The prominence of insect cell culture has grown rapidly due to its ability to produce baculovirus biopesticides and recombinant proteins using the Baculovirus Expression Vector System. A critical problem in the mass production of these products is CO2 accumulation to inhibitory levels within the bioreactor. The current research investigated the effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on insect cell growth and metabolism and the roles of oxidative stress and intracellular pH (pHi) in CO2 inhibition. Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-9 insect cells were cultured in a 3 L bioreactor (1.2 L working volume) controlled at 20% air saturation, 27oC and a pH of 6.2. The cells were exposed to a constant CO2 concentration by purging the medium with CO2 and the headspace with air. The experiments were repeated for different CO2 concentrations and samples were taken every 24 h to determine cell density, viability, metabolism and oxidative stress. The population doubling time (PDT) of Sf-9 cells increased with increasing CO2 concentration. Specifically, the PDT for 0-37, 73, 147, 183 and 220 mm Hg CO2 concentrations were 23.2 ± 6.7, 32.4 ± 7.2, 38.1 ± 13.3, 42.9 ± 5.4 and 69.3 ± 35.9 h (n = 3 or 4; 95% confidence level), respectively. An 80 mL working volume shaker flask was maintained as a control and had an average PDT of 24.9 ± 3.1 h (n = 7; 95% confidence level). The viability of cells in all experiments was above 90%. The osmolality for all bioreactor experiments was observed to be 300 - 360 mOsm/kg, a range that is known to have a negligible effect on insect cell culture. Elevated CO2 concentration did not alter the cell specific glucose consumption rate (2.5 to 3.2 x 10-17 mol/cell-s), but slightly increased the specific lactate production rate from -3.0 x 10-19 mol/cell-s to 10.2 x 10-19mol/cell-s. Oxidative stress did not contribute to CO2 inhibition in uninfected Sf-9 cells as no significant increase in the levels of lipid hydroperoxide and protein carbonyl concentrations was discovered at elevated CO2 concentration. The experiments conducted to determine the effect of CO2 on pHi were not successful and different experimental methods tested were well documented.

<p>”Bara du har hälsan är allting bra.” Stämmer detta? Hälsa har länge betraktats som avsaknad av ohälsa, men inkluderar i dag begreppet livskvalitet. Nöjdhet med livet består av många komponenter, tre som nämns ofta är ekonomi, sysselsättning och det sociala livet. Denna studie ämnar utröna hur sambanden ser ut mellan hälsa och nöjdhetsområdena ekonomi, sysselsättning samt det sociala livet. En enkätstudie utfördes på 98 studenter som skattade sin hälsa och nöjdhet. Studien fann låga samband förutom att hälsa korrelerade starkt med nöjdheten med det sociala livet. Studenter som har ett förhållande visade ett högre samband mellan hälsa och nöjdhet än singlar. Denna studie visade att hälsan är nödvändig men inte avgörande för studentens nöjdhet.</p>

<p>Science Fiction har sedan sin uppkomst gestaltat samhället och de samhällsfrågor som för sin tid är aktuella. Alltifrån ifall människans existens är kroppslig eller andlig, till vad som händer när livsformer från andra planeter kommer till Jorden, har diskuteras i Science Fiction. I tv-serien Battlestar Galactica gestaltas och problematiseras vår samtid. Genom att flytta mänskligheten från Jorden och ut i rymden, där de konfronteras med en mängd etiska och moraliska frågor – tvingade att se över vad de själva är och vad de håller på att bli. Undersökningen avser att besvara frågor kring hur BG gestaltar människan och hennes förhållande till etik, moral, politik och religion.</p>

<p>The overall aim was to study self-care, foot problems and self-perceived health in 150 consecutively invited Tanzanian diabetic patients and to compare them with gender- and age-matched Swedish diabetic patients (n=150) from a middle Sweden area. The main study was cross-sectional and took place at a diabetes clinic in Dar es Salaam. All patients answered questions about their self-care satisfaction, diabetes knowledge and skills, and educational needs. Foot examination also included questions about foot-care and perceived foot problems. The patients' health was assessed using the SF-36 general health questionnaire. The Swahili version of SF-36 was pre-tested in 518 Tanzanian diabetic patients showing an acceptable validity and reliability. Glycaemic control was measured by HbA1c. The results indicated that 45% of Tanzanians and 43% of the Swedes reported satisfaction with their self-care. The Tanzanian patients reported that following doctor's advice was the most important factor necessary for feeling well, whereas the Swedish patients emphasised diet and exercise. Lack of drugs and education were reasons of dissatisfaction in the Tanzanian group, whilst the Swedes were dissatisfied with their own behaviour. None of the Tanzanians monitored their blood glucose themselves, whilst 50% of the Swedes did it on a daily or weekly basis. Significantly more Swedes than Tanzanians knew the interaction between insulin, food and exercises, and how to manage hyperglycaemia and hypoglycemia. The Tanzanians wanted more education about diabetes, treatment and injection technique, whereas the Swedes wanted education about psychological aspects of diabetes, foot-care and oral anti-diabetic treatment. Foot problems reported in the Tanzanian group were pain, numbness and pricking sensations, whereas the Swedes reported ingrown toenails, pain and fissures. Seven Tanzanians and one Swede had foot ulcers. Twenty Tanzanians and 103 Swedes reported to inspect their own feet. The Tanzanians had significantly poorer self-perceived health and glycaemic control than the Swedish patients. A follow-up study was performed with the Tanzanian group of patients after two years. Many patients did not return for the second investigation and 70 patients were re-assessed. They showed an improved self-perceived health and a significant decrease in HbA1c-value. In conclusion the results indicated that Tanzanian patients needed better access to a continuous and regular supply of diabetes drugs. Furthermore the Tanzanians' burden of diabetes influenced their possibilities to work, whilst Swedish patients were hindered in social activities. In both countries the importance of regular foot inspections of the patients' feet should be emphasised. Glycaemic control and self-perceived health seemed to be poorly related and for that reason diabetes nurse specialists need to use both measures in order to guide the patients towards the goals experiencing a good health despite having diabetes.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate psychosocial consequences of cancer during adolescence, using a longitudinal approach. An additional aim was to investigate if mode of administration has an influence on adolescents’ and young adults’ self-reported psychosocial function. In Study I participants, aged 13-23 years, were randomised according to two modes of administration, telephone interview and postal questionnaire, and asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Short Form 36 (SF-36). The telephone mode resulted in a higher response rate, better self-rated psychosocial function (except for the youngest age group), overall lower Cronbach’s alpha values, and a larger percentage of ceiling effects compared to the postal mode. A higher proportion of males than females chose not to participate in the postal mode. In Study II and III adolescents diagnosed with cancer completed the HADS and two sub-scales from the SF-36 (Mental Health and Vitality) 4-8 weeks, 6, 12, and 18 months after diagnosis. In Study II adolescents with cancer were compared to a reference group from the general population. Shortly after diagnosis the cancer group rated their psychosocial function as worse compared to the reference group. However, the differences gradually disappeared over time and were then reversed, resulting in the cancer group reporting better vitality and lower levels of anxiety and depression than the reference group eighteen months after diagnosis. In Study III five distinct psychosocial states were identified, characterised by: psychosocial dysfunction (state A), poor psychosocial function (state B), incomplete psychosocial function (state C), good psychosocial function (state D), and excellent psychosocial function (state E). Shortly after diagnosis more adolescents than expected by chance were found in states A and C and fewer were found in states D and E. Eighteen months after diagnosis a different pattern emerged, where more adolescents than expected were found in state E and fewer than expected in state C. In Study IV adolescents, two years after diagnosis, reported problems with physical impairment, intrusive thoughts, feelings of alienation, and problems catching up with school. However, a majority of the participants also reported positive consequences with regard to the cancer disease: a more positive view of life, good self-esteem, knowledge and experience with regard to disease and hospital care, good relations, broader perspectives, and material gains. Study V, a review of the literature, indicates that survivors of childhood/adolescent cancer do not differ from comparison groups with regard to relations to others and relation to self. However, some findings highlight that friendship and marital status are areas of concern, and parenthood and sexuality are areas of potential concern. In conclusion, mode of administration influences adolescents’ and young adults’ self-reported psychosocial function and is related to age. Psychosocial function increases with time from diagnosis for most adolescents diagnosed with cancer. However, some individuals remain in poor psychosocial states during the first eighteen months after diagnosis. Increased efforts should be taken to identify these individuals.

The overall aim was to study self-care, foot problems and self-perceived health in 150 consecutively invited Tanzanian diabetic patients and to compare them with gender- and age-matched Swedish diabetic patients (n=150) from a middle Sweden area. The main study was cross-sectional and took place at a diabetes clinic in Dar es Salaam. All patients answered questions about their self-care satisfaction, diabetes knowledge and skills, and educational needs. Foot examination also included questions about foot-care and perceived foot problems. The patients' health was assessed using the SF-36 general health questionnaire. The Swahili version of SF-36 was pre-tested in 518 Tanzanian diabetic patients showing an acceptable validity and reliability. Glycaemic control was measured by HbA1c. The results indicated that 45% of Tanzanians and 43% of the Swedes reported satisfaction with their self-care. The Tanzanian patients reported that following doctor's advice was the most important factor necessary for feeling well, whereas the Swedish patients emphasised diet and exercise. Lack of drugs and education were reasons of dissatisfaction in the Tanzanian group, whilst the Swedes were dissatisfied with their own behaviour. None of the Tanzanians monitored their blood glucose themselves, whilst 50% of the Swedes did it on a daily or weekly basis. Significantly more Swedes than Tanzanians knew the interaction between insulin, food and exercises, and how to manage hyperglycaemia and hypoglycemia. The Tanzanians wanted more education about diabetes, treatment and injection technique, whereas the Swedes wanted education about psychological aspects of diabetes, foot-care and oral anti-diabetic treatment. Foot problems reported in the Tanzanian group were pain, numbness and pricking sensations, whereas the Swedes reported ingrown toenails, pain and fissures. Seven Tanzanians and one Swede had foot ulcers. Twenty Tanzanians and 103 Swedes reported to inspect their own feet. The Tanzanians had significantly poorer self-perceived health and glycaemic control than the Swedish patients. A follow-up study was performed with the Tanzanian group of patients after two years. Many patients did not return for the second investigation and 70 patients were re-assessed. They showed an improved self-perceived health and a significant decrease in HbA1c-value. In conclusion the results indicated that Tanzanian patients needed better access to a continuous and regular supply of diabetes drugs. Furthermore the Tanzanians' burden of diabetes influenced their possibilities to work, whilst Swedish patients were hindered in social activities. In both countries the importance of regular foot inspections of the patients' feet should be emphasised. Glycaemic control and self-perceived health seemed to be poorly related and for that reason diabetes nurse specialists need to use both measures in order to guide the patients towards the goals experiencing a good health despite having diabetes.

Denna kandidatuppsats ämnar undersöka vilken typ av företagsledning som är vanligast på SF Bio AB. Undersökningen har genomförts på SF Bios biografansvariga som arbetar på biograferna runt om i landet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva ledningen bland dessa och undersöka om situationer i omgivningen har påverkat ledningsstilen. Undersökningen grundar sig på en kvantitativ studie där de biografansvariga får svara på påståenden som berör deras ledningsstil. Denna undersökning grundar sig på en analysmodell som vi har sammanställt och presenterat utifrån fyra olika perspektiv; attityd gentemot mål, uppfattning av arbetsuppgiften, relationen gentemot de anställda och självkänsla. Utifrån dessa perspektiv har vi kunnat analysera vilken typ av ledningsstil de biografansvariga har. Det resultat vi kommer fram till, är att majoriteten av SF Bios biografansvariga är karismatiska ledare sett till deras ledningsstil. Trots SF Bios tydliga arbetsbeskrivningar och policys som utgör begränsningar, är det karismatiskt ledarskap som är den mest frekventa ledningsstilen.

In directed forgetting research, participants are instructed to forget information recently learned, and asked instead to remember new information given later. When asked to recall both the to-be-remembered and the to-be-forgotten information, participants successfully exhibit directed forgetting by recalling more to-be-remembered material, than to-be-forgotten material. In the present study, two directed forgetting list method experiments were conducted on undergraduate students of psychology (n = 25; n = 78). The aim of the study was to see if retrieval inhibition between participants with or without traumatic childhood experiences differed, when presented with negative or positive words. All participants were screened for childhood trauma with the CTQ-SF. The participants in the second experiment were additionally screened for dissociation with the DES-II. While Experiment 1, possibly due to small sample size failed to attain a directed forgetting effect, Experiment 2 succeeded. The issue of childhood trauma did not influence the directed forgetting effect.

”Bara du har hälsan är allting bra.” Stämmer detta? Hälsa har länge betraktats som avsaknad av ohälsa, men inkluderar i dag begreppet livskvalitet. Nöjdhet med livet består av många komponenter, tre som nämns ofta är ekonomi, sysselsättning och det sociala livet. Denna studie ämnar utröna hur sambanden ser ut mellan hälsa och nöjdhetsområdena ekonomi, sysselsättning samt det sociala livet. En enkätstudie utfördes på 98 studenter som skattade sin hälsa och nöjdhet. Studien fann låga samband förutom att hälsa korrelerade starkt med nöjdheten med det sociala livet. Studenter som har ett förhållande visade ett högre samband mellan hälsa och nöjdhet än singlar. Denna studie visade att hälsan är nödvändig men inte avgörande för studentens nöjdhet.

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