Thesis--Copenhagen. / Summary in Danish. Bibliography: p. [129]-131.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-89). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

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Au XXe siècle, aux moyens traditionnels de transmission du langage verbal que constituent le parlé et l’écrit, s’est ajouté un troisième moyen, le transmis. Si, dans un premier temps, il s’est surtout agi d’un « parlé à distance » (téléphone, radio, cinéma, télévision), on est ensuite passé à « l’écrit à distance » (sites Internet, courrier électronique, chats, SMS). Les progrès technologiques ont été suivis d’une transformation linguistique : le code s’est adapté aux différents supports qui l’ont véhiculé. Les technologies électroniques de la parole, comme le note Spina (2001 : 31), ont donné une nouvelle impulsion au mode de communication orale. À la fin du XIXe siècle, en effet, l’invention du téléphone a représenté une véritable révolution. Aujourd’hui, après plus d’un siècle, le téléphone a dépassé ses limitations traditionnelles, il s’est fait petit et discret et, à la transmission du son, il a ajouté la possibilité de faire circuler de brefs messages de texte et même des e-mails.La diffusion de la communication SMS a transformé un instrument dévolu à l’échange oral en technologie d’écriture, mais l’originalité du support permet à l’écriture SMS de reproduire les structures morphologiques de l’interaction orale, malgré sa nature d’écrit. Ainsi, la vitesse de composition du message n’est pas la seule propriété qui permette à l’écriture SMS de s’approcher de l’oralité : la syntaxe y apparaît souvent comme plutôt élémentaire, avec une prédominance de parataxes et de constructions elliptiques de la phrase plutôt que d’hypotaxes, traits typiques du discours oral. Mais le SMS joue aussi sur les finalités communicatives en abaissant le registre formel de la langue et en favorisant ainsi un nouveau langage. Notre thèse, si elle n’est pas la première à analyser un corpus de SMS, est sûrement en revanche l’une des premières à comparer la typologie des processus observés dans deux langues, l’italien et le français, pour en définir mécanismes parallèles et diversités. / Verbal language has traditionally been communicated by two means: speech and writing. In the twentieth century, however, a third means came into existence: transmitted language. Initially this consisted mostly of language “spoken at a distance” (telephone, radio, cinema, television), but it then extended to include language “written at a distance” (Internet sites, electronic mail, online chat, SMS). Technological progress was followed by a transformation of the language, and the code has been adapted to the different media used to convey it. Electronic technologies of the word, as Spina notes (2001: 31), have given a new impetus to the oral mode of communication, based on the spoken word.At the end of the 19th century, the invention of the telephone was a real breakthrough, allowing the creation of new, and previously unavailable, forms of communication. Today, little more than a century later, the phone has exceeded even its traditional limitations and to the transmission of sound has been added the ability to write short text messages, and even to send e-mail. The spread of SMS communication has transformed an instrument devoted to oral exchange into a technology of writing: in fact, the originality of the support allows text messaging, despite its written nature, to reproduce the morphological structures of oral interaction. Thus, the speed of composing the message is not the only property that allows texting to approach orality: the syntax is often seen as rather basic, with a predominance of parataxis and elliptical constructions rather than hypotaxis, features that are typical of spoken discourse. But texting also plays on communicative purpose by adopting a more informal register and thus fostering a new language. The present thesis, while not the first study to analyze a corpus of SMS, is surely one of the first to compare the types of processes found in both languages, French and Italian, in order to define parallel mechanisms and differences.

Dans les applications graphiques, les interactions avec les formes sont peu naturelles. L'utilisateur repousse autant que possible l'usage de ces applications, préférant dessiner ou sculpter une forme. Pour combler ce fossé qui se creuse entre l'informatique et le grand public, nous nous tournons vers les squelettes. Ce sont des modèles de représentation des formes intuitifs que nous proposons d'utiliser comme structure d'interaction directe et intuitive.Tous les squelettes souffrent d'un problème de qualité, que ce soit au niveau de la géométrie qu'ils capturent, de leurs quantité de bruit ou encore de l'absence d'organisation utile de leurs éléments. De plus, certaines fonctionnalités nécessaires des squelettes ne sont que partiellement résolues, et ceci grâce à des données additionnelles calculées à partir de la forme lors de la squelettisation. Ainsi, lorsque le squelette est modifié par une interaction, nous sommes dans l'incapacité de mettre à jour ces données et d'utiliser ces fonctionnalités.Nous avons construit un ensemble de solutions algorithmiques à ces problèmes. Nous faisons un usage optimal des données contenues dans le squelette pour visualiser la forme qu'il décrit, supprimer son bruit et structurer ses éléments. Nous construisons un squelette hiérarchique qui capture et contrôle toutes les zones caractéristiques d'une forme.Ce squelette est adapté pour une interaction directe et intuitive, ce qui permet de combler le fossé dont nous faisions mention. Nos travaux permettent également d'améliorer les méthodes de squelettisation et produire des squelettes qui sont déjà de bonne qualité. / The interactions in shape creation graphic applications are far from natural. The user tends to avoid as much as possible such applications and prefer to sketch or model his/her shape.To bridge this widening gap between computer and the general public, we focus on skeletons. They are intuitive shape representation models that we propose to use as direct and intuitive interaction structures.All skeletons suffer from very low quality as shape representation models, concerning the geometry of the shape they capture, the quantity of skeletal noise they contain or the lack of useful organization of their elements. Moreover, some functionalities that must be granted to skeletons are only partially solved. Those solutions make use of additional data computed thanks to the shape during the skeletonization. Thus, when the skeleton is modified by an interaction, we cannot update those data to make use of such functionalities.Thanks to a practical observation of skeletons, we built a set of algorithmic solutions to those problems.We make an optimal use of skeleton data to visualize the shape described by a skeleton, to remove skeletal noise and to structure skeleton elements. With our methods, we build the meso-skeleton, a hierarchical structure that captures and controls all characteristic parts of a shape.The meso-skeleton is adapted to be used as a direct and intuitive interaction structure, which allows us to bridge the gap aforementioned. Also, our work can lead to further researches to enhance skeletonization techniques and thus produce skeletons that are good quality shape representation models.

A grande maioria dos cinodontes não-mamalianos possui seu esqueleto póscraniano completo, porém muitos se encontram apenas parcialmente descritos. A maior parte do conhecimento acerca deste grupo e de suas relações filogenéticas com os mamíferos baseia-se na anatomia sincraniana e dentária, uma vez que a abundância de material desta natureza é relativamente maior do que a de restos pós-cranianos. O afloramento Schoenstatt localiza-se na periferia do Município de Santa Cruz do Sul (BR 471), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ao lado da rodovia RST 287, sendo atribuído à Zona de Associação de Santacruzodon. Neste afloramento, é registrada uma fauna meso-triássica na qual predominam os cinodontes nãomamalianos, dos quais já foram registrados pelo menos 100 espécimes. Com base em material craniano e dentário, já foram reportados nesta localidade os traversodontídeos Santacruzodon hopsoni, cf. Massetognathus e Menadon besairei, enquanto que o material pós-craniano ainda não foi estudado. Esta dissertação objetiva descrever a morfologia do material pós-craniano pertencente à família Traversodontidae, coletado no afloramento Schoenstatt e depositados na Seção de Paleontologia do MCN-FZBRS, estudando comparativamente espécies das demais Zonas de Associação do Triássico do RS e de outras formações triássicas gonduâicas. Todos os restos pós-cranianos aqui descritos, foram separados em dois morfótipos distintos, sendo proposto para o morfotipo I, Menadon besairei e para o morfotipo II, Santacruzodon hopsoni. Para esta classificação, foram utilizados critérios anatômico-morfológicos específicos de cada osso, bem como o tamanho dos ossos e associação destes com material sincraniano e dentário. Após a análise morfológica, pode-se observar uma mescla de caracteres ditos “reptilianos” e outros “mamalianos” para os espécimes estudados, o que corrobora com os estudos anteriores sobre anatomia pós-craniana de cinodontes não-mamalianos, sendo observado que o morfótipo I, possui uma maior quantidade de caracteres primitivos em relação ao morfótipo II, mais derivado e similar à condição mamaliforme dos mamíferos mais primitivos. / Most of the non-mammalian cynodonts have its postcranial skeleton complete however in most cases partially described. The most of the knowledge about this group and their phylogenetic relationships with mammals is based on sincranian and dental anatomy, since the abundance of such material is relatively higher than the post-cranial remains. The Schoenstatt outcrop is located on the city of Santa Cruz do Su (BR 471)l, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, side of Highway RST 287, being assigned of the Santacruzodon Assemblege Zone. In this outcrop, is predominant one meso- Triassic fauna typified by non-mammalian cynodonts, of which there have been recorded at least 100 specimens. Based on cranial and dental material, have already been reported for this localition the traversodontids Santacruzodon hopsoni, Massetognathus and Menadon besairei, Whereas postcranial material has not been studied. This work aims to perform the morphological description of the postcranial material of the traversodontids collected in Schoenstatt outcrop and deposited in Paleontologycal Collection of the Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul studying comparatively the other species of the others Assemblege Zones of Triassic of the RS and others Triassic Gondwana formations. All postcranial materials described herein, are separated into two distinct morphotypes, being proposed for the morphotype I, Menadon besairei and for the morphotype II, Santacruzodon hopsoni. For this classification, specific anatomical and morphological criteria of each bone were used, well as bone size, and association of these with sincranian and dental materials. After morphological analysis, we can observe a blend of "reptilian" and other mammals characters for the studied specimens, which corroborates previous studies on postcranial anatomy of non-mammalian cynodonts, been observed that the morphotype I, has a greater number of primitive characters relative to morphotype II, more derivative and similar to mamaliforme condition of primitive mammals.

Orientador: Francisco Antonio Bertoz / Banca: Terumi Okada Ozawa / Banca: Eduardo César Almada Santos / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a morfologia das 3ª e 4ª vértebras cervicais representativa dos estágios correspondentes ao pré-pico, pico e pós-pico de velocidade de crescimento estatural, definidos previamente pelos centros de ossificação do primeiro dedo em radiografias carpais ou do dedo polegar. Foram utilizadas 120 telerradiografias em norma lateral de 106 pacientes selecionados da clínica de ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba-UNESP e Profis/HRAC-USP que apresentavam radiografias carpais ou do dedo polegar correspondentes. As telerradiografias foram divididas em três grupos de 40 radiografias de acordo com os estágios maturacionais pré-pico, pico e pós-pico definidos pela imagem do primeiro dedo. A morfologia dos corpos das 3ª e 4ª vértebras cervicais foi determinada por dois examinadores devidamente calibrados em dois tempos diferentes. Concluiu-se que o formato retangular horizontal com borda inferior reta foi representativo do estágio correspondente ao pré-pico, independentemente da vértebra analisada. Já o formato retangular horizontal com borda inferior curva, especialmente se encontrado em C4, ou o formato quadrado com borda inferior reta caracterizou o pico de velocidade de crescimento. O formato quadrado ou, principalmente, o retangular vertical com borda inferior curva determinou o estágio pós-pico de velocidade de crescimento da adolescência. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae which represent the prepeak, peak and postpeak stages of statural growth, previously defined by ossification centers of the thumb in hand-wrist or thumb periapical radiographs. The sample was comprised of 120 lateral cephalometric radiographs of 106 patients from the Orthodontics Clinic of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba - UNESP and from PROFIS /Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies-USP. All patients had hand-wrist or corresponding thumb periapical radiographs available. The lateral radiographs were divided into three groups of 40 radiographs according to the prepeak, peak and postpeak maturational stages, defined by the radiographic image of the thumb. The morphology of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae was determined by two calibrated examiners in two different times. The findings show that the horizontal, rectangular-shaped vertebra with straight lower border represented the prepeak stage, regardless of the analyzed vertebra. The horizontal, rectangular-shaped vertebra with curved lower border, mainly if found in C4, or the square-shaped vertebra with straight lower border was typical of the growth peak. The square-shaped or, mainly, the rectangular-shaped vertebra with curved lower border determined the postpeak stage of adolescent growth spurt. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lara_ts_me_araca.pdf: 2110251 bytes, checksum: a0fe3302851e3b4440bd44f9a53c4ff3 (MD5) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a morfologia das 3ª e 4ª vértebras cervicais representativa dos estágios correspondentes ao pré-pico, pico e pós-pico de velocidade de crescimento estatural, definidos previamente pelos centros de ossificação do primeiro dedo em radiografias carpais ou do dedo polegar. Foram utilizadas 120 telerradiografias em norma lateral de 106 pacientes selecionados da clínica de ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba-UNESP e Profis/HRAC-USP que apresentavam radiografias carpais ou do dedo polegar correspondentes. As telerradiografias foram divididas em três grupos de 40 radiografias de acordo com os estágios maturacionais pré-pico, pico e pós-pico definidos pela imagem do primeiro dedo. A morfologia dos corpos das 3ª e 4ª vértebras cervicais foi determinada por dois examinadores devidamente calibrados em dois tempos diferentes. Concluiu-se que o formato retangular horizontal com borda inferior reta foi representativo do estágio correspondente ao pré-pico, independentemente da vértebra analisada. Já o formato retangular horizontal com borda inferior curva, especialmente se encontrado em C4, ou o formato quadrado com borda inferior reta caracterizou o pico de velocidade de crescimento. O formato quadrado ou, principalmente, o retangular vertical com borda inferior curva determinou o estágio pós-pico de velocidade de crescimento da adolescência. / The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae which represent the prepeak, peak and postpeak stages of statural growth, previously defined by ossification centers of the thumb in hand-wrist or thumb periapical radiographs. The sample was comprised of 120 lateral cephalometric radiographs of 106 patients from the Orthodontics Clinic of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba - UNESP and from PROFIS /Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies-USP. All patients had hand-wrist or corresponding thumb periapical radiographs available. The lateral radiographs were divided into three groups of 40 radiographs according to the prepeak, peak and postpeak maturational stages, defined by the radiographic image of the thumb. The morphology of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae was determined by two calibrated examiners in two different times. The findings show that the horizontal, rectangular-shaped vertebra with straight lower border represented the prepeak stage, regardless of the analyzed vertebra. The horizontal, rectangular-shaped vertebra with curved lower border, mainly if found in C4, or the square-shaped vertebra with straight lower border was typical of the growth peak. The square-shaped or, mainly, the rectangular-shaped vertebra with curved lower border determined the postpeak stage of adolescent growth spurt.

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