social comparison, variables related to financial education, variables in consumption behavior, proxies of self-control and temporal horizon, meaning of money scale (MMS), scale of self efficacy, locus of control scale, scale of optimism, scale of self-esteem and scale of compulsive buyer. The results were blunt, and directed a significant contribution to some of these variables in predicting the credit risk of individuals. The variables derived from the MMS showed that the negative dimensions related to money are more associated to individuals with debt problems. It was also noted that individuals with high scores on selfefficacy scale, probably indicating a higher degree of optimism and overconfidence, are the group most associated with bad credit. It was noted also that buyers classified as compulsive ones are more likely to find in the group of bad credit. Individuals who consider gifting children and friends on commemorative dates as a necessity, even though many people consider a luxury, have more chance in being found in the group of bad credit. Self-control problems, identified by individuals who drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day, or are smokers, were important to identify indebtedness trends. From these findings it is believed that this works has advanced the understanding of the credit risk of individuals, giving rise to variables that may increase the forecast accuracy of credit scoring models, having as one of the immediate implications, considering of some of the significant variables as one of the questions about the individual when he fills the new application form, such as: Do you think gifting friends in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? Do you think gifting children in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? On average, you drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day? Do you smoke cigarettes? The implications of these results can also be discussed in the context of behavioral scoring models and credit scoring models for corporations.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the scoring models of banking and non-banking institutions when using specific outcomes of the request for a loan of CZK 100 000,- of several natural persons with varying credibility (the credibility of credit). The theoretical part is divided into two chapters, the first deals with the explanation of basic terms (credit, the applicant, bank and non-bank institutions, credit scoring, rating, review on the software used and legislation in the CR). The second chapter is devoted to describe the process of credit scoring, scoring models and a scoring function. The practical part is dedicated to the comparison of two methods for approval of applicants for the loan at the non-bank and bank institutions. The final chapter presents a summary of both methods used for approval and the authoress' subjective evaluation and recommendations for improving both used methods.