La place acquise par l’accord collectif d’entreprise dans le champ de la réglementation des conditions de travail et d’emploi et son positionnement en tant que vecteur préférentiel de déclinaison de dispositifs légaux interroge sur l’accessibilité de l’acte conventionnel dans l’entreprise. L’entreprise dépourvue de délégué syndical constitue à cet égard un foyer traditionnellement réfractaire à l’épanouissement conventionnel. Les dispositifs légaux se sont pourtant multipliés depuis plus de vingt ans afin de remédier à cette carence. Le législateur a créé puis développé des formes alternatives de représentation dans la négociation collective sans toutefois se soucier d’ancrer sa démarche dans un schéma clair. Il en résulte aujourd’hui un agrégat de dispositifs variés à la complexité attestée sollicitant de multiples références détournées à la volonté de la collectivité de travail. Davantage motivé par la propagation quantitative des accords collectifs d’entreprise en l’absence de délégué syndical plutôt que par un souci qualitatif de recréation du procédé conventionnel en dehors du référentiel syndical classique, le législateur livre aux utilisateurs de ce mode de négociation un système sans âme dont les malfaçons sont nombreuses. C’est à partir d’un tel constat que nous nous proposons de reprendre l’ouvrage légal en fondant la démarche sur l’exigence constitutionnelle de libre accès des salariés à la négociation collective et en reconstruisant la figure de l’acteur substitutif de négociation sur des exigences plus poussées de représentation de la collectivité de travail lors de la passation de l’acte collectif. / Non-union firms are normally excluded from collective bargaining and consequently from collective agreement. But company-level agreement had gained importance in such a way that the legislator was compelled to create some forms of alternative representation in collective bargaining. But after several evolutions, these forms are now complex and unable to satisfy constitutional principles. So this PhD work aims to rebuild the actual forms of non-union representation in collective bargaining process to give a legitimate and more attractive access to an efficient form of labour relations in spite of the unavailability of representative trade unions. The conventional activity of such substitute bargaining agent newly reconstructed needs even more to be canalized for the purposes of give an equivalent access to collective agreement to both union and non-union companies.

The aim of this thesis is to map and analyze Czech internet environment with regard to the perception of e-shop brands and shopping behavior when online shopping. A sub-goal is to find the key factors and trends in purchase decisions of Czech consumers on the internet and compare its roles with role of e-shop brands. The secondary objective of this work is to make brand evaluation of Czech e-shop Alza.cz. Analysis of available secondary data and own primary market research survey via the internet have been done as a part of this thesis. Three hypotheses have been identified and tested. Recommendations based on the research outcomes have been formulated for e-shops operating on the Czech online market as well as concrete recommendations for e-shop Alza.cz.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos pretextuais.pdf: 427305 bytes, checksum: 5e025cf40d93c855405e097e76fd8ad4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-27 / This research looked for to understand the implications of the industrial employment in the West of Paraná, specifically in the refrigerating industries of birds, contemplating about the possible transformations for the workers' life, that is to say, if it is possible to affirm that through this employment in the butcher shops there is improvement for the life conditions. This way, the objective of this work went research to expansion of the industrial capitalism in this area, the economic activity that stands out in the area it is the agricultural production gone back to the soy cultivation and corn with strong performance of the cooperatives, however, these companies pass to act not just in the commercialization of grains, but also in the productive chain of the chicken meat with strong expansion of the employment. Another prominence of the research is regarding the study in the ways and concepts that the poverty assumes, starting from the varied researched references, assuming direct relationship with the inadequacy of income, therefore having intrinsic relationship with the insert of the poor population in the labor market and in the case, in the butcher shops of birds. Starting from the reflections and mainly starting from the workers' of the butcher shops of birds depositions it is possible to affirm that the characteristics of the generated employments are related to the extreme degradation of the worker's health, with several problems of health, long work day and deterioration of the family contact, if on one side the employment facilitated access to the signed work wallet, for other, it presents degradation of the workers' life, inside and out of the work. It is like this perceptible that the poverty doesn't just show in the workers that are out of the formal labor market, but in the ambit of the formal employment. / Esta pesquisa buscou compreender as implicações do emprego industrial no Oeste do Paraná, especificamente nas indústrias frigoríficas de aves, refletindo sobre as possíveis transformações para a vida dos trabalhadores, ou seja, se é possível afirmar que através deste emprego nos frigoríficos haja melhoria para as condições de vida. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar a expansão do capitalismo industrial nesta região, a atividade econômica que se destaca na região é a produção agrícola voltada para o cultivo de soja e milho com forte atuação das cooperativas, no entanto, estas empresas passam atuar não apenas na comercialização de grãos, mas também na cadeia produtiva da carne de frango com forte expansão do emprego. Outro destaque da pesquisa é referente ao estudo das formas e conceitos que a pobreza assume, a partir das variadas referências pesquisadas, assumindo relação direta com a insuficiência de renda, portanto havendo intrínseca relação com a inserção da população pobre no mercado de trabalho e no caso, nos frigoríficos de aves. A partir das reflexões e principalmente a partir dos depoimentos dos trabalhadores dos frigoríficos de aves é possível afirmar que as características dos empregos gerados estão relacionadas à degradação extrema da saúde do trabalhador, com vários problemas de saúde, longa jornada de trabalho e deterioração do contato familiar, se por um lado o emprego possibilitou acesso à carteira de trabalho assinada, por outro, apresenta degradação da vida dos trabalhadores, dentro e fora do trabalho. Assim é perceptível que a pobreza não se manifesta apenas nos trabalhadores que estão fora do mercado de trabalho formal, mas no âmbito do emprego formal.

Neste trabalho será estudado um ambiente de produção que é freqüentemente encontrado na prática: o flowshop com múltiplos processadores. No caso estudado existem estágios em série e em cada estágio existe um número de máquinas idênticas em paralelo. Todas as tarefas devem ser processadas por todos os estágios. O objetivo é minimizar o atraso das tarefas. Primeiramente o problema foi abordado através de um método que programa as tarefas por estágio e em ordem direta, ou seja, do primeiro para o último estágio. Em seguida, foram desenvolvidas duas novas regras que utilizam o mesmo método de programação, porém consideram o ambiente como uma série de problemas de máquinas em paralelo. Uma das regras desenvolvidas tem como característica principal considerar estados futuros do sistema. Também foi desenvolvido um novo método de programação em ordem inversa, no qual as tarefas são programadas do último para o primeiro estágio. Este método apresenta melhor desempenho se comparado com o método de programação em ordem inversa da literatura. Por último foi desenvolvido um método de programação com foco no estágio gargalo, visto que este estágio pode impedir um bom fluxo das tarefas pelo sistema e resultar em uma conclusão tardia das mesmas. Este método é mais simples, rápido e tem resultados competitivos frente ao método com foco no gargalo da literatura. / This work considers a production environment that is frequently found in practice: the flexible flowshop. In the case studied, there are stages in series and in each stage there are a number of identical parallel machines. All jobs must be processed by all stages. The objective is to minimize the tardiness of jobs. First the problem was addressed by a method in which jobs are schedule forward, that is, from first to last stage. Two new rules were developed using this same method, but considering the environment as a series of parallel machines problems. One of the rules is able to consider future states of the system. It was also developed a new method in which jobs are scheduled backward, i.e., from last to first stage. This method shows better performance compared to the literature method. At last, it was developed a method that focus on the bottleneck stage scheduling (since this stage may prevent a good flow of jobs throughout the system and result in late completions). This method is simpler, faster and competitive next to the literature method.

This study aims to furnish a semiotic reading of Sydney's Chinatown by analysing the environmental meanings codified in that particular context. The basic unit of analysis is the shop sign. Some features underlying sign formations in Sydney's Chinatown are identified and the communication process involved in its organisation of meanings and space is explored. The thesis is organised into three parts. The first part gives an introduction to the background of study and examines theories on architectural semiotics and its relation to visual communication. It consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 defines the scope of the study and outlines the objectives and goals of research. Chapter 2 focuses on two related fields of architectural semiotics, viz. semiotics of objects and semiotics of space. Evaluation of semiotic approaches and behavioural science approaches to the study of objects and space is made. Some of the theories discussed are applied to give a profile of shop signs from a visual semiotic perspective. In Chapter 3 a description of the methods of research and an outline of the analytical framework of this study are given. The two chapters of Part Two provide some background information on various conceptions of "Chinatown". Chapter 4 discusses the development features of Chinatowns in North America, which reveal that there are divergent perceptions of Chinatowns. Chapter 5 describes the development of Sydney's Chinatown and underlines some of its distinctive features. In Part Three the results of the study are presented. Chapter 6 focuses on the codification of meanings realised in Sydney's Chinatown. Chapter 7 is concerned with elements of sign formations and examines the communicative functions of shop signs in the Chinatown context. The analyses made in these chapters are intended to identify some features of sign formations in Sydney's Chinatown within an architectonic system. The thesis concludes with a summary of the study and a discussion of the applicability of architectural semiotic theories. It is suggested that further study can be pursued in the direction that contributes to an understanding of architectonic systems and social communication.

Ce travail concerne la production cyclique de pièces identiques dans un flow-shop robotisé. La Conjecture des 1-cycles, proposée par Sethi et al., suppose que le taux maximum de production peut être atteint en répétant un cycle particulier qui produit une seule pièce. Cette conjecture simplifie la recherche du meilleur cycle de production. Nous présentons de nouvelles preuves (approche par les graphes et approche algébrique) de la validité de cette conjecture pour des cellules à 2 et 3 machines et nous montrons qu'elle est fausse à partir de 4 machines. Nous délimitons ensuite plus précisément son cadre de validité en imposant des restrictions sur les paramètres : distances inter-machines égales ou temps d'usinage égaux. Puis, nous étudions d'autres formes de cellules robotisées en relaxant des contraintes de la cellule robotisée de base. La première variante est l'association de l'entrée et de la sortie de la cellule. Nous proposons quelques remarques sur la recherche du meilleur cycle de production. La deuxième variante est le HSP (Hoist Scheduling Problem) : le temps pendant lequel une pièce peut rester sur une machine admet une borne supérieure. Nous montrons que des propriétés des cellules robotisées ne peuvent pas être étendues au HSP. La troisième variante est l'ajout de zones de stockage entre les machines. Nous montrons que la Conjecture des 1-cycles est vraie et nous analysons le gain par rapport à une cellule sans stockage. Enfin, nous supposons que les distances inter-machines sont quelconques. Nous montrons que trouver le meilleur cycle de production d'une pièce est un problème NP-complet. Ce travail a permis de résoudre complètement une conjecture ouverte depuis 1989 et de décrire l'influence de la relaxation de certaines contraintes des cellules robotisées sur la recherche du meilleur cycle de production. La principale perspective est, pour les cas où la conjecture est fausse, de trouver le meilleur cycle de production.

<p>Den svenska regeringen satsar på småföretagande på landsbygden som omfattar bland annat gårdsbutiker och livsmedelsförädlande företag. Uppsatsen studerar denna bransch i Stockholms län och för att hitta de underliggande faktorerna till framgång används en kvalitativ studie. En serie intervjuer med Herrvik, Järna Mejeri, Nilssons Köttaffär och Saltå Kvarn bygger upp det empiriska innehållet och från dessa intervjuer studeras vilka strategival som gjorts inom respektive fokusområde. Med hjälp av produktklassificeringarna bekvämlighetsprodukter, preferensprodukter, shoppingprodukter och specialitetsprodukter dras slutsatser om företagens förmåga att hålla sig till sin målklassficering.</p><p>Analysen visar att Saltå Kvarn, det företag som har vuxit sig störst, hör till klassificeringen preferensprodukter och har i princip optimal strategi över alla fokusområden. Enda avvikelsen är i marknadsföring. För alla företag utom Saltå Kvarn är målklassificeringen specialitetsprodukter och de fokusområden som konsekvent inte uppnår detta för företagen är produktstrategi och prisstrategi. Tolkningen är att företagens största problem är hur man skapar ett kundinflytande som kunderna är beredda att betala ett högre pris för. Detta är också nyckeln till framgång för dessa småföretag. Social inbäddning är enligt teorin en stark plattform för att lösa detta problem.</p> / <p>The Swedish government is investing on small entrepreneurship on the countryside involving farm shops and food refining businesses. The essay studies this line of business in the Stockholm region and a qualitative study is used to find the underlying variables of success. A series of interviews with Herrvik, Järna Mejeri, Nilssons Köttaffär and Saltå Kvarn build up the empirical content and studied from these interviews are what strategic choices have been made within respective focus area. By support from the product classifications comfort-, preference-, shopping- and specialty products conclusions are made about the companies' ability to stick to their goal classification.</p><p>The analysis shows that Saltå Kvarn, the company that has grown largest, belongs in the classification preference products and holds practically optimal strategy over all focus areas. The only exception is in marketing. For all companies besides Saltå Kvarn the goal classification is specialty products and the focus areas that consistently do not achieve this for the companies are product- and pricing strategy. The interpretation of this is that the companies' greatest problem is how to create customer influence that the customers are prepared to pay a higher price for. This is also the key for success for these small entrepreneurs. Social inbeddedment is according to theory a strong platform for solving this problem.</p>

We develop an extension to the tactical planning model (TPM) for a job shop by the third author. The TPM is a discrete-time model in which all transitions occur at the start of each time period. The time period must be defined appropriately in order for the model to be meaningful. Each period must be short enough so that a job is unlikely to travel through more than one station in one period. At the same time, the time period needs to be long enough to justify the assumptions of continuous workflow and Markovian job movements. We build an extension to the TPM that overcomes this restriction of period sizing by permitting production control over shorter time intervals. We achieve this by deriving a continuous-time linear control rule for a single station. We then determine the first two moments of the production level and queue length for the workstation. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

With the creation and continuous enhancement of Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, innovations in the area of computer modeling for the construction industry have brought numerous benefits in terms of precision, operability, extensibility, and time-cost savings, among others. Nevertheless, the construction industry is one which continually demands innovation and efficiency in design, leading to the introduction of newer modeling approaches to satisfy client needs. The central thinking behind this research, then, has to do with the automation and generation of construction drawings for the home building industry based on 3D and parametric modeling techniques, and the utilization of the best practice for the platform-frame method. Homebuilders in Canada often build without construction drawings due to the high cost and extensive time expenditure associated with their production; instead, the industry relies on trades personnel to build from architectural model designs. This poor practice contributes to the accumulation of material waste and other construction quality issues. The underlying basis for this research is the notion of adding structure to information, both by incorporating intelligence into a set of operational commands and by adding innovation to the construction process. These topics have been incorporated into a 3D CAD solid model to demonstrate the importance of communicating information from consultants to trades and contractors. 3D and parametric modeling provide the foundation for this complex analysis, which focuses on the generation of panelized and site-built dwellings. The minimization of construction wood materials through the use of mathematical models and a search for best combinations of nominal lumber, sheathing and drywall has been added to this research as an aim to become more efficient. Mathematical optimization models are used to verify the concept for efficient cutting layouts for one- and two-dimensional elements. This research sets out to demonstrate, by underscoring the present shortcomings, the manner in which 3D and parametric modeling will provide a solution for practitioners and researchers who wish to reduce drafting time and material waste production; to incorporate intelligence to CAD models; and to provide a better use of primary resources by generating guidelines for construction practice. / Construction Engineering and Management

Den svenska regeringen satsar på småföretagande på landsbygden som omfattar bland annat gårdsbutiker och livsmedelsförädlande företag. Uppsatsen studerar denna bransch i Stockholms län och för att hitta de underliggande faktorerna till framgång används en kvalitativ studie. En serie intervjuer med Herrvik, Järna Mejeri, Nilssons Köttaffär och Saltå Kvarn bygger upp det empiriska innehållet och från dessa intervjuer studeras vilka strategival som gjorts inom respektive fokusområde. Med hjälp av produktklassificeringarna bekvämlighetsprodukter, preferensprodukter, shoppingprodukter och specialitetsprodukter dras slutsatser om företagens förmåga att hålla sig till sin målklassficering. Analysen visar att Saltå Kvarn, det företag som har vuxit sig störst, hör till klassificeringen preferensprodukter och har i princip optimal strategi över alla fokusområden. Enda avvikelsen är i marknadsföring. För alla företag utom Saltå Kvarn är målklassificeringen specialitetsprodukter och de fokusområden som konsekvent inte uppnår detta för företagen är produktstrategi och prisstrategi. Tolkningen är att företagens största problem är hur man skapar ett kundinflytande som kunderna är beredda att betala ett högre pris för. Detta är också nyckeln till framgång för dessa småföretag. Social inbäddning är enligt teorin en stark plattform för att lösa detta problem. / The Swedish government is investing on small entrepreneurship on the countryside involving farm shops and food refining businesses. The essay studies this line of business in the Stockholm region and a qualitative study is used to find the underlying variables of success. A series of interviews with Herrvik, Järna Mejeri, Nilssons Köttaffär and Saltå Kvarn build up the empirical content and studied from these interviews are what strategic choices have been made within respective focus area. By support from the product classifications comfort-, preference-, shopping- and specialty products conclusions are made about the companies' ability to stick to their goal classification. The analysis shows that Saltå Kvarn, the company that has grown largest, belongs in the classification preference products and holds practically optimal strategy over all focus areas. The only exception is in marketing. For all companies besides Saltå Kvarn the goal classification is specialty products and the focus areas that consistently do not achieve this for the companies are product- and pricing strategy. The interpretation of this is that the companies' greatest problem is how to create customer influence that the customers are prepared to pay a higher price for. This is also the key for success for these small entrepreneurs. Social inbeddedment is according to theory a strong platform for solving this problem.