This thesis is a paleopathological survey of ancient Peruvian crania housed at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Chapter one discusses the significance of this research, work prior to this thesis’s formulation, and defines paleopathological and bioarchaeological terms relevant to this thesis. Chapter two presents this thesis’s materials and methods. Of the 196 Peruvian crania in this study sample, 11 case studies are presented. Chapter three reports a case of probable scurvy and likely anemia comorbidity. This case study is accompanied by a critical analysis and review of the literature surrounding scurvy, a detailed macroscopic examination, and a rigorous differential diagnosis process. Chapter four offers cases representing pseudopathology, hematopoietic disease, infectious disease, joint disease, neoplastic disease, trauma, and trauma-induced disease. Chapter five presents a summary of this thesis. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

A relação entre músicos e dores musculoesqueléticas é cada vez mais comum em centro de estudos musicais, tais como, universidades e orquestras. O objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar a razão de chance de ocorrência de dor, variáveis posturais e disfunção em violinistas na cidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados 38 violinistas com idade de 21.5 ± 4.7 anos. A análise postural foi realizada por meio de fotogrametria com auxílio do software SAPO v.0.63 e de marcadores previamente colocados em referências ósseas, observadas nos planos frontais (anterior e posterior) e sagitais. A avaliação da dor foi realizada por meio da Escala Visual Analógica de Dor (EVA), questionário McGill e a disfunção musculoesquelética pelo questionário DASH. Para o cálculo da probabilidade de ter dor durante o estudo com o violino foi realizado um modelo de regressão logística onde todas as variáveis (posturais, idade, horas de prática e tempo de prática-anos) foram consideradas. Os resultados obtidos para o índice EVA e DASH foram analisados utilizando-se a técnica multivariada k-médias, sendo que as variáveis importantes para discriminação dos grupos em relação à EVA foram a postura da cabeça, a postura do ombro e a cifose torácica e para o índice DASH o desvio lateral da coluna e a inclinação da cabeça. Este estudo encontrou uma relação entre dor, disfunção e variáveis posturais nos violinistas na cidade de São Paulo. O índice DASH apresentou sinais de disfunção que se relacionaram com as variáveis posturais assim como o índice EVA. O Questionário McGill apresentou significância estatística na categoria mista e os violinistas com menos tempo de prática possuem uma média maior de dor / The relation between musicians and musculoskeletal pain is more and more common in musical research centers, like universities and orchestras. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the odds ratio of occurrence of pain, postural changes, and disabilities of violinists in São Paulo. It has been assessed thirty- eight violinists with a mean age of 21.5 ± 4.7 years. Postural analysis was carried out by means of Photogrammetry with the aid of the software SAPO v.0.63 and previously placed in bone markers, observed in the references front (anterior and posterior) and sagittal plane. The assessment of pain was accomplished using Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS), McGill questionnaire and also Dash questionnaire for musculoskeletal dysfunction. For the calculation of the probability of occurrence of pain, a logistic regression model was employed and all variables related to posture, age, gender, hours of practice, and time of practice were considered. The results regarding the VAS and DASH were analyzed using multivariate techniques, k-media. The most important variables for the discrimination between the groups regarding the VAS scores were head and shoulder posture and thoracic kyphosis and for the DASH index, were the lateral spinal deviation and the head tilt. This study found a relationship between pain, dysfunction and postural variables in violinists in the city of São Paulo. The index DASH presented signs of dysfunction that related with postural variables as well as the VAS index. The McGill Questionnaire showed statistical significance in the mixed category and the violinists with less practice time have a higher average pain

Trata do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para parametrização de equipamentos mecânicos pressurizados. Objetiva criar sistemas para geração de famílias de equipamentos petroquímicos e reduzir o tempo total de elaboração do projeto, desenhos e listas de materiais em até 80%, diminuir em até 70% o tempo consumido na geração de fichas de corte e mapas de solda na execução de roteiros de fabricação e ainda aprimorar a aquisição de materiais e componentes devido à padronização das entradas de projeto. Relata que os sistemas CAD (Computer-Aided Design) tridimensionais paramétricos têm papel cada vez mais destacado no desenvolvimento de equipamentos, porém alguns setores tradicionais da indústria brasileira apresentam ainda certa resistência ao emprego desta tecnologia. Demonstra que diante dos desafios impostos pela exploração de petróleo na camada do Pré-Sal e o grande volume de investimentos da PETROBRAS na expansão do setor produtivo ligado à extração e refino de petróleo, as empresas fornecedoras de equipamentos para o setor petroquímico são obrigadas a se modernizar e buscar novos paradigmas de projeto e fabricação para atender à demanda. Explica que o emprego produtivo de sistemas CAD 3D paramétricos se torna essencial neste cenário. Aplica a metodologia que foi desenvolvida baseada na abordagem top-down para modelagem de montagens, e afirma esta metodologia pode ser adaptada a qualquer sistema CAD 3D paramétrico comercial, com baixo consumo de recursos computacionais. Apresenta para validação um exemplo de aplicação passo a passo da metodologia para um equipamento. Mostra que a metodologia foi aplicada também para a construção de uma família de vasos de pressão verticais suportados por saia, com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho, com a obtenção de resultados significativos. Discute os problemas e dificuldades enfrentados na implantação do sistema paramétrico, juntamente com as alterações que este sistema trás na estrutura organizacional tradicional de empresas de bens de capital. Conclui que a metodologia desenvolvida apresentou resultados dentro dos objetivos estabelecidos e é uma alternativa viável para projetos mecânicos, que possibilita ganho de produtividade significativo. / This work addresses a methodology for the parameterization of pressurized mechanical equipments. It focuses on creating systems to generate an assembly of petrochemical equipments, hence reducing the total time of project designs, layouts and bill of material until 80%, decreasing until 70% the time consumed for executing manufacturing instructions and also improving materials and components acquisition due to the standardization of project entries. The study reports that three-dimensional parametric CAD systems (Computer-Aided Design) have an increasingly prominent role in the development of equipments, however some traditional sectors in the Brazilian industry are still somewhat resistant to using this technology. This work shows that with the challenges posed by oil exploration in the pre-salt layer and PETROBRAS large investments in the productive expansion sector for oil extraction and refining, the equipment supply companies servicing the petrochemical industry are forced to modernize and seek new design and manufacturing paradigms to meet the demands. It explains that the productive use of 3D parametric CAD systems are essential in this scenario. The methodology that was developed based on the top-down approach for assembly modeling is applied, thereby showing that this methodology can be adapted to any commercial 3D parametric CAD system, with low computational consumption of resources. For validation, it shows a step by step application example of the methodology in one equipment. It shows that the methodology was also applied to the construction of a family of skirt supported vertical pressure vessels, in order to evaluate the performance, with significant results. This work discusses the problems and difficulties faced in implementing the parametric system, along with the changes this system brings in the traditional organizational structure of capital goods companies. It concludes that this methodology presented results within the stated objectives and that it is a viable alternative for mechanical designs, hence enabling significant productivity gains.

The present research examined whether the innominate acted as contextual information which resulted in a skewed scoring of skull morphological sex traits and pairs overall (both innominate and skull). Survey participants first assessed the sex of an innominate, then assessed the sex of a skull, using methods standard in the field. The sex of ten skulls and associated innominates, which served as contextual elements to introduce bias, were assessed in two surveys by 22 participants total. Male and female innominates and skulls were mixed and matched to test bias, though it was implied to participants that the paired elements were from the same individual. No significant bias was seen on the level of the skull. However, significant shifts in scores were seen on the level of the overall pair in three out of the five studied, indicating that the sex of the innominate was privileged over that of the skull. This is considered standard procedure in the field as the innominate is more reliable for sex estimation; thus, the findings of the present study are inconsistent with cognitive bias. However, the present study raises questions about the utility of the skull in the estimation of sex in human skeletal remains. While the innominate may be more reliable in sex estimation when both elements are present, this may lead to inattention to valuable information presented by the skull in particular contexts such as commingled burials.

Les chondrichthyens sont caractérisés par des particularités anatomiques uniques, ce qui, combiné à leur position phylogénétique, en fait un groupe particulièrement attrayant en biologie de l’évolution. Compte tenu de leur squelette cartilagineux, leur registre fossile est principalement constitué de dents isolées, dont la microstructure des tissus est utilisée depuis longtemps dans un contexte taxonomique. Celle-ci permet en effet de différencier les chondrichthyens modernes (néosélaciens) des groupes éteints dans le registre fossile. La microstructure dentaire de nombreux d’entre eux demeure toutefois peu connue, notamment celle des batoïdes, pourtant le groupe de chondrichthyen le plus diversifié à l’heure actuelle.La première partie de ce travail porte sur une description approfondie de la microstructure dentaire des batoïdes, basée sur un large échantillonnage de formes fossiles et actuelles. Ces observations ont permis de décrire une diversité microstructurale importante et inattendue compte tenu de la stabilité évolutive de ces tissus chez les requins. Cette variation est ensuite abordée à travers une approche histologique et transcriptionelle du développement dentaire de formes actuelles. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent la convergence de ces tissus avec l’émailloïde présent chez certains ostéichthyens. La troisième partie de ce travail porte sur la calcification du squelette cartilagineux au cours du développement embryonnaire, dans un contexte morphologique et moléculaire. Les modalités de calcification des pièces squelettiques apparaissent ainsi beaucoup plus versatiles chez les chondrichthyens que chez les ostéichthyens. / Chondrichthyans exhibit a number of interesting features which make them valuable organisms to investigate from an evo-devo perspective. However, due to their cartilaginous skeleton, isolated teeth are usually the only available fossil material to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Their teeth are covered by enameloid, a hypermineralized tissue whose microstructure has proven a useful taxonomic tool to differentiate between modern forms (neoselachians) and their extinct relatives. However it is poorly known in several groups, thus casting doubts on the validity of such characters.In this work, I first describe the enameloid microstructure of batoids based on an extensive sampling of both their extant and extinct diversity. I highlight unexpected diversity in the microstructural organization of enameloid which was thought to be very stable in neoselachians. The developmental basis for this diversity was then investigated in two extant chondrichthyan models through classic histological techniques and in situ hybridization. The results highlight differences in their enameloid organic matrix, as well as important differences with enameloid formation in osteichthyans, casting doubts on the homology of the two tissues. Finally I investigate skeletogenesis in the lesser spotted catshark from both a morphological and molecular perspective. Using X-Ray microtomography and in situ hybridization, I highlight both the mineralization sequence of the cartilaginous skeleton and the molecular context in which it calcifies over the course of embryonic development. I find that skeletal calcification in chondrichthyans appears to be much more versatile than in osteichthyans.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-19T18:44:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JohnnyFerreira.pdf: 1283081 bytes, checksum: 98fe6a56616d65f263682d6189f0c95c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T18:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JohnnyFerreira.pdf: 1283081 bytes, checksum: 98fe6a56616d65f263682d6189f0c95c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-15 / The gender Elachistocleis Parker in 1927 consists of 17 species , and of these, seven have the external morphology described and two have the internal oral morphology and the chondrocranium of its larvae described. Lack of descriptive works that contribute to the knowledge of the tadpoles of Elachistocleis is the justification of this work. Therefore, the goal of this work was to characterize the external morphology, internal oral morphology, chondrocranium and hiobranquial apparatus of tadpoles of Elachistocleis, comparing them with each other and with other species described in the literature. We used E. bumbameuboi, E. cf. piauiensis, E. cesarii and E. bicolor between 31-39 of Gosner stage . The external morphology of Elachistocleis is conservative in many aspects. Differences found were: Body format in dorsal view; edge of dermal flaps; snout edge in dorsal view; emergency angle of the dorsal fin in the body; lateral line visible or not; pustules pattern on the posterior region of the median ridge; pronunciation of the projection in the anterior medial margin of the suprarostral corpus; posterior margin of the suprarostral alae in W-shaped or not; ventral margin of the fenestra in the occipital region slightly or clearly wavy; presence of fenestra hypophyseos; margin of the thin process in the articular process; Presence of finger-like expansions in the ventrolateral process; shape and inclinatione of the subocular fenestra; subótico process single or slightly bifid; inclination of the anterolateral process. The comparative study corroborates with most of the characteristics observed in descriptive works published for the gender Elachistocleis and for other species of Microhylidae from the Old and New World. / O gênero Elachistocleis Parker 1927 é composto por 17 espécies e, destas, sete possuem a morfologia externa descritas e duas possuem a morfologia oral interna e o condrocrânio de suas larvas descritas. A falta de trabalhos descritivos que contribuam para o conhecimento dos girinos do gênero Elachistocleis, constitui a justificativa deste trabalho. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi caracterizar a morfologia externa, morfologia oral interna, condrocrânio e aparelho hiobranquial das larvas do gênero Elachistocleis, comparando-as entre si e com espécies descritas na literatura. Foram utilizadas as espécies E. bumbameuboi, E. cf. piauiensis, E. cesarii e E. bicolor entre os estágios 31 a 39 de Gosner. A morfologia externa dos girinos do gênero Elachistocleis é conservativa em muitos aspectos. As diferenças encontradas foram: o formato do corpo em vista dorsal; borda das abas dermais; borda do focinho em vista dorsal; ângulo de emergência da nadadeira dorsal no corpo; linha lateral visível ou não; padrão de pústulas na região posterior à crista mediana; projeção mais acentuada da margem anterior central do corpo da suprarostral; borda posterior das asas da suprarostral em forma de W ou não; borda ventral da fenestra da região occipital levemente ondulada ou claramente ondulada; presença de uma fenestra hipofisária; borda do processo afilado do processo articular do palatoquadrado; presença de expansões digitiformes no processo ventrolateral; formato e inclinação da fenestra subocular; processo subótico único ou levemente bífido; inclinação do processo anterolateral. O estudo comparativo corrobora em muitas das características observadas nos trabalhos descritivos publicados tanto para girinos do gênero Elachistocleis quanto para outras espécies de Microhylidae do Velho e Novo Mundo.

When unidentified skeletal remains are found, researchers utilize a number of methods to apportion details for a biological profile. While these practices are used and professed through generations of students, they also require a reevaluation of the methods. This project estimates the ancestry and sex of nine unknown skeletal individuals through two different mechanisms. Modified biological profiles were completed through two different methodologies: anthroscopic traits (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994; White et al. 2012) and geometric morphometrics using 3D-ID (Slice and Ross 2009). The results serve two purposes: (1) to provide ancestry and sex (2) to compare two methodologies through outcomes and repeatability of results. Intra-observer error testing was conducted on both methods. All outputs resulted in low intra-rater reliability, highlighting the repeatability error in one observer’s collection methods. These results conclude and encourage the reevaluation and standardization of the procedures and comparison groups used to assess ancestry and sex. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In chapter 1, we present some background knowledge about random matrices, Coulomb gas, orthogonal polynomials, asymptotics of planar orthogonal polynomials and the Riemann-Hilbert problem. In chapter 2, we consider the monic orthogonal polynomials, $\{P_{n,N}(z)\}_{n=0,1,\cdots},$ that satisfy the orthogonality condition, \begin{equation}\nonumber \int_\mathbb{C}P_{n,N}(z)\overline{P_{m,N}(z)}e^{-N Q(z)}dA(z)=h_{n,N}\delta_{nm} \quad(n,m=0,1,2,\cdots), \end{equation} where $h_{n,N}$ is a (positive) norming constant and the external potential is given by $$Q(z)=|z|^2+ \frac{2c}{N}\log \frac{1}{|z-a|},\quad c>-1,\quad a>0.$$ The orthogonal polynomial is related to the interacting Coulomb particles with charge $+1$ for each, in the presence of an extra particle with charge $+c$ at $a.$ For $N$ large and a fixed ``c'' this can be a small perturbation of the Gaussian weight. The polynomial $P_{n,N}(z)$ can be characterized by a matrix Riemann--Hilbert problem \cite{Ba 2015}. We then apply the standard nonlinear steepest descent method \cite{Deift 1999, DKMVZ 1999} to derive the strong asymptotics of $P_{n,N}(z)$ when $n$ and $N$ go to $\infty.$ From the asymptotic behavior of $P_{n,N}(z),$ we find that, as we vary $c,$ the limiting distribution behaves discontinuously at $c=0.$ We observe that the mother body (a kind of potential theoretic skeleton) also behaves discontinuously at $c=0.$ The smooth interpolation of the discontinuity is obtained by further scaling of $c=e^{-\eta N}$ in terms of the parameter $\eta\in[0,\infty).$ To obtain the results for arbitrary values of $c$, we used the ``partial Schlesinger transform'' method developed in \cite{BL 2008} to derive an arbitrary order correction in the Riemann--Hilbert analysis. In chapter 3, we consider the case of multiple logarithmic singularities. The planar orthogonal polynomials $\{p_n(z)\}_{n=0,1,\cdots}$ with respect to the external potential that is given by $$Q(z)=|z|^2+ 2\sum_{j=1}^lc_j\log \frac{1}{|z-a_j|},$$ where $\{a_1, a_2, \cdots, a_l\}$ is a set of nonzero complex numbers and $\{c_1, c_2, \cdots, c_l\}$ is a set of positive real numbers. We show that the planar orthogonal polynomials $p_{n}(z)$ with $l$ logarithmic singularities in the potential are the multiple orthogonal polynomials $p_{{\bf{n}}}(z)$ (Hermite-Pad\'e polynomials) of Type II with $l$ measures of degree $|{\bf{n}}|=n=\kappa l+r,$ ${\bf{n}}=(n_1,\cdots,n_l)$ satisfying the orthogonality condition, $$ \frac{1}{2\ii}\int_{\Gamma}p_{{\bf{n}}}(z) z^k\chi_{{\bf{n}}-{\bf{e}}_j}(z)\dd z=0, \quad 0\leq k\leq n_j-1,\quad 1\leq j\leq l,$$ where $\Gamma$ is a certain simple closed curve with counterclockwise orientation and $$ \chi_{{\bf{n}}-{\bf{e}}_j}(z):= \prod_{i=1}^l(z-a_i)^{c_i }\int_{0}^{\overline{z}\times\infty}\frac{\prod_{i=1}^l(s-\bar{a}_i)^{n_i+c_i}}{(s-\bar{a}_j)\ee^{zs}}\,\dd s. $$ Such equivalence allows us to formulate the $(l+1)\times(l+1)$ Riemann--Hilbert problem for $p_n(z)$. We also find the ratio between the determinant of the moment matrix corresponding to the multiple orthogonal polynomials and the determinant of the moment matrix from the original planar measure.

This study involved a 28-week school-based exercise trial of single-leg drop-landing exercise with 42 girls (Tanner stage 1; 6-10 yr old) randomly assigned to control (C), low-drop (LD) or high-drop(HD) exercise groups. The latter two groups performed single-leg drop-landings (3 sessions.wk-1 and 50 landings.session-1) from 14cm and 28cm, respectively using the non-dominant leg. Single-leg peak ground-reaction impact forces (PGRIF) in a sub-sample ranged between 2.5 – 4.4 x body-weight (BW). No differences (p>0.05) among groups at baseline for age, stature, lean tissue mass (LTM - DXA - Lunar 3.6-DPX), leisure time physical activity or average daily calcium intake were detected. No significant within group changes for between leg differences from baseline to post-training and no significant differences among groups at baseline, or in magnitude of change for any of the dominant or non-dominant (loaded) leg bone mineral content (BMC g) measures determined by DXA – loaded leg total - 19.06, 25.5, 25.46 [p=.156], femoral neck - 0.14, 0.11, 0.15 [p=.959], greater trochanter - 0.37, 0.06, 0.26 [p=.733], mid femoral shaft - 3.87, 3.87, 3.42 [p=.677] for the C, LD and HD groups, respectively, after adjusting for the covariates baseline body and fat mass, and change in LTM (ANCOVA) were observed. Similarly, following ANCOVA adjustments no significant differences for changes in calcaneal speed of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation (CUBA Clinical), DXA derived changes in femoral neck (-0.009, 0.033, -0.009; p=.189) and total MFS (0.029, 0.041, 0.053; p=.447) volumetric BMD (g.cm-3), or MFS cortical volumetric BMD, the latter derived by a new technique combining MRI and DXA were identified. TBBMC changed by 79.6g-C, 100.2g-LD and 91.9g-HD (p=.339). Combining data from both exercise groups to increase statistical power produced similar results. No significant within group changes for between leg differences from baseline to post-training and no significant differences among groups at baseline, or in magnitude of change for any of the dominant or non-dominant (loaded) leg bone geometrical (area cm2) determined by MRI using ANALYZE® software of proximal - 22.18, 12.91, 19.86 [p=.248], mid - 19.83, 15.91, 19.64 [p=.233], or distal - 14.78, 16.07, 13.35 [p=.792], slice cortical area for the C, LD and HD groups, respectively, after adjusting for the covariates baseline body and fat mass, and change in LTM (ANCOVA) were detected. Similarly there were no significant biomechanical cross sectional moment of inertia (CSMI cm4) changes determined by Scion Image® (Frederick, Maryland: Version-Beta 3B) and a custom macro program of proximal - 896, 815, 649 [p=.415], mid - 1054, 806, 1087 [p=.471], or distal - 1197, 1079, 966 [p=.606], slice CSMI for the C, LD and HD groups, respectively after adjusting for the same covariates. In contrast to some recent reports, our findings suggest that strictly controlled uni-modal; uni-directional single-leg drop-landing exercises involving low-moderate peak ground-reaction impact forces are not osteogenic in the developing prepubertal female skeleton.

<p>Create the realistic motion of a character is a very complicated work.</p><p>This thesis aims to create interactive animation for characters in three dimensions using position based approach. Our character is pictured from ragdoll, which is a structure of system particles where all particles are linked by equidistance constraints.</p><p>The goal of this thesis is observed the fall in the space of our ragdoll after creating all constraints, as structure, contact and environment constraints.</p><p>The structure constraint represents all joint constraints which have one, two or three Degree of Freedom (DOF).</p><p>The contact constraints are represented by collisions between our ragdoll and other objects in the space.</p><p>Finally, the environment constraints are represented by means of the wall constraint.</p><p>The achieved results allow to have a realist fall of our ragdoll in the space.</p>