El presente proyecto empresarial se denomina INTERMARKET, perteneciente al sector de retail, el cual fue ideado por un grupo de cinco usuarios que asumirán los cargos de director financiero, ejecutivo, compras, marketing y recursos humanos. El concepto de Intermarket engloba una experiencia única desde el primer contacto con el consumidor. Este proyecto es una tienda online en donde se ofrece una gama de productos de origen extranjero a través de plataformas digitales minuciosamente diseñadas de manera que sea eficaz, amigable y confiable para el cliente. De manera que, el consumidor no tenga la necesidad de dirigirse a un establecimiento, ya que Intermarket se encargará de realizar la entrega de los productos de manera rápida y segura. Este modelo de negocio se encuentra dirigido para usuarios de ambos sexos que tienen edades entre 25 a 39 años, los cuales son extranjeros o peruanos que han realizado por lo menos un viaje al exterior. Como se sabe, el conocer nuevas culturas y gastronomía hace que los consumidores demanden de los productos que más les gustaron para su consumo. Actualmente, no existe una tienda especializada en proveer estos tipos de productos. Es por esta razón que nace Intermarket, idea de negocio que ofrece la oportunidad de poder consumir productos que fueron degustados en algún lugar del mundo a un precio justo, los cuales evocan recuerdos inolvidables al momento de probarlos. El presente proyecto tiene un valor actual neto 86,771.53 soles de y una tasa interna de retorno de 106%. El periodo de recuperación de la inversión en el proyecto Intermarket es de 1.1888 años. Intermarket se encuentra enfocado en brindar un servicio personalizado a sus clientes y valora la satisfacción de los mismos. / This business project is called Intermarket, belonging to the retail sector, which was designed by a group of five users who will assume the positions of financial director, executive, purchasing, marketing and human resources. The concept of Intermarket encompasses a unique experience from the first contact with the consumer. This project is an online store that offers a range of products of foreign origin through digital platforms carefully designed to be effective, friendly and reliable for the customer. In this way, the consumer does not need to go to an establishment, as Intermarket will take care of delivering the products quickly and safely. This business model is aimed at users of both sexes who are between 25 and 39 years old, who are foreigners or Peruvians who have made at least one trip abroad. As it is known, the knowledge of new cultures and gastronomy makes the consumers demand the products that they liked the most for their consumption. Currently, there is no store specialized in providing these types of products. It is for this reason that Intermarket was born, a business idea that offers the opportunity to consume products that were tasted somewhere in the world at a fair price, which evoke unforgettable memories at the time of tasting them. This project has a net present value of 86,771.53 soles and an internal rate of return of 106%. The payback period for the investment in the Intermarket project is 1,1888 years. Intermarket is focused on providing a personalized service to its customers and values their satisfaction. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto de una tienda virtual de compra y venta de libros usados, muestra la viabilidad de su ejecución en base a la investigación realizada, en la cual se identificó que muchos hombres y mujeres de los NSE A, B y C tienen libros acumulados en casa y no saben que uso darles. Asimismo, se identificó que muchas de estas personas tienen la necesidad y deseo de comprar libros, sin embargo, por los precios elevados, no pueden adquirirlos. Por último, con la llegada del COVID-19 y el aumento de uso de tecnología en la sociedad, se ha generado una mayor preferencia y necesidad de quedarse en casa, hacer actividades por medio de diferentes aparatos electrónicos, de manera rápida, sencilla y cómoda. Para el desarrollo del proyecto se hizo una evaluación y análisis del público objetivo, proveedores, competidores y otros factores. Asimismo, se hicieron diferentes planes que permitieron organizar y desarrollar estrategias para hacer más eficiente el proyecto, los cuales fueron: Plan Estratégico, Plan de Operaciones, Plan de Marketing, Plan de Recursos Humanos y Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y el Plan Financiero. Finalmente, después de una inversión inicial de 28,618.34 soles en el primer año de operaciones, se obtuvo un resultado de 8,707.06 soles como utilidad neta, 87,997.25 soles para el segundo año y 42,424.24 soles para el tercer año. / The present project of a virtual store for buying and selling used books shows the feasibility of its execution based on the research carried out, in which it was identified that many men and women of the NSE A, B and C have accumulated books in home and do not know what to use to give them. Likewise, it was identified that many of these people have the need and desire to buy books, however, due to the high prices, they cannot buy them. Finally, with the arrival of COVID-19 and the increase in the use of technology in society, there has been a greater preference and need to stay at home, do activities through different electronic devices, quickly, easily and comfortably. For the development of the project, an evaluation and analysis of the target audience, suppliers, competitors and other factors was made. Likewise, different plans were made that allowed organizing and developing strategies to make the project more efficient, which were: Strategic Plan, Operations Plan, Marketing Plan, Human Resources Plan and Corporate Social Responsibility and the Financial Plan. Finally, after an initial investment of 28,618.34 soles in the first year of operations, a net profit of 8,707.06 soles was obtained, 87,997.25 soles for the second year and 42,424.24 soles for the third year. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo evaluar la viabilidad de poner en marcha una idea de negocio: “ENTRENOS”. Éste se enfocará en la importación y comercialización de artículos sexuales en un modelo de negocio sutil, educativo y lúdico, dirigido a mayores de 18 años con capacidad adquisitiva, que deseen descubrir, potenciar su sexualidad y mejorar su experiencia sexual. “ENTRENOS”, genera un impacto en la sociedad a través del impulso de igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de hombres y mujeres independientemente de sus gustos y preferencias. Incluye y respeta a la comunidad LGTB, a su vez genera una cultura sexual saludable. Los productos y servicios fueron diseñados a partir de las necesidades que presenta un segmento de mercado no satisfecho. Para ello, se realizó una investigación de mercado donde se descubre que este segmento presenta diversas incomodidades al recibir publicidad agresiva de productos, falta de stocks, variedad de productos e información que no resuelve dudas y ocasiona la vulnerabilidad de su privacidad. Uno de los principales factores que contribuirá con éxito, son las alianzas estratégicas, el abastecimiento oportuno y la entrega a tiempo de los productos al cliente. El modelo de negocio presentado tiene todas las oportunidades de crecimiento, se determina que por cada 100 visitas en el landing page hay un nivel de aceptación del 50%, siendo un 20% más de lo que se esperó. Para finalizar, mediante la aplicación del VPN y el TIR se observa que nuestro proyecto si produce valor, siendo rentable en el tiempo. / The present project aims to evaluate the feasibility of starting a business idea: "TRAIN US". This will focus on the import and commercialization of sexual articles in a subtle, educational and playful business model, aimed at people over 18 with purchasing power, who wish to discover, enhance their sexuality and improve their sexual experience. "TRAIN US", generates an impact on society through the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of men and women regardless of their tastes and preferences. It includes and respects the LGBT community, in turn generates a healthy sexual culture. Products and services were designed based on the needs presented by an unsatisfied market segment. For this, a market investigation was carried out where it is discovered that this segment presents various discomforts when receiving aggressive advertising of products, lack of stocks, variety of products and information that does not resolve doubts and causes the vulnerability of their privacy. One of the main factors that will contribute to success are strategic alliances, timely sourcing and delivery of products to the customer on time. The business model presented has all the growth opportunities, it is determined that for every 100 visits on the landing page there is an acceptance level of 50%, being 20% ​​more than what was expected. Finally, through the application of the NPV and the IRR, it is observed that our project does produce value, being profitable over time. / Trabajo de investigación

My thesis is devoted to the influence of food retail units with an exclusive assortment on the territory of Prague 1 at the time of normalization, specifically in the 80s of the 20th century. All facilities which are mentioned in the thesis have been incorporated into the enterprise Potraviny Prague 1, and were somehow exceptional in its own way, whether it was a privilege in supplying compared to standard establishments, or the customers' demand for local delicacies. As the enterprise Potraviny Prague 1 was a direct superior of the member establishments and their important part, this thesis deals with its origin and history. Its inseparable part consists also in the mention of organized competitions, shows, and last but not least, I mention the awards, which ware granted to this enterprise. The fourth chapter focuses on the availability of the specialized range of products, their quality and the level of provided services, which is connected to overseeing the establishments by its parent organization. The methodology of this thesis uses both the scientific literature, the press of that time, and the interviews conducted using the method of oral history.

Since the independence of Mozambique in 1975 teacher education and teacher continuing professional development (TCPD) have been a matter of concern for the Ministry of Education (MINED) and teachers. Both the MINED as employer and the teachers individually have permanently been looking for models and ways to upgrade their academic and professional qualifications levels. The constraints faced by Mozambique are similar to those faced by other sub-Saharan African countries since their independence due to the increased pressure for more attention to all levels of education, with particular emphasis on primary education. Although TCPD is usually seen as part of the overall Strategy for Teacher Education (Ministry and Education and Culture, 2004), this scenario privileges initial teacher education since there are many unqualified teachers facilitating learning. The main challenge of this study was to investigate the practices of primary school teachers in Grades 1 and 2 through a participatory action research (PAR) in a study titled Exploring Professional Development Intervention for Improving the Teaching Practices of Primary School Teache. Mixed methods research was used, namely quantitative and qualitative methods. A quantitative method was used during the baseline study which consisted of questionnaires administrated to 1 028 teachers from six provinces in the country. Qualitative research was used with five practitioner-researchers (PRs) in one school. Each PR was approached as a single case study. The findings of this PAR indicate that, on the one hand, the teachers are aware of the need for more academic and pedagogical qualifications, and on the other hand, of the individual responsibility they have. They believe that progression in their careers should be a credible procedure that recognises the TCPD programmes they have attended. The teachers are of the opinion that the MINED should formally recognise the TCPD by allocating credit points to teachers. Although the self-directed professional development (SDPD) model used in this study was time consuming, it has revealed that TCPD can provide effective results when with the appropriate support and follow-up of methods of facilitating the learning of reading and writing skills in Grades 1 and 2. The study involved all teachers appointed to Grade 1 in 2007, and continued with the same teachers until 2010. During this period the teachers were appointed to facilitate learning in Grades 1 and 2. Notwithstanding the fact that the PRs were only from 2 of the 7 grades provided in primary education, the study revealed the advantage of whole school professional development. The study took into consideration the Mozambican school context and calendar. For instance, the PRs were certified by the latest model of teacher education (10+2 teacher education programme) provided by the MINED. In addition, the meetings were carried out during the period scheduled for the planning of pedagogical practices and TCPD programmes. Throughout the study the constant issue that emerged was the need for a paradigm shift in TCPD. Providers of TCPD need to introduce changes in the way they view primary school teachers and confer on them the responsibility for their individual continuous professional development. Action Research could be the new research paradigm used by providers and teachers to improve their work, understand learners’ learning problems and find the appropriate solutions to improve achievement. The findings of this PAR both contribute to understanding the teachers’ views with respect to the TCPD programmes being provided, and offer the option for a new paradigm for TCPD. In this regard the current providers of such programmes can also consider the school principal and the deputy principal as fundamental facilitators of TCPD through a SDPD model. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Humanities Education / unrestricted

[pt] Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa um problema de programação de máquinas em série com datas de entrega e ganhos cumulativos sob incerteza. Em particular, este trabalho considera situações reais na quais os tempos de processamento e datas de liberação são estocásticos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é a resolução deste problema de programação de máquinas em série em um ambiente estocástico buscando analisar a relação entre diferentes niveis de incerteza e o benefício esperado. Visando atingir este objetivo, primeiramente uma heurística é proposta utilizando-se da técnica de biased-randomization para a versão determinística do problema. Então, esta heurística é extendida para uma metaheurística a partir do encapsulamento dentro da estrutura de um variable neighborhood descend. Finalmente, a metaheurística é extendida para uma simheurística a partir da incorporação da simulação de Monte Carlo. De acordo com os experimentos computacionais, o nível de incerteza tem um impacto direto nas soluções geradas pela simheurística. Além disso, análise de risco foram desenvolvidas utilizando as conhecidas métricas de risco: value at risk e conditional value at risk. / [en] This master s thesis analyzes the Permutation Flow-shop Scheduling Problem with Delivery Dates and Cumulative Payoffs under uncertainty conditions. In particular, the work considers the realistic situation in which processing times and release dates are stochastics. The main goal is to solve this Permutation Flow-shop problem in the stochastic environment and analyze the relationship between different levels of uncertainty and the expected payoff. In order to achieve this goal, first a biased-randomized heuristic is proposed for the deterministic version of the problem. Then, this heuristic is extended into a metaheuristic by encapsulating it into a variable neighborhood descent framework. Finally, the metaheuristic is extended into a simheuristic by incorporating Monte Carlo simulation. According to the computational experiments, the level of uncertainty has a direct impact on the solutions provided by the simheuristic. Moreover, a risk analysis is performed using two well-known metrics: the value at risk and the conditional value at risk.

Action planning has been used in the field of robotics for solving long-running tasks. In the robot architectures field, it is also known as the deliberative layer. However, there is still a gap between the symbolic representation on the one hand and the low-level control and sensor representation on the other. In addition, the definition of a planning problem for a complex, real-world robot is not trivial. The planning process could become intractable as its search spaces become large. As the defined planning problem determines the complexity and the computationability for solving the problem, it should contain only relevant states. In this work, a novel approach which amalgamates Description Logic (DL) reasoning with Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning is introduced. The planning domain description as well as fundamental HTN planning concepts are represented in DL and can therefore be subject to DL reasoning; from these representations, concise planning problems are generated for HTN planning. The method is presented through an example in the robot navigation domain. In addition, a case study of the RoboCup@Home domain is given. As proof of concept, a well-known planning problem that often serves as a benchmark, namely that of the blocks-world, is modeled and solved using this approach. An analysis of the performance of the approach has been conducted and the results show that this approach yields significantly smaller planning problem descriptions than those generated by current representations in HTN planning.

In this thesis scheduling problems with transportation aspects are studied. Classical scheduling models for problems with multiple operations are the so-called shop-scheduling models. In these models jobs consisting of different operations have to be planned on certain machines in such a way that a given objective function is minimized. Each machine may process at most one operation at a time and operations belonging to the same job cannot be processed simultaneously. We generalize these classical shop-scheduling problems by assuming that the jobs additionally have to be transported between the machines. This transportation has to be done by robots which can handle at most one job at a time. Besides transportation times which occur for the jobs during their transport, also empty moving times are considered which arise when a robot moves empty from one machine to another. Two types of problems are distinguished: on the one hand, problems without transportation conflicts (i.e. each transportation can be performed without delay), and on the other hand, problems where transportation conflicts may arise due to a limited capacity of transport robots. In the first part of this thesis several new complexity results are derived for flow-shop problems with a single robot. Since very special cases of these problems are already NP-hard, in the second part of this thesis some techniques are developed for dealing with these hard problems in practice. We concentrate on the job-shop problem with a single robot and the makespan objective. At first we study the subproblem which arises for the robot when some scheduling decisions for the machines have already been made. The resulting single-machine problem can be regarded as a generalization of the traveling salesman problem with time windows where additionally minimal time-lags between certain jobs have to be respected and the makespan has to be minimized. For this single-machine problem we adapt immediate selection techniques used for other scheduling problems and calculate lower bounds based on linear programming and the technique of column generation. On the other hand, to determine upper bounds for the single-machine problem we develop an efficient local search algorithm which finds good solutions in reasonable time. This algorithm is integrated into a local search algorithm for the job-shop problem with a single robot. Finally, the proposed algorithms are tested on different test data and computational results are presented.

Decentralized decision-making is an active research topic in artificial intelligence. In a distributed system, a number of individually acting agents coexist. If they strive to accomplish a common goal, the establishment of coordinated cooperation between the agents is of utmost importance. With this in mind, our focus is on multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) methods which allow for automatically acquiring cooperative policies based solely on a specification of the desired joint behavior of the whole system.The decentralization of the control and observation of the system among independent agents, however, has a significant impact on problem complexity. Therefore, we address the intricacy of learning and acting in multi-agent systems by two complementary approaches.First, we identify a subclass of general decentralized decision-making problems that features regularities in the way the agents interact with one another. We show that the complexity of optimally solving a problem instance from this class is provably lower than solving a general one.Although a lower complexity class may be entered by sticking to certain subclasses of general multi-agent problems, the computational complexitymay be still so high that optimally solving it is infeasible. Hence, our second goal is to develop techniques capable of quickly obtaining approximate solutions in the vicinity of the optimum. To this end, we will develop and utilize various model-free reinforcement learning approaches.Many real-world applications are well-suited to be formulated in terms of spatially or functionally distributed entities. Job-shop scheduling represents one such application. We are going to interpret job-shop scheduling problems as distributed sequential decision-making problems, to employ the multi-agent RL algorithms we propose for solving such problems, and to evaluate the performance of our learning approaches in the scope of various established scheduling benchmark problems.

En la actualidad, se evidencia un incremento de residuos sólidos en Lima Metropolitana (INEI, 2019). Según el informe de INEI, los distritos que generan mayor cantidad de residuos son Santiago de Surco, Miraflores, San Miguel y La Molina. Por otro lado, la pandemia generada por el COVID-19 ha generado un cambio en los hábitos de compras del consumidor y esto se ve reflejado debido a que existe un incremento en las compras a través del e-commerce, con la finalidad de evitar los contagios los consumidores prefieren comprar todo tipo de artículos desde la comodidad de su hogar. Tomando en consideración ambas variables, nace la idea de crear un proyecto de florería ecoamigable con la modalidad de delivery. Para ello, se hará uso de productos eco-amigables los cuales permitirán reducir el consumo de plásticos y otros materiales dañinos para el medio ambiente comparado a los arreglos florales tradicionales ofrecidos en las florerías. De esta manera, se busca generar conciencia en los consumidores respecto a la importancia de cuidar el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, se realizó una investigación cualitativa para determinar la frecuencia y aceptación de este proyecto en las zonas 6 y 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Además, se realizó un análisis financiero a través del cual se obtuvieron indicadores de rentabilidad favorables, los cuales avalan la viabilidad y rentabilidad de poner en marcha “Costumbres Latinas” un proyecto que ofrecerá la posibilidad de reducir la contaminación ambiental a través del uso de productos orgánicos y el reciclaje de residuos sólidos. / Currently, there is an increase in solid waste in Metropolitan Lima (INEI, 2019). According to the INEI report, the districts that generate the greatest amount of waste are Santiago de Surco, Miraflores, San Miguel and La Molina. On the other hand, the pandemic generated by COVID-19 has generated a change in consumer shopping habits and this is reflected due to the fact that there is an increase in purchases through e-commerce, in order to avoid contagions consumers, prefer to buy all kinds of items from the comfort of their home. Taking both variables into consideration, the idea of ​​creating an eco-friendly florist project with the delivery modality was born. For this, eco-friendly products will be used which will reduce the consumption of plastics and other materials that are harmful to the environment compared to the traditional flower arrangements offered in flower shops. In this way, it seeks to generate awareness in consumers regarding the importance of caring for the environment. Therefore, a qualitative investigation was carried out to determine the frequency and acceptance of this project in zones 6 and 7 of Metropolitan Lima. In addition, a financial analysis was carried out through which favorable profitability indicators were obtained, which endorse the viability and profitability of launching "Latin Customs" a project that will offer the possibility of reducing environmental pollution using products. organic and solid waste recycling. / Trabajo de investigación