<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p> </p><p>The aim of this study is to look at the use of formulaic language, i.e. memorized and conventionalized combinations of words, in essays written by Swedish intermediate level students of English. Drawing on previous research (Cohen and Brooks -Carson 2001) this study will apply a method of “warming up” in Swedish (L1) before writing in English (L2). The primary material includes thirty essays written directly in English, and thirty essays starting from an outline in Swedish and then written in English, by the same students but on a different topic.</p><p>Since there is evidence that native speakers always score the highest on amount of formulaic language in written discourse, the main hypothesis of this study is that by starting from an outline in Swedish and then writing in English the students will make use of more formulaic language than when writing directly in English. The first research question involves the quantity of formulaic language in the students’ essays. The second question concerns the distribution and use of the different categories of FSs (NPs, VPs etc) in the direct and indirect modes of writing. The last question addresses the erroneous attempts made by the students in forming FSs and the possible influence of transfer from L1 in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish compared to the essays written directly in English.</p><p>The findings of this study lend support to the main hypothesis. Moreover, the analysis shows that there are significant differences in the distribution and use of the different categories of formulaic language in the direct and indirect modes of writing. Results are suggestive of a more conscious and less uncertain approach in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish, however the findings may be circumstantial. Furthermore, the results indicate that the method of “warming up” in Swedish may encourage the use of combinations of words that are more conventionalized and do not always interact with syntax in a regular way. The findings also indicate that transfer is not more salient in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish if compared to the essays written directly in English, at least not in relation to the erroneous FSs found in the students’ essays.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: <em>formulaic sequences, conventionalization, contrastive awareness, language processing, language acquisition.</em></p>

The aim of this study is to look at the use of formulaic language, i.e. memorized and conventionalized combinations of words, in essays written by Swedish intermediate level students of English. Drawing on previous research (Cohen and Brooks -Carson 2001) this study will apply a method of “warming up” in Swedish (L1) before writing in English (L2). The primary material includes thirty essays written directly in English, and thirty essays starting from an outline in Swedish and then written in English, by the same students but on a different topic. Since there is evidence that native speakers always score the highest on amount of formulaic language in written discourse, the main hypothesis of this study is that by starting from an outline in Swedish and then writing in English the students will make use of more formulaic language than when writing directly in English. The first research question involves the quantity of formulaic language in the students’ essays. The second question concerns the distribution and use of the different categories of FSs (NPs, VPs etc) in the direct and indirect modes of writing. The last question addresses the erroneous attempts made by the students in forming FSs and the possible influence of transfer from L1 in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish compared to the essays written directly in English. The findings of this study lend support to the main hypothesis. Moreover, the analysis shows that there are significant differences in the distribution and use of the different categories of formulaic language in the direct and indirect modes of writing. Results are suggestive of a more conscious and less uncertain approach in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish, however the findings may be circumstantial. Furthermore, the results indicate that the method of “warming up” in Swedish may encourage the use of combinations of words that are more conventionalized and do not always interact with syntax in a regular way. The findings also indicate that transfer is not more salient in the essays starting from an outline in Swedish if compared to the essays written directly in English, at least not in relation to the erroneous FSs found in the students’ essays.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-28T17:19:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMPF.pdf: 459114 bytes, checksum: df8e7b1024241b535d8731c39e7c98ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:45:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMPF.pdf: 459114 bytes, checksum: df8e7b1024241b535d8731c39e7c98ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:45:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMPF.pdf: 459114 bytes, checksum: df8e7b1024241b535d8731c39e7c98ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:45:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMPF.pdf: 459114 bytes, checksum: df8e7b1024241b535d8731c39e7c98ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Não recebi financiamento / The seed is the first link in the food production chain. In this context, the use of appropriate seeds and seedlings in organic production can be understood as, more than a legal or philosophical question, a technical strategy to better results in organic production. The objectives of this study were: contextualize, analyze and interpret the seed laws, public policies related to local seeds; analyze the standards related to the use of seed in organic production in Brazil; the commercial production of organic seeds in Brazil by the private sector, public sector and third sector; and the use of local seeds by certified establishments. The Brazilian regulations preserved the primary rights of traditional farmers and communities regarding the use and local seed multiplication. Thus, the National Plan for Organic Production and Agroecology (Planapo) gathered some public policies that were based on those rights. Brazilian regulations allowed the use of conventional seeds and seedlings in organic production while there is no supply of organic seeds in the formal market. This is an indicative of the conventionalization process. Commercial production of organic seeds was more significant among third sector organizations linked to family farmers and philosophical currents, which were identified as the pioneers of the organic agriculture movement. Thus, we also see the greatest indexes of local seeds use among organizations of the third sector and family farms. / A semente é o primeiro insumo da cadeia de produção de alimentos. No contexto atual, a utilização de sementes e mudas adequadas à produção orgânica pode ser compreendida como, mais que uma questão legal ou filosófica, uma estratégia técnica para obter resultados mais satisfatórios na produção orgânica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: contextualizar, analisar e interpretar as leis de sementes, as políticas públicas relacionadas de uso e conservação de sementes locais; analisar as normas do uso de sementes e mudas na produção orgânica no Brasil; a produção comercial de sementes orgânicas no Brasil por atores do setor privado, setor público e terceiro setor; e o uso de sementes locais em estabelecimentos certificados. Diante do processo de regulamentação sobre sementes, observamos aparatos legais que reconheceram as sementes locais, tradicionais e crioulas e preservaram os direitos primários dos agricultores e comunidades tradicionais, em relação ao uso e multiplicação dessas sementes. Assim, foram reunidas no Plano Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (Planapo) políticas públicas de uso e conservação de sementes locais que se basearam sobre esses direitos. A regulamentação brasileira sobre o uso de sementes e mudas na produção orgânica permitiu o uso de sementes e mudas convencionais, inclusive com tratamento químico. O uso de sementes e mudas convencionais é parâmetro indicador do processo de convencionalização da produção orgânica. A produção comercial de sementes orgânicas foi mais expressiva entre as organizações do terceiro setor, ligadas aos agricultores familiares e correntes filosóficas e identificados como os pioneiros do movimento da agricultura orgânica. Assim, também constatamos os maiores índices de uso de sementes locais pelas organizações do terceiro setor e pelos agricultores familiares.

In this article, the author tell us about the job of the constitutional judge and the importance that this takes in a context of crisis. Also, he highlights the conventionalization of law as the central task of constitutional judges. Likewise, he details the difficulties involved in this task and the challenges to be faced for the consolidation of a common law in Latin America. / En el presente artículo el autor nos habla sobre la labor del juez constitucional y la importancia que adquiere está en un contexto de crisis. Asimismo, resalta la convencionalización del Derecho como tarea central de los jueces constitucionales. De igual manera, detalla las dificultades que acarrea esta tarea y los retos a enfrentar para la consolidación de un derecho común en América Latina.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-26T15:15:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO- ANA CAROLINA FERREIRA DE SOUZA.pdf: 3141572 bytes, checksum: df6bde248395ce5f7aba51b140370426 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T15:15:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO- ANA CAROLINA FERREIRA DE SOUZA.pdf: 3141572 bytes, checksum: df6bde248395ce5f7aba51b140370426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CNPq / A recepção das mensagens midiáticas intriga pesquisadores desde os anos 20, quando as primeiras investigações foram esboçadas. Parte desse interesse recai nos estudos sobre a rememoração do conteúdo noticioso, que vem ganhando contornos variados e incorporando o conceito de esquema para a compreensão, principalmente, de quão acurada é a lembrança de determinado conteúdo. Muitos esforços foram feitos, mas ainda há uma lacuna referente as etapas do processo de rememoração integral, que compreende o que o sujeito é capaz de reconstruir em dado momento, valorizando as sucessivas transformações sofridas pelo conteúdo noticioso quando rememorado entre pares sociais. O presente estudo investiga microgeneticamente a rememoração de moradores da Região Metropolitana do Recife a respeito de uma matéria jornalística noticiosa local e para desenvolver a análise, parte de um caminho pouco explorado nesse campo de estudo, resgatando a proposta de memória reconstrutiva, que compreende a rememoração como um esforço para dar significado ao momento presente através da volta da pessoa que rememora aos seus próprios esquemas. Também filia-se à Psicologia Cultural Semiótica, campo de investigação interessado nos processos de construção de significados a partir da mediação semiótica. Participaram deste estudo 8 pessoas organizadas em duplas, que rememoraram de forma escrita e dialogada duas vezes o mesmo texto jornalístico. Como principais resultados, o estudo identificou a personalização das rememorações através das interligações de elementos oriundos da cultura pessoal e coletiva, compondo cenários de convencionalização e identificou que a rememoração da notícia envolvia dois níveis diferentes de mediadores, os quais foram chamados de Mediadores Primários e Mediadores Secundários, sugerindo uma organização hierárquica de mediadores socioculturais da memória. / The reception of media messages has intrigued researchers since the 20s, when the first investigations were outlined. Part of this interest lies in the study of the recall of the news content, which is gaining different contours and incorporating the concept of schemata for understanding, especially, how accurate the memory of a certain content is. Many efforts have been made, but there is still a gap regarding the stages of full recall process, which understands what the subject is able to reconstruct at any given time, valuing the successive transformations undergone by the news content when recollected among social peers. This microgenetic study investigated what the residents of the metropolitan area of Recife recalled of a news story and develops the analysis from a relatively unexplored path in this field of study, rescuing the proposal of reconstructive memory comprising the recall as an effort to give meaning to this moment through turning round upon one’s own schemata. We also join the Semiotic Cultural Psychology research field interested in the meaning construction processes arising from the semiotic mediation. The study included 8 people arranged in pairs, which remembered twice, through writing and dialogues, the same journalistic text. As main results, the study identified not only the personalization of recollections through the interconnections of elements that come from personal and collective culture, composing conventionalization scenarios but also found out that recalling the news involved two different levels of mediators, which we call Primary Mediators and Secondary Mediators, which suggests the existence of a hierarchical organization of sociocultural mediators of memory.

No description available.

Media and consumer attention has propelled local food to prominence, and a significant price premium has signaled its potential as a value-added option for family farms looking to transition from commodity production. Many of these farms –entering an unfamiliar market– have been selling local food in groups, to share risks and investments. This strategy has introduced a scale of production and operations to the marketplace that could challenge some of the basic premises of the local food contract. This research project was premised on the notion that the local food movement –dominated by small-scale production and direct marketing– appears to be governed by a set of principles that would be tested by the introduction of farms and farm groups of increasing scale. To understand the implications –for these farm families, local food marketing groups, and growing local food systems– this research sought to address whether these groups would adopt a more conventional approach to meet their needs, and fit their scale, or change their approach and practices to conform to the requirements and expectations established by the principles of governance that characterize local food systems. ‘Local beef’ chains from across Ontario were selected to capture a range of operational and geographic scale. Interviews with farmers and coordinators investigated the extent to which scale –at farm and group level– affected motivations, as well as group governance decisions. The research found that increased group scale limits the range of options available, and magnifies pressures towards conventionalization. Transition to larger scale favours governance based on surveillance and discipline, and suffers from lack of infrastructure that would facilitate mid-scale aggregation, distribution, and the development of bridging capital. Farmers who had direct input into decisions invested more time and effort, but also identified more strongly with their group. Farmers who marketed through larger-scale intermediary-led groups faced fewer costs, but were treated as commodity input suppliers, and were less engaged in the group’s success. Most farmers did not see these intermediary-led groups as a long-term solution, and looked instead to policy solutions, or other alternative marketing models – including smaller-scale regional intermediaries.

Studien kartlägger vanliga adjektivliknelser i svenska bloggtexter ur två aspekter, vilka adjektiv och substantiv som förekommer tillsammans i konstruktionen ADJEKTIV som en/ett SUBSTANTIV samt deras grad av konventionalisering. Tidigare forskning visar att liknelser är svårdefinierade, vilket tas upp i bakgrunden. Materialet är hämtat från fem korpusar med svensk bloggtext. Resultaten visar att de vanligaste adjektivliknelserna föredrar att knyta an till ett eller några substantiv. Däremot finns det visst utrymme för produktivitet. Studien är en preliminär kartläggning över hur pass konventionaliserade liknelserna är. Möjliga källor för uppkomst av liknelserna diskuteras i diskussionen. Resultaten belyser även att det finns en ytterligare dimension i definitionen av liknelser utöver kontinuumet mellan bokstavlighet och figurativitet, nämligen en distinktion mellan exaktare måttangivelse och figurativitet.