Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the third leading cause of infant mortality between birth and the first year of life in the United States. Along with the identification of various maternal risk factors, the role of fetal hypoxia has been hypothesized to be one of many causal factors associated with SIDS. The purpose of this study was to develop a profile of the SIDS infant and assess whether six pregnancy complications consistent with fetal hypoxia were associated with the increased outcome of SIDS. The secondary data analysis of Florida linked birth to death certificate data specific to Hillsborough County and Duval County were analyzed retrospectively for the period of time between 1998 and 2000. Of the 86, 342 births, 69 SIDS cases were identified, 34 in Hillsborough County and 35 in Duval County. A majority of the infants were White males with an average age of death of 80 days. The Chi-Square test for Independence with Cramer's V, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine if an association existed between pregnancy complications, specific maternal risk factors and SIDS. Eclampsia was the only statistically significant prenatal complication found in this cohort (OR=4.67: 95% CI 1.49, 14.57). Maternal tobacco use (OR= 3.13: 95% CI 1.83, 5.36) and late initiation into prenatal care were also found to be significant in the SIDS cases, with the greatest risk occuring in women who did not receive prenatal care (OR=4.37: 95% CI 1.38, 13.89). These findings will assist with the development of a profile of infants who are at greater risk of dying of SIDS in Hillsborough County and Duval County as well as contribute to what is currently known about the association between fetal hypoxia and SIDS.

<p>A large amount of non-protein nitrogen, in the form of urea and ammonium, is present in human breastmilk; however its physiological role in the infant is as yet not fully understood. It has been hypothesized that an insufficient enteric metabolism of urea could play a role in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This thesis was undertaken to study the enteric metabolism of non- protein nitrogen in healthy infants, in comparison with those who had succumbed to SIDS.</p><p>Aerobic and anaerobic faecal microflora, were studied in healthy infants from birth to 6 months of age. They were found to appear in faeces within 3 days of birth and were present throughout the first 6 months of life. The effect of nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide on faecal urease activity was investigated and found to be inhibitory in action. The sigmoid faecal urease activity and sigmoid faecal urea content of SIDS infants were compared to those of control infants; significantly lower sigmoid faecal urease activity and greater sigmoid faecal urea content were found in the SIDS infants. The total number of SIDS cases occurring in Sweden during the period 1990 through 1996 was analysed regarding geographical and seasonal distribution, in relation to the nitrate concentration in drinking water and changes in the groundwater level. The northernmost parts of the country had its highest incidence when the rest of the country had its lowest incidence, and the occurrence of individual deaths was associated with the recharge of groundwater, which is known to increase its nitrate content. The effect of ingested ammonium on carbon dioxide production was determined in healthy infants using the doubly labelled water technique. No change in carbon dioxide production was observed.</p><p>An insufficient enteric metabolism of urea in infants and peak or greatly varying nitrate concentrations in drinking water are associated with the occurrence of SIDS. Ingested ammonium supplements in the given doses did not influence carbon dioxide production in healthy infants.</p>

A large amount of non-protein nitrogen, in the form of urea and ammonium, is present in human breastmilk; however its physiological role in the infant is as yet not fully understood. It has been hypothesized that an insufficient enteric metabolism of urea could play a role in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This thesis was undertaken to study the enteric metabolism of non- protein nitrogen in healthy infants, in comparison with those who had succumbed to SIDS. Aerobic and anaerobic faecal microflora, were studied in healthy infants from birth to 6 months of age. They were found to appear in faeces within 3 days of birth and were present throughout the first 6 months of life. The effect of nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide on faecal urease activity was investigated and found to be inhibitory in action. The sigmoid faecal urease activity and sigmoid faecal urea content of SIDS infants were compared to those of control infants; significantly lower sigmoid faecal urease activity and greater sigmoid faecal urea content were found in the SIDS infants. The total number of SIDS cases occurring in Sweden during the period 1990 through 1996 was analysed regarding geographical and seasonal distribution, in relation to the nitrate concentration in drinking water and changes in the groundwater level. The northernmost parts of the country had its highest incidence when the rest of the country had its lowest incidence, and the occurrence of individual deaths was associated with the recharge of groundwater, which is known to increase its nitrate content. The effect of ingested ammonium on carbon dioxide production was determined in healthy infants using the doubly labelled water technique. No change in carbon dioxide production was observed. An insufficient enteric metabolism of urea in infants and peak or greatly varying nitrate concentrations in drinking water are associated with the occurrence of SIDS. Ingested ammonium supplements in the given doses did not influence carbon dioxide production in healthy infants.

The Wider Caribbean Region does not have a regional waste management strategy. An integrated approach to waste management throughout the region would benefit many economic sectors, safeguard people’s health and improve environmental quality. Numerous studies, above all a project conducted in 1994 by the World Bank, pointed out that one of the main reasons why such strategy has not been developed yet lies in the scarce availability of data in the waste management sector. Through on field researches and the analysis of institutional reports, the objective of the present study is defining the reasons that led and still underpin such scarcity. Furthermore, the study proposes a new methodology of data collection and improvements to one of the mathematical model that is used to estimate waste quantities in ports. The purpose of the paper is to find an integrated solution to a double challenge: waste abundance and energy scarcity, with focus on ship generated waste management.

Staigios kūdikio mirties sindromo diagnostika ir etiopatogenezė taikant šiuolaikinius metodus išlieka ribota ir net iki 0,5% mirties priežasčių nepavyksta nustatyti, atsakoma ne į visus klausimus susijusius su sindromo išsivystymu ir diagnoze. Viena iš šiuolaikinių metodų perspektyvų yra imunohistocheminių bei molekulinių metodų taikymas diagnozės patvirtinimui arba atmetimui. Minėti tyrimai yra labai svarbūs priežastinių ryšių nustatymui ir etiopatogenezės pagrindimui. Medžiagų apykaitos sutrikimai, tokie kaip glikogenozės I tipo liga – viena iš aktualiausių ir dažniausiai pasitaikančių, tačiau mažiausiai ištyrinėtų ligų. Darbo tikslas diagnozuoti glikogenozės I tipo atvejį taikant naujausias imunohistocheminių bei molekulinių tyrimų metodologijas. Tyrime naudojama naujausia parafine įlietų audinių technologija, audiniai įvertinti histologiškai, atliktos imunohistocheminės reakcijos. Iš parafine įlietų audinių išskirta DNR, kokybė įvertinta atlikus spektrofotometrinį tyrimą ir elektroforezę gelyje. Išskyrus DNR iš širdies ir kepenų buvo atlikta polimerazės grandininė reakcija naudojant tikslinius glikogenozės I tipo pradmenis. Gauti rezultatai parodė glikogeno kiekio padidėjimą kepenyse. Histologiniuose preparatuose matoma kasos, širdies miokardo, antinksčių hipertrofijos bei hiperplazijos. Imunohistocheminio tyrimo metu pastebėtas glikogeno kaupimasis kasos ląstelėse. Naudojantis gliukozės-6-fosfatazės žymenimis PGR metodu glikogenozės atvejo patvirtinti nepavyko. Iškeltos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Diagnosis and etiopathogenesis of Sudden infant death syndrome are limited even nowadays, and up to 0.5 % of death the cause remains undiagnosed, not all the questions, related to the syndrome and diagnosis are answered. One of the applicable methods and perspectives for diagnosis rejection or approval are immunohistochemistry analysis and molecular methods. A very important determination of causal links and proof of etiopathogenesis are very important and possible only after the already mentioned tests. Metabolic disorders, especially glycogenosis type I disease - one of the sorest and the most common, but least-studied cases. The aim of this study is to diagnose glycogenosis type I using the latest immunohistochemistry and molecular methods. The latest technology of paraffin embedded tissue was used in the study, tissues were evaluated histologically, immunohistochemical reaction was carried-out. DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded tissues, quality was measured by spectrophotometric analysis and gel electrophoresis. Using the heart and liver - DNA polymerase chain reaction was performed using targeted glycogenosis type I primers. The results showed an increase of glycogen in the liver. Pancreas, heart, adrenal hypertrophy and hyperplasia were detected in histological samples. During immunohistochemical study an accumulation of glycogen in pancreas cells was observed. Using glucose-6-phosphatase PCR markers of glycogenosis could not be confirmed. Hypotheses for further... [to full text]

Due to the numerous developmental constraints that they face, often Small Island Developing States (SIDS) relies on tourism as the means by which to achieve development. As such, SIDS governments promote sustainable tourism in policy agendas on the grounds that it will enhance the lives of local people through the creation of employment and subsequent increase in income level. However, often in SIDS, sustainable tourism development largely focuses on the management of resources and the impacts associated with tourism development. In this regard the focus on tourism development has remained on developing the necessary infrastructure for attracting international tourist markets, neglecting the crucial components of tourism education and local employment. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the role of tourism education and local employment as factors contributing to the sustainable development of tourism in the context of a SIDS destination. The context of the Maldives was selected as the SIDS case. This research indicated that in aggressive pursuit of increasing the number of international arrivals and with an ‘expansionist’ attitude, the SIDS case under study has neglected the crucial aspects of tourism education and local employment as contributors to the sustainable development of tourism. Consequently, tourism education neither meets the local needs for employment nor the industry needs for a skilled and educated workforce. The research revealed that this is an outcome of insufficient attention being given at policy level to tourism education, and local employment. Indeed, the research revealed that an increase in the number of international tourist arrivals and subsequent increase in foreign exchange earnings does not necessary mean that tourism brings economic sustainability to the destination by providing employment opportunities to the local communities and increased income. The research further revealed the complexity of issues which affect local participation in tourism. Moreover, the research also indicated how sustainable tourism development is intrinsically linked to tourism education and local employment. As the SIDS governments have a catalytic role to play in ensuring that tourism is developed in a sustainable manner that benefits all stakeholders, instead of implementing piecemeal policies in tourism education and local employment, this study advocates the integration of tourism education and local employment policies as part of the broader national development plan. This thesis contributes to tourism policy and practice. From a theoretical perspective, this research adds to the body of knowledge relating to the study of sustainable development of tourism in the context of a SIDS destination. Further, this research presents a number of practical recommendations for the government and the industry to ensure that tourism is indeed developed on a sustainable manner that benefits all stakeholders.

Havsnivån stiger över hela världen på grund av termisk expansion och smältande glaciärer orsakade av den globala uppvärmningen. Maldiverna och Kiribati är några av de lägst liggande atolländerna i världen vilket gör dem särskilt utsatta för den förväntade havsnivåhöjningen. Denna uppsats undersöker vilka skillnader som finns i Maldivernas och Kiribatis klimatanpassningsstrategier vad gäller ekologisk, social och ekonomisk hållbarhet genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av deras respektive National Adaptation Programme of Action- dokument (NAPA). NAPA identifierar och beskriver de mest angelägna anpassningsprojekten i varje land. Genom att identifiera huruvida anpassningsprojekten är hållbara kan mer effektiva strategier implementeras i framtiden. Resultatet visar att flera anpassningsprojekt har misslyckats med att integrera alla tre aspekter av hållbar utveckling, vilket kan ha bidragit till ett ohållbart genomförande av klimatanpassningsåtgärder, medan vissa projekt även visar att det är möjligt att framgångsrikt integrera alla aspekter av hållbar utveckling. / Sea levels are rising around the globe due to thermal expansion and melting glaciers caused by global warming. The Maldives and Kiribati are some of the lowest lying atoll countries in the world, which makes them particularly vulnerable to the projected sea level rise. This thesis investigates what differences exist in the adaptation strategies for the Maldives and Kiribati, in terms of ecological, social and economic sustainability, through a qualitative content analysis of their respective National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) documents. The NAPAs identify and describe the most urgent adaptation projects in each country. By identifying whether the adaptation projects are sustainable, more effective strategies can be implemented in the future. The results show that several adaptation projects fail to incorporate all three aspects of sustainable development, which may have contributed to unsustainable implementation of climate change adaptation measures, whereas some projects also show that it is possible to successfully integrate all aspects of sustainable development.

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Introduction & Background Black infant mortality rate is 122% higher than that of non-Hispanic white infants. In a 2021 CDC study, Black women’s maternal mortality rate was 69.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, 2.6 times the rate for non-Hispanic White women. Purpose Statement & Research Question The purpose of our research was to explore reasons why Black maternal mortality is higher than White and non-Hispanic populations and what contributing health disparities are causing higher mortality rates in black infants and mothers compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts, in the United States. Literature Review: We found articles under 5 years old from Cinhal database. Findings Examples of inclusion and exclusion criteria in our studies included: ages between 18-39, whether they had hypertension during pregnancy, or were between 22-43 weeks of gestation. Main findings from our studies include mistrust between health providers and the black pregnant women negatively impacted their adherence to safe sleep practice, and 32% of women in another study reported that they were not able to initiate their first prenatal care visit as early as preferred due to a myriad of barriers. Conclusions & Nursing Interventions The take-home message of our studies was that disparities are multifactorial. Some major nursing implications we found are that perinatal nurses should assess the psychological wellbeing in Black women throughout pregnancy and advocate for Black women who report high levels of stress, depressive symptoms, or psychological distress.

The purpose of this literature review is to describe nurses supportive function to families who lost their child in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) / Syftet med litteraturstudien är att beskriva sjuksköterskans stödjande funktion till familjer som förlorat sitt barn i plötslig spädbarnsdöd.