Transducers are finite state automata with an output. In this thesis, we attempt to classify sequences that can be constructed by iteratively applying a transducer to a given word. We begin exploring this problem by considering sequences of words that can be produced by iterative application of a transducer to a given input word, i.e., identifying sequences of words of the form w, t(w), t²(w), . . . We call such sequences transducer recognizable. Also we introduce the notion of "recognition of a sequence in context", which captures the possibility of concatenating prefix and suffix words to each word in the sequence, so a given sequence of words becomes transducer recognizable. It turns out that all finite and periodic sequences of words of equal length are transducer recognizable. We also show how to construct a deterministic transducer with the least number of states recognizing a given sequence. To each transducer t we associate a two-dimensional language L²(t) consisting of blocks of symbols in the following way. The first row, w, of each block is in the input language of t, the second row is a word that t outputs on input w. Inductively, every subsequent row is a word outputted by the transducer when its preceding row is read as an input. We show a relationship of the entropy values of these two-dimensional languages to the entropy values of the one-dimensional languages that appear as input languages for finite state transducers.

Abstract not available

The initial focus of this PhD project was on comparative gene mapping. Comparative gene mapping is facilitated by consensus PCR primers which amplify homologous gene fragments in many species. As a part of an international co-ordinated programme of comparative mapping in pigs, 47 CATS (Comparative Anchor Tagged Sequence) consensus primer pairs for loci located on human chromosomes 9, 10, 20, and 22, were used for amplifying homologous loci in pigs. After optimization of PCR conditions, 23 CATS products have confirmed by comparison with homologous sequences in GenBank. A French somatic cell hybrid panel was used to physically map the 6 porcine CATS products distinguishable from rodent background product, namely ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ARSA, GNAS1, OXT and TOP1. Of these, the map location of ADRA1A and OXT showed inconsistency with the previously recognised conserved relationship between human and pig. The other four loci mapped to positions consistent with known syntenic relationships. Despite low levels of polymorphism, frequently indistinguishable rodent and porcine products in somatic hybrids and some confusion of identity of gene family members, these CATS primers have made a useful contribution to the porcine-human comparative map. The focus of the project then changed to genetic and molecular characterisation of endogenous retroviruses in pigs and their relatives. Pigs are regarded as a potentially good source of organs and tissues for transplantation into humans. However, porcine endogenous retroviruses have emerged as a possible problem as they can infect cultured human cells. Two main types of pig retrovirus, determined by envelope protein, PERV-A and PERV-B, are widely distributed in different pig breeds and a third less common type, PERV-C, has also been recognised. Endogenous retroviruses were analyzed from the Westran (Westmead transplantation) inbred line of pig, specially bred for biomedical research. Thirty-one 1.8 kb env PCR product clones were sequenced after preliminary screening with the restriction enzymes KpnI and MboI. Five recombinant clones between A and B were identified. 55% of clones (17/31) sequenced had stop codons within the envelope protein-encoding region, which would prevent the retrovirus from making full-length envelope protein recognizable by cell-surface receptors of the virus. The endogenous viruses were physically mapped in Westran pigs by FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation) using PERV-A and PERV-B envelope clones as probes. Preliminary FISH data suggest that there are at least 22 PERVs (13 PERV-A and 9 PERV-B) and the chromosomal locations of these in the Westran strain are quite different from European Large White pigs. The sequences and mapping results of inbred Westran pig suggest that there are relatively few PERV integration sites compared with commercial pigs and further that a large proportion of clones are defective due to premature stop codons in the envelope gene. To investigate the relationship of endogenous retroviruses in peccaries and pigs, a set of degenerate primers was used to amplify peccary retroviral sequences. The sequences of two putative retroviral clones showed close homology, albeit with a 534 bp deletion, to mouse and pig retroviral sequences. Also, four non-target sequences were amplified from peccary with the degenerate retroviral primers. They are a part of the peccary cofilin gene, a SINE, and a sequence containing a microsatellite. The peccary endogenous retroviral sequences are significant in that they are the first such sequences reported in peccary species and repudiate old claims in the literature that peccaries do not have C-type retroviral sequences.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p> </p><p>The aim of this study is to look at the use of formulaic language, i.e. memorized and conventionalized combinations of words, in essays written by Swedish intermediate level students of English. Drawing on previous research (Cohen and Brooks -Carson 2001) this study will apply a method of “warming up” in Swedish (L1) before writing in English (L2). The primary material includes thirty essays written directly in English, and thirty essays starting from an outline in Swedish and then written in English, by the same students but on a different topic.</p><p>Since there is evidence that native speakers always score the highest on amount of formulaic language in written discourse, the main hypothesis of this study is that by starting from an outline in Swedish and then writing in English the students will make use of more formulaic language than when writing directly in English. The first research question involves the quantity of formulaic language in the students’ essays. The second question concerns the distribution and use of the different categories of FSs (NPs, VPs etc) in the direct and indirect modes of writing. The last question addresses the erroneous attempts made by the students in forming FSs and the possible influence of transfer from L1 in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish compared to the essays written directly in English.</p><p>The findings of this study lend support to the main hypothesis. Moreover, the analysis shows that there are significant differences in the distribution and use of the different categories of formulaic language in the direct and indirect modes of writing. Results are suggestive of a more conscious and less uncertain approach in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish, however the findings may be circumstantial. Furthermore, the results indicate that the method of “warming up” in Swedish may encourage the use of combinations of words that are more conventionalized and do not always interact with syntax in a regular way. The findings also indicate that transfer is not more salient in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish if compared to the essays written directly in English, at least not in relation to the erroneous FSs found in the students’ essays.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: <em>formulaic sequences, conventionalization, contrastive awareness, language processing, language acquisition.</em></p>

<p>This thesis is a survey of the field of languages over infinite sequences. There is active research going on in this field, during the last year several new results where published. </p><p>We investigate the language containment problem for infinite sequences, with focus on complementation of Büchi automata. Our main focus is on the approach with alternating automata by Kupferman&Vardi. The language containment problem has been proved to be in EXPSPACE. We identify some cases when we can avoid the exponential blow-up by taking advantage of properties of the input automaton. </p><p>Some of the algorithms we explain are also implemented in a Sicstus Prolog library.</p>

<p>In this paper, I have examined if and how Saul Bass adapts his title sequences to the respective film in the matter of genre, plot, milieu, feeling and appearance. Saul Bass was really a graphic artist who has made himself a long career in film production, foremost as a creator of title sequences. Of all the films Bass has created title sequences to, I’ve chosen six films, whose title sequences I analyse more thoroughly. I do this to point out the differences between them and thus also show how Bass adapt them to the individual work. To do this I’ve used an auteuristic perspective. The analysis I’ve made of the six films points to that Bass adapts his title sequences to the respective films. I have for instance found that certain title sequences is an integrated part of the film itself, others work as a prologue to the plot of the movie, and others present the genre, the plot or a specific theme. Most of the title sequences also introduce a fundamental feeling, that follows the viewer throughout the whole film. However, it has also come forth certain likenesses in his work, certain images and themes. Despite this, I believe that Saul Bass designs his title sequences according to the specific work and not according to his personal style.</p> / <p>I denna uppsats har jag undersökt om och hur Saul Bass anpassar sina förtexter till respektive film ifråga om genre, handling, miljö, känsla eller utseende. Saul Bass var i grunden en grafisk designer som har gjort sig en lång karriär inom filmproduktionen, och då främst som skapare av förtexter. Av alla filmer som Bass har gjort förtexter till har jag valt ut sex filmer, vars förtexter jag analyserar mer ingående. Detta gör jag för att belysa olikheterna dem emellan och därmed också hur Bass anpassar dem efter det individuella verket. Till detta använder jag mig av ett auteuristiskt perspektiv. De analyser jag har gjort av de sex filmerna pekar på att Bass verkligen anpassar sina förtexter till respektive film. Jag har till exempel funnit att vissa förtexter är en integrerad del av själva filmen, vissa fungerar som prologer till filmens handling och vissa presenterar genren, handlingen eller ett specifikt tema. De allra flesta av förtexterna introducerar även en grundläggande känsla, som sedan följer med åskådaren genom hela filmen. Dock har det även dykt upp vissa likheter i hans arbeten, vissa bilder och teman. Detta till trots anser jag att Saul Bass utformar sina förtexter med tanke på det specifika verket och inte med tanke på hans personliga stil.</p>

Carleson measures for Harmonically Weighted Dirichlet Spaces are characterized. It is shown a version of a maximal inequality for these spaces. Also, Interpolating Sequences and Closed-Range Composition Operators are studied in this context.

Auf dem Weg der genetischen Information stellt die Translation der RNA in eine Aminosäuresequenz den letzten Schritt dar. In Chloroplasten, den grünen Organellen der Pflanzenzellen, findet ein Großteil der Regulation der Genexpression auf Ebene der Initiation dieses Schrittes statt. Eine Vielzahl von Eigenschaften der RNA und von Faktoren, die an die RNA binden, entfalten einen Einfluss auf diesen Schritt. Bisher unvollständig aufgeklärt ist die Rolle einer konservierten Nukleotidsequenz in der untranslatierten Region der RNA -- der Shine-Dalgarno-Sequenz. Diese stellt in Bakterien, wie z.B. E. coli als Ribosomenbindestelle sicher, dass Ribosomen den Anfang der zu translatierenden Sequenz zuverlässig erkennen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden diverse DNA-Konstrukte in Plastiden von Tabak eingebracht. Hierzu zählten Konstrukte, die sowohl eine erhöhte Anzahl von Ribosomenbindestellen enthielten als auch vermehrte Startpunkte der Translation. Zusätzlich wurden Konstrukte hergestellt, die die Situation von mehreren zu translatierenden Regionen in der RNA nachstellten. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass plastidäre Ribosomen die strangaufwärts gelegenen Translationsstartpunkte bevorzugen -- im Gegensatz zu E. coli, wo alle Startpunkte gleichmäßig genutzt wurden. Hierdurch zeigten die prokaryotischen Ribosomen aus Chloroplasten, die sich aus bakteriellen Systemen ableiten, Eigenschaften von eukaryotischen Ribosomen. Ein zweites Teilprojekt dieser Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Inkompatibilität von Chloroplasten mit dem Kerngenom. In Kreuzungen von Arten der Gattung Pelargonium fielen Kombinationen auf, bei denen die Tochterpflanzen bleiche Blattbereiche bis hin zu vollständig weißen Pflanzen zeigten. Dieses Phänomen wird als Bastardbleichheit bezeichnet. In der Gattung Pelargonium werden Chloroplasten von beiden Elternteilen an die Tochterpflanzen vererbt. Da das Phänomen der Bastardbleichheit nur in einem der Plastiden vorkommt, nicht jedoch im anderen in der gleichen Pflanze, muss von einem Effekt ausgegangen werden, der von Plastiden ausgeht. Die Interaktionen zwischen Zellkern und Chloroplasten sind offensichtlich stark gestört. Zur detaillierten Untersuchung dieses Effekts wurde die Nukleotidsequenz von drei Chloroplastengenomen aufgeklärt. Es konnte eine Reihe von Sequenzunterschieden der Genome ermittelt werden. Aus diesen wurde eine Reihe von Unterschieden beobachtet, die einen solchen Effekt zur Folge haben können. Aus diesen Unterschieden wurde eine Reihe von potentiellen Kandidatengenen zusammengestellt, die in weiteren Arbeiten auf ihre Rolle in der Entstehung der Bastardbleichheit untersucht werden. / Chloroplasts are the green organelles of plants with a evolutionary prokaryotic background. During evolution chloroplasts established translation initiation as the major step in regulation of gene expression. A vast number of factors, e.g. sequence elements, secondary structures or RNA binding proteins, influences the regulation of translation initiation. A conserved sequence – Shine-Dalgarno sequence – can be identified both in prokaryotes as well as chloroplasts. In prokaryotes this sequence provides a faithful means for positioning of the ribosome to the start codon. Due to lower conservation of Shine-Dalgarno sequences the role of this sequence in translation initiation is not completely understood. We designed a series of constructs that contain different arrangements of these sequences in the 5’ UTR resulting in an increased number of potential ribosome binding sites or translation initiation sites. Additionally we constructed a series of 5’ UTRs that resembled polycistronic transcripts. The results showed a dramatic effect of the different constructs on the translation efficiency of the reporter protein. It could be shown that numerous translation initiation sites increase translation efficiency, whereas increased numbers of ribosome binding sites do not. Additionally it could be shown, that plastidic ribosomes preferentially initiate on 5’ translations initiation sites in contrast to prokaryotic ribosomes that recognize initiation sites equally. This illustrates that plastidic ribosomes in contrast to prokaryotic ribosomes show a scanning like mechanism. Hence plastidic ribosomes gained some eukaryotic properties during evolution. A second project was dealing with hybrid variegation. This phenomenon is based on plastid-nuclear genome incompatibility. Due to biparental plastid inheritance in Pelargonium hybrids may show chimeric phenotypes with bleached (incompatible) and green (compatible) sectors. This points to the plastome as cause for the hybrid variegation. To this end the nucleotide sequence of three plastid genomes was determined and an array of candidate genes causing the incompatibility could be compiled.

Does a manufacturing company have to concentrate on a few competitive priorities or can it excel at everything it does? The traditional notion of trade-offs between manufacturing capabilities has recently come under question. Based on the manufacturing management practices of certain Japanese companies, or lean production, it has been proposed that manufacturing capabilities are built cumulatively. The sequence of the initiatives with which manufacturing capabilities are built has, however, received less attention. Particularly lacking are studies which take a process view of implementation. A process view implies studying implementation through longitudinal research, as opposed to cross-sectional research. This book addresses this gap in knowledge. The central problem examined in this book is whether there exists any sequences of lean production principles and what the sequences are. For a period of two and a half years, the author participated in and studied the transformation of Office Machines - the fictitious name of a company adopting lean production. Using the clinical methodology, the author gained access to data not normally available for research, which provided a unique opportunity to study the adoption process. The findings from the clinical study groups the principles of lean production into four different categories, depending on when management devoted effort and resources to the principles. Through a comparison with existing operations management theory, the study’s conclusions indicate that there are sequences in which lean production principles are adopted. However, management also need to devote effort and resources to a set of principles simultaneously. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.</p>

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a worldwide tick-borne disease that originally belongs to the Bunyaviridae family, the genus Nairovirus. In addition to infection from ticks, humans become infected if any contact with infected blood or tissue material occurs. To study the disease, several methods such as real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Immunofluorescence assay are used for detection of the virus. All viruses in Bunyaviridae consists of three single stranded RNA sequences, the small, the medium and the large segment, that encode for the nucleocapsid protein, the glycoproteins, GN and GC, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively. The main purpose of this study was to express the M RNA segment´s glycoproteins, GN and GC. By using the reverse transcription reaction, the cDNA was synthesized from vRNA and the M RNA sequence was amplified using Phusion DNA-polymerase. In the storage vector, pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO, the insert was ligatured followed by transformation into Escherichia coli. Restriction digestion was made with specific enzymes that cut out the insert. In the second ligation and transformation two different expression vectors (pTM1/pI.18) was used. After observation of the gel analysis from the test-PCR, an insert in the expression vector was shown.