Rivers have been playing most important role as fresh water source and medium of nutrient transportation from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystem. Inorganic form of nutrients (DSi, DIN and DIP) are plant available mostly control the productivity of aquatic ecosystem. Transfer of these nutrients in higher concentrations cause harmful eutrophication in receiving water body. Study of dissolved inorganic nutrients concentrations in 12 Swedish rivers of different basin characteristics demonstrated both similar and varying behaviour from river to river and from season to season depending on catchment hydrology; land use and geology. Highest concentration did not coincide with the highest runoff. High DSi concentration observed in the unperturbed rivers however, high DIN and DIP concentration observed in agriculture dominated river followed by river basin dominated by industrial and urban activities. DSi and DIN concentration observed high in winter and decreased through spring to reach lowest in summer. DIP concentration although found low in summer but high concentration observed in early spring and early autumn. Rivers with low average runoff positively correlated with DSi and DIN concentration however, DIP demonstrated weak correlation.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Objetivou-se avaliar e caracterizar o comportamento sexual e o materno-filial de fÃmeas ovinas da raÃa Morada Nova em diferentes ordens de pariÃÃo. O comportamento sexual de fÃmeas foi avaliado a partir dos comportamentos apresentados pelas fÃmeas perante o reprodutor durante a estaÃÃo de monta. Este estudo foi realizado em dois anos consecutivos, sendo que no primeiro ano foi utilizado o efeito macho e no segundo ano nÃo houve a utilizaÃÃo do efeito macho. Em ambos os anos foram utilizadas 59 fÃmeas, sendo, 20 nulÃparas, 20 primÃparas e 19 plurÃparas. Os comportamentos estudados foram: cheirar ou nÃo o macho, urinar ou nÃo na presenÃa do macho, reatividade ao macho com escore um, dois ou trÃs, postura de aceitaÃÃo, tempo para cobertura. No segundo ano do experimento adicionou-se o comportamento de vocalizaÃÃes. No primeiro ano, fÃmeas nulÃparas e primÃparas apresentaram maior frequÃncia do comportamento de cheirar o macho em relaÃÃo Ãs plurÃparas. Os resultados do segundo ano mostraram que para todas as ordens de pariÃÃo houve maior frequÃncia da atitude de cheirar o macho e o ato de vocalizar foi demonstrado por fÃmeas nulÃparas (8%) e primÃparas (3%), jà as plurÃparas nÃo vocalizaram. Em ambos os anos as fÃmeas primÃparas apresentaram maior tempo para cobertura, desta forma, caracterizando atenÃÃo especial a esta ordem de pariÃÃo no momento da monta. No estudo do comportamento materno-filial foram acompanhados 46 partos (16 plurÃparas, 17 secundÃparas e 13 primÃparas), nos quais se avaliaram as seguintes variÃveis: tempo de parto, nÃmero de crias, ingestÃo de placenta, ingestÃo de Ãgua, ingestÃo de alimento, vocalizaÃÃes por minuto das mÃes, latÃncia para realizaÃÃo dos primeiros cuidados, nÃmero de limpezas por minuto, latÃncia entre nascer e levantar, latÃncia entre nascer e mamar, nÃmero de mamadas da cria, nÃmero de vezes que a cria urinou e vocalizaÃÃes das crias. TambÃm foram realizadas pesagens ao nascimento e ao desmame das crias. As fÃmeas plurÃparas e secundÃparas apresentaram maior nÃmero de conceptos, entretanto, as secundÃparas tiveram um menor Ãndice de mortalidade de suas crias, gerando um maior nÃmero de desmamados. Os cuidados maternos com as crias no momento do parto influenciam positivamente na mamada do colostro e no desenvolvimento da cria atà o desmame. / The aim of this work is to evaluate and characterize the sexual behavior and maternal behavior of females of Morada Nova sheep breed in Brazilian Northeast. The study of sexual behavior of females was evaluated from the behavior shown by females before the breeding during the breeding season. This study was conducted in two consecutive years, and the male effect was used only in the first year. In the two years 59 females were used, with 20 nulliparous, 20 primiparous and 19 pluriparous. The behaviors studied were sniffed or not sniffed the male, urinated in the presence of male or not urinated in the presence of male, reactivity with male approach with score one, two or three, posture acceptance time to cover. In the second year of the experiment added the behavior of vocalizations. In the first year, nulliparous and primiparous had a higher frequency of the behavior of the sniffed the male compared to pluriparous. The results showed that the second year for all categories was the variable most frequently sniffed the male in relation to non sniffed the male, and vocalization was demonstrated by nulliparous females (8%) and primiparous (3%), but pluriparous not vocalized. In both years the primiparous showed more curiosity and also more time to breeding, thus characterizing particular attention to this category at the time of coverage. In the study of maternal-filial behavior, showed 46 births (16 pluriparous , 17 secundiparous and 13 primiparous), in which they evaluated the following variables: time of parturition, number of offspring, eating placenta, water intake, intake food, vocalizations per minute mothers, latency to make the first care, number of cleanings per minute, latency between birth and raising, latency between birth and breastfeeding, number of feedings creates, number of times that creates urinated and vocalizations of pups. Weighed at birth and at weaning of neonates were also performed. The more experienced females had higher number of fetuses, however, secundiparous had a lower mortality rate of their offspring, generating a greater number of weaned. Maternal care of the neonates at birth positively influence the feeding of colostrum and development of the offspring to weaning.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:41:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sara Soares Moreira.pdf: 2857209 bytes, checksum: 0b5793e1468dbb74732acf0e166007e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-25 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / O presente estudo aborda a questão do reconhecimento do trabalho das mulheres na pesca a partir da pesquisa realizada com as pescadoras da Comunidade Cristo Rei, no município do Careiro da Várzea, Amazonas. Dessa forma, tenciona a caracterização das mulheres pescadoras e seu reconhecimento como trabalhadoras da pesca e sua inserção na Política do Seguro-Desemprego do Pescador Artesanal (PSDPA), bem como a contribuição dessa política em suas formas de reprodução social. A pesca é uma das atividades mais importantes no cotidiano das famílias que habitam as áreas rurais e ribeirinhas da Amazônia, praticada principalmente em rios, lagos, paranás e igapós. Mas a presença feminina na atividade foi historicamente negada, silenciada, e o protagonismo das pescadoras subsumido na ideia de que na pesca as mulheres são apenas ajudadeiras. A partir dos anos 1990, estudos como o de Motta-Maués e Alencar trazem à tona a relevância da presença das mulheres na pesca, mas também destacam a dívida da academia e a carência de estudos sobre as pescadoras. As práticas cotidianas observadas no trabalho de campo e os relatos nas entrevistas evidenciam que as pescadoras da comunidade Cristo Rei vêm aos poucos rompendo com a invisibilidade na pesca, universo descrito eminentemente como masculino. Nessa luta pelo reconhecimento, essas trabalhadoras encontram subsídios na PSDPA, popularmente conhecida como seguro-defeso.

Plants produce a number of substances and products and primary and secondary metabolites (SM) are amongst them with many benefits but limitation as well. Usually, the fodder are not considered toxic to animals or as a source having higher SM. The Brachiaria decumbens has a considerable nutritional value, but it is considered as a toxic grass for causing photosensitization in animals, if the grass is not harvested for more than 30 days or solely. The absence of detailed information in the literature about SM in Brachiaria, metabolites production and its chemical profile enable us to focus not only on the nutritive value but to get answers in all aspects and especially on toxicity. The study was conducted in the period of december 2013 to december 2014; in greenhouse FZEA-USP. B. decumbens was used with two cutting heights (10 and 20 cm) and nitrogen doses (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1) in complete randomized block design. The bromatological analysis were carried out on near infrared spectroscopy. Generally, the application of 150 kg ha-1 N was sufficient to promote the nutritional value in B. decumbens but above it the nitrogen use efficiency decline significantly. The highest dry matter yield (99.97 g/pot) was observed in autumn and the lowest was in winter (30.20 g/pot). While, as per nitrogen dose the average highest dry matter yield was at 150 kg ha-1 (79.98 g/pot). The highest crude protein was observed in winter (11.88%) and the lowest in autumn (7.78%). By the cutting heights; the 10 cm proved to have high CP (9.51%). In respect of fibrous contents, the highest acid detergent fiber was noted in summer (36.37%) and lowest in winter (30.88%). While the neutral detergent fiber was being highest in autumn and lowest in spring (79.60%). The highest in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were noted at 300 kg ha-1 N; being 68.06 and 60.57%; respectively; with the lowest observed in without N treatments (62.63% and 57.97), respectively. For determination of the classes, types and concentration of SM in B. decumbens, phytochemical tests, thin layer and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were carried out. Height, nitrogen and seasons significantly (P <0.0001) affected the secondary metabolic profile. A new protodioscin isomer (protoneodioscin (25S-)) was identified for first time in B. decumbens and is supposed to be the probable toxicity reason. Its structure was verified by 1D and 2D NMR techniques (1H, 13C) and 1D (COSY-45, edited HSQC, HMBC, H2BC, HSQC -TOCSY, NOESY and 1 H, 1 H, J). All factors influence the metabolic profile significantly (P <0.0001). The lowest phenols were at 300 kg ha-1 while the lowest flavones were at 0 kg ha-1. Season wise the highest phenols occurred in autumn (19.65 mg/g d.wt.) and highest flavones (28.87 mg/g d.wt.) in spring. Seasons effect the saponin production significantly (P <0.0001) and the results showed significant differences in the protodioscin (17.63±4.3 - 22.57±2.2 mg/g d.wt.) and protoneodioscin (23.3±1.2 - 31.07±2.9 mg/g d.wt.) concentrations. The highest protodioscin isomers concentrations were observed in winter and spring and by N doses the highest were noted in 300 kg ha-1. Simply, all factors significantly played their role in varying concentrations of secondary metabolites. / As plantas produzem diversas substâncias e produtos e os metabólitos primários e secundários (MS) estão entre eles, apresentando tanto efeitos benéficos como limitação de utilização. Geralmente, a forrageiras não são consideradas tóxicas aos animais ou como fonte de MS. As espécies de braquiárias são caracterizadas pelo alto valor nutricional, entretando a Brachiaria decumbens é a espécie mais tóxica para causar a fotossensibilização. A ausência de informações detalhadas na literatura a respeito de MS, sua produção e perfil químico nos faz focar não somente no aumento da produção de matéria fresca e no valor nutritivo da planta mas, em obter respostas em todos os aspectos e na redução de sua toxicidade. O estudo foi conduzido no período de dezembro 2013 ate dezembro 2014, em casa de vegetação localizada na FZEA-USP. Utilizou-se duas alturas de corte (10 e 20 cm) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 150, 300 e 450 kgoha-1) em delineamento de blocos casualizados (4x2). Altura, doses de N e estação afetaram significativamente o perfil de MS. Houve aumento na produção de saponina nas estações da primavera e outono devido ao estresse. A análise bromatológica foi feita por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo. Geralmente, a aplicação de 150 kgoha-1 de N foi suficiente para promover o valor nutricional na B. decumbens, entretanto acima desse valor a eficiência de uso de Nitrogênio decai significativamente. A maior produção de matéria seca (MS) (99,97 g/vaso) foi observada no outono e a menor foi no inverno (30,20 g/vaso). Embora, de acordo com a dose de nitrogênio, o maior rendimento médio de matéria seca foi de 150 kgoha-1 (79,98 g/vaso). Observou-se que o maior teor de proteína bruta (CP) foi no inverno (11,88%) e o menor foi no outono (7,78%). Pelas alturas de corte, os 10 cm provaram ter alta CP (9,51%). A respeito do conteúdo fibroso, o maior teor de fibra detergente ácida foi observado no verão (36,37%) e o teor mais baixo no inverno (30,88%). Por outro lado, o teor da fibra em detergente neutro foi maior no outono e o menor teor na primavera (79,60%). As maiores digestibilidades in vitro da matéria seca e matéria orgânica foram observadas em 300 kgoha-1 de N, sendo 68,06% e 60,57% com o menor valor observado em tratamentos sem N (62,63% e 57,97%), respectivamente. Para determinação das classes, tipos e concentração de MS em B. decumbens, foram realizados testes por fitoquímico, cromatografia de camada fina, cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa e ressonância magnética nuclear. Foi identificado um novo isômero de protodioscina (protoneodioscina (25S-) pra primeria vez na B. decumbens que é supostamente a provável razão da toxicidade. Sua estrutura foi verificada pelo 1D e 2D (1H combinação de 1D (1H, 13C) e a técnica 1D RMN (COSY-45, editado HSQC, HMBC, H2BC, HSQC-TOCSY, NOESY e 1H, 1H, J) como O-α-L -rhamnopyranosyl- (1 4) -O-β-D- glucopiranosil- (1 6) -O-β-D-6-O-acetylglucopyranosyl-] (1 2) - p-D-glucopiranosil-28 medicagen. Todos os fatores influenciaram o perfil metabólico significativamente (P <0,0001). Para flavonas, a menor produção foi observada em outono (19,65 mg/g peso seco (p.s)) e a maior na primavera (28.87 mg/g p.s). As concentrações de saponina foram afetadas significativamente (P<0,0001) pelas estações e os resultados mostraram diferenças na protodioscina (17,63±4,3 - 22,57±2,2 p.s) e protoneodioscina (23,3±1,2 - 31,07±2,9 p.s). Os maiores teores da concentração dos isômeros de protodioscina foram observados no inverno e na primavera e em relação ao N aplicado, o maior teor foi de 300 kgoha-1. Simplesmente, todos os fatores influenciaram significativamente a variação das concentrações dos metabólitos secundários.

Tanzania is close to reach one of the Millennium Development Goals; to reduce child mortality with two-thirds between 1990 until 2015. This qualitative case study focuses on under-five children’s health in Babati district, situated in the north-west of Tanzania. The empirical data used in this thesis has been collected through interviews with health personnel and mothers during three weeks in February to March 2012. The purpose of the study has been to identify direct and underlying reasons causing child mortality, and to investigate what measures are needed to improve the situation. The most prominent diseases creating death amongst children are pneumonia and malaria, and also diarrheal diseases are common. The prevalence of the diseases differs from wet and dry season, whereas there are more cases of illness and death during the wet season. Malaria and pneumonia are common causes of death during the wet season, and diarrheal diseases are more common during the dry season. Underlying reasons affecting child mortality in Babati district are the lack of infrastructure, such as few well-functioning roads to the main hospitals which affects the rural population in particular. Also the limited access to transport is a vast problem when there is acute illness or childbirth. The clinics available in Babati district are poorly equipped and have a lack of personnel, creating a stressful situation for both healthcare workers and patients. More governmental funds and infrastructure is needed in the area to be able to create a sustainable situation for future children. / Tanzania är nära att nå ett av Milleniemålen; att reducera barnadödligheten med två tredjedelar mellan 1990 till 2015. Den här kvalitativa fallstudien fokuserar på barn under fem års hälsosituation i Babati distriktet, beläget i nordvästra Tanzania. De empiriska data som används i studien har samlats genom intervjuer med sjukvårdspersonal och mödrar under tre veckors tid under februari och mars 2012. Syftet med studien har varit att identifiera direkta och indirekta orsaker till barnadödlighet, samt att undersöka vilka förbättringar som krävs för att förbättra situationen. De mest framträdande orsakerna för barnadödlighet är lunginflammation och malaria, men också sjukdomar kopplade till diarré är vanligt förekommande.  Förekomsten av sjukdomarna varierar beroende på om det är regnsäsong eller torrperiod. Under regnsäsongen så är det flest sjukdoms- och dödsfall, och lunginflammation och malaria är mest förekommande medans diarré är vanligast under torrperioden. Bakomliggande orsaker som påverkar barnadödlighet i Babati är bristen på infrastruktur, få välfungerande vägar till huvudsjukhusen vilket framför allt påverkar den rurala befolkningen. Den begränsade tillgången till transport är ett vidsträckt problem vid akut sjukdom eller förlossning. Klinikerna i Babati distriktet är undermåligt utrustade och har personalbrist, vilket skapar en ohållbar situation för både sjukvårdspersonalen och patienterna. Mer statliga resurser och infrastruktur behövs i området för att kunna skapa en hållbar situation för framtidens barn. / Miljö och utveckling i syd

At least 30 million men are infertile around the world, identifying male factor infertility as a global health issue. In the past 70 years, evidence of a significant general decline in sperm quality has been reported, prompting concerns about the implications for reproductive health. Over the same period, there have been substantial changes in human lifestyles. New technologies, such as mobile phones and wi-fi, have been proposed to have a negative impact on a range of health outcomes, from an increased risk of cancer to a decrease in fertility. However, these links remain controversial. Over the last 30 years, the introduction of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has offered infertile patients, particularly men with severe male factor infertility, a successful treatment option. However, miscarriage rates associated with fertility treatment can be as high as 30% and how this risk had changed over time was unclear. In addition, there are natural fluctuations in human health, including seasonal changes to birth rates. However, the clinical implications of these fluctuations need to be established. In this thesis, using an integrated approach that combined epidemiological research with laboratory investigations, I show that sperm quality is negatively affected by exposure to RF-EMR from mobile phones and wi-fi. I also identified a seasonal summer increase in sperm motility and morphology that followed patterns of seasonality in birth rates and in the success of assisted conception cycles. I showed that although the number of successful conceptions from ART has increased over time, there has been an equal increase in miscarriage rates. Male reproductive health continues to be under-researched when compared with the female, this inequality needs to be addressed in order to understand the causes of the decline in male fertility and the relationship this has with subsequent reproductive success.

Abstract Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–15% of all strokes. ICH is the most devastating subtype of stroke with high mortality and morbidity; 35–52% of patients die during the first month after the bleeding. The most important risk factor for onset of ICH is hypertension, especially untreated hypertension, and the well-known predictors for early death after ICH are a low GCS (i.e low level of consciousness) score on admission, the size of the hematoma, and the precence of intraventricular blood. Preceeding use of anticoagulants and advanced age further impair the outcome. Thromboembolic complications after the bleed are common and difficult to prevent. The present cohort study included all patients (n = 453) with verified primary ICH admitted to the stroke unit of Oulu University Hospital within a period of 11 years (from January 1993 to January 2004). The impacts of previous diseases, including ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation on admission, hypertension, and diabetes as well as of high admission blood pressure and plasma glucose levels on outcome were evaluated. The safety and efficacy of prevention of venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), was investigated. In a population-based study covering a 3-year period, the risk factors and seasonal distribution of ICH were investigated. Independent of the severity of bleeding and patients’ age, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation were found to be significant predictors for early death after ICH. High blood pressure on admission predicted early death, whereas elevated admission plasma glucose level was associated with the severity of bleeding but was not an independent predictor for early death. Treatment with enoxaparin (20 mg per day subcutaneously) for prevention of venous thromboembolism was not associated with increased mortality but did not seem to prevent venous thromboembolic complications. The incidence of ICH was higher during the winter among patients with untreated hypertension but not in normotensive and treated hypertensive patients.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This research investigated the nature, source and the spatial variation of the salinity of the water used for irrigation in the urban farming area of Philippi, which lies in the Cape Flats region of the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, South Africa. The irrigation water is mainly drawn from the Cape Flats aquifer, and pumped into ponds for eventual crop irrigation. Water samples were collected in summer and in winter from fifteen selected sites using standard water sampling procedures. Each site consisted of one borehole and one pond. The samples were routinely analyzed for salinity levels, and concentrations of major and minor ions. From the same boreholes and ponds, water was sampled in summer for isotope analysis to assess effects of evaporation on the water quality and salinity. Descriptive statistics were used to display the variation in range of specific ions in order to compare them with the recommended ranges. Geographical Information Systems analysis described the spatial distribution of the salinity across the study area, and hydrogeochemical analysis characterized the various waters and detected similarities between the water samples in the study area and other waters found in the Cape Flats region. In addition, the US salinity diagram classification of irrigation water developed by Richards (1954) was used to assess the current suitability of groundwater and pond water samples collected during the entire sampling period for irrigation activities. The research indicated that the concentrations of some ions such as chloride, nitrate, potassium and sodium exceeded in places in the study area, the target range values set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). It revealed that borehole and pond water were mostly brackish across the area regarding their total dissolved salts content, and fresh water was only found in the middle part of the study area. The research found that sea water does not intrude into the aquifer of the study area, and the accumulation of salts in groundwater and soil in the study area is mainly due to the agricultural activities and partially due to the natural movement of water through the geological formation of the Cape Flats region. The conceptual model of the occurrence of the salinization process supported these findings. From this investigation it is understood that the groundwater and pond water in the study area were generally suitable for irrigation purposes but they have to be used with caution as the vegetables are classified as sensitive and moderately sensitive to salt according to DWAF Irrigation water guidelines (1996). The quality of these waters was mainly affected by the land use activities. / South Africa

The primary objective of this research was to study the effects of agro-ecological regions (as represented by the veld types in four different areas), sex, season of birth, the interaction between sex and season of birth as well as the interaction between veld type and season of birth on selected anthropometrical measurements (body dimension measurements). The correlations between these selected anthropometrical measurements were also investigated in this study. Data from four herds of Nguni cattle comprising of 416 animals (Loskop South, Fort Hare, Kroonstad and Warmbaths with 115, 106, 97, and 98 animals respectively) was analysed. Measurements were taken in different seasons at each area or location. Statistical analyses of the data were done using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2002). The results of this study indicate that veld type, sex and the interaction between sex and veld type did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the growth (selected anthropometrical measurements) of Nguni cattle. In all the four agro-ecological regions (veld type in the different regions), season of birth, the interaction between sex and season of birth (Sex*BS) and the interaction between season of birth and veld type (V*BS) showed a significant effect (P< 0.05) on selected body dimensions. Animals that were born during the winter and spring seasons were heavier (P<0.05, 333.37 kg and 336.95 kg respectively) than those born in summer (270.35 kg) and autumn (286.29 kg). The same can be said of other body dimensions (M, L, HW, HG, SH and HH), whereby the animals that were born during winter and spring seasons had higher values (P<0.05) than their counterparts born in summer and autumn. This tendency was also observed for SC although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the study suggested that season of birth, the interaction between sex and season of birth (Sex*BS) and the interaction between veldtype (agro-ecological region) and season of birth (V*BS) are important sources of variation in growth of beef cattle, with special reference to Nguni cattle. It is therefore recommended that season of birth and its interaction with both veld type and sex should be given considerable attention in any extensive beef production system (with special reference to the Nguni breed) employed in South Africa. Knowledge of the influence of agro-ecological factors on the growth of beef cattle is of great importance for measuring production capacity, designing and implementing strategies to alter the extensive beef production system and thus to increase the output to ensure a more sustainable economic advantage. / Dissertation (Magister Institutionis Agrariae (Animal Production))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Au Tardiglaciaire, pendant les périodes les plus froides, le développement en altitude de vastes colonies de marmottes est à mettre en relation avec l’évolution de la limite supérieure de la forêt. Des groupes humains (Magdalénien, Azilien et Laborien) se sont focalisés sur l’exploitation préférentielle de ce petit gibier. À partir de plusieurs collections actuelles de marmottes, nous avons pu établir deux référentiels permettant de déterminer l’âge et la saison d’abattage. Ces outils méthodologiques ont ensuite été appliqués à sept séries archéologiques : Colomb et la Passagère (Méaudre), l’Olette (Lans-en-Vercors), les Freydières (Saint-Agnan-en-Vercors), Bobache (La Chapelle-en-Vercors), Jean-Pierre 1 (Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz), la Chênelaz (Hostiaz). Des analyses cémentochronologiques et squelettochronologique sur un échantillon du matériel archéologique ont permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus à partir des référentiels. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence la saison préférentielle de la chasse à la marmotte. Pour l’ensemble des séries archéologiques, cette saison d’abattage intervient avant l’hibernation (de la fin août à début octobre). Ainsi les marmottes ont été abattues pendant la période où elles possèdent en termes de ressources le plus fort potentiel qualitatif et quantitatif, à la fois pour les produits techniques (fourrure et graisse) et pour les produits alimentaires (graisse et viande). De plus l’étude archéozoologique confirme une intense activité de boucherie, dans une perspective de récupération de ces différents produits en vue d’une consommation différée et d’une exportation vers les sites de plaine. / During the coldest periods of the Late Glacial, in alitude the development of vast colonies of marmots is to be linked with the evolution of the upper limit of the forest. Human groups (Magdalenian, Azilian and Laborien) have focused on the preferential use of this small game.From several current collections marmots, we have established two referentials for determining the age and slaughtering season. Then, the methodological tools were applied to seven archaeological series: Colomb and the Passagère (Méaudre), Olette (Lans-en-Vercors), the Freydières (Saint-Agnan-en-Vercors), Bobache (La Chapelle-en-Vercors), Jean-Pierre 1 (SaintThibaud-de-Couz), La Chênelaz (Hostiaz). Skeletochronology analysis on a sample of archaeological material has confirmed the results obtained from the referentials. This work has highlighted the preferred hunting season to the groundhog. For all archaeological series, the season of death occurs before hibernation (from late August to early October). Thus marmots were shot during the time they have in terms of the highest quality and quantity of potential resources, for both technical products (fur and fat) and for foods (fat and meat). Moreover zooarchaeological study confirms intense butchery, with a view to recovering these different products for a deferred consumption and export to lower altitude sites.