Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet européen visant à améliorer la compétitivité des centrales solaires à concentration. Parmi les différents défis soulevés par ce projet, l’évaluation en temps réel de la disponibilité et de la variabilité de la ressource solaire est un point clé puisqu’elle permettrait une gestion optimisée du champ solaire et, par conséquent, une hausse de la productivité de la centrale. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de développer un outil d’évaluation de la ressource solaire destiné à la gestion de centrales CSP. Pour y parvenir, une étude approfondie des interactions entre le rayonnement solaire et l’atmosphère est tout d’abord menée. Cette étude révèle entre autres que l’éclairement normal direct (DNI) peut se scinder en deux composantes : le DNI par ciel clair et l’indice ciel clair. Le premier représente l’éclairement normal direct reçu au niveau du sol, lorsqu’aucun nuage ne vient occulter le Soleil. Le second traduit l’influence des nuages sur ce rayonnement par ciel clair. Évaluer ces deux composantes est essentiel pour l’opérateur de la centrale car elles lui permettent de connaître les marges de manoeuvre dont il dispose. D’une part, un modèle ciel clair permettant d’estimer et prévoir le DNI par ciel clair en temps réel est donc développé. Il permet de maintenir l’erreur quadratique moyenne sur l’estimation du DNI par ciel clair aux alentours de 30W/m². D’autre part, une caméra hémisphérique a été installée sur le site du laboratoire PROMES-CNRS afin de détecter les nuages et leur mouvement dans le but d’appréhender la variabilité de l’indice ciel clair. Ce système est notamment capable de fournir des images à haute dynamique, permettant de mesurer simultanément des informations dans la zone circumsolaire et dans les zones les plus sombres du ciel. Sur la base du modèle ciel clair et des images fournies par la caméra, un modèle de prévision du DNI pour tout type de conditions a été mis au point. Il permet de maintenir l’erreur quadratique moyenne sur la prévision du DNI aux alentours de 180 W/m², pour des horizons inférieurs à 30 min. En partenariat avec Acciona, l’outil développé est d’ores et déjà opérationnel sur la centrale solaire Palma del Rio II, en Espagne. / This thesis is part of a European research project which aims at improving the solar power plant efficiency. Among the different challenges pointed out by this project, the solar resource assessment and forecasting are essential tasks since they would allow a better real-time management of the solar field, and thus reduce the maintenance activities, while improving the expected benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop a solar resource forecasting tool in order to improve the CSP plants management. An extensive review of the interactions between solar radiation and the atmosphere is firstly conducted. It reveals, among other things, that the direct normal irradiance (DNI) can be divided into two components : the clear sky DNI and the clear sky index. The former represents the direct normal irradiance received at ground level, when no clouds are occulting the sun. The latter reflects the influence of clouds on the clear sky DNI. Estimating these two quantities is essential for the plant operator, since it allows a better management of the solar field. As a consequence, a clear sky model able to estimate and forecast the clear sky DNI has been developed. The root mean squared error of the forecast is around 30 W/m². On the other hand, a sky imager has been installed at the PROMES-CNRS laboratory in order to detect clouds and their motion. The system is able to provide high dynamic range images, allowing the measurement of information both into the circumsolar area and into the darkest parts of the sky. Based on the clear sky model and the images provided by the sky imager, a DNI forecasting model is proposed. The root mean square error on the forecast is around 30 W/m², for 30 min forecasting horizon. One system is now operational at a solar power plant located in Palma del Rio II, Spain.

Counting stars as a means of studying the structure of the Milky Way has a long history, which has progressed significantly with the undertaking of large-area surveys. Photographic surveys have been supplanted with the advent of CCD technology by digital surveys, which provide improved data quality allowing better calibration and fainter limits to be probed reliably. The INT/WFC Photometric H Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS) provides broad-band r0 and i0 photometry down to 20th magnitude at Galactic latitudes jbj < 5 . In this work I make use of the opportunity that IPHAS photometry provides to create stellar number density maps of the Northern Galactic Plane. I produce preliminary maps which are used to identify and exclude poor quality data during the preparation of the second data release of the survey (DR2). By crossmatching IPHAS against the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS), I derive transformations between the two photometric systems, and measure the per-IPHAS- field magnitude shifts needed to bring the two surveys in line before a global calibration can be applied. Repeating the crossmatching approach between IPHAS and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), I derive transformations between the two surveys and assess their agreement before and after global photometric calibration, in order to gauge the improvement achieved. The effects of incompleteness begin to affect the fainter end of any photometric survey as a consequence of confusion and sensitivity limits. I present the application of artificial source insertion on every broad-band IPHAS DR2 image in order to measure the impact of incompleteness across the entire survey. These measurements are used to construct incompleteness-corrected density maps down to magnitude limits of r0 . 19 and i0 . 18 at an angular resolution of 1 arcminute. These maps represent a unique data product which has applications in studies of Galactic structure and extinction. I perform a cluster search on the i0-band density map, which in addition to returning 71 known clusters, identifies 29 overdensities unassociated with any known clusters. I compare the stellar densities given by my maps to those in simulated versions of the Milky Way generated by models of Galactic population synthesis. I examine the Gaia Universe Model Snapshot (GUMS), a catalogue which predicts the sky as may be observed by the Gaia mission. In order to make meaningful comparisons between GUMS and IPHAS I determine transformations between the two photometric surveys. The results of the comparison are mixed. I also make use of the 2003 Besan con model of Galactic population synthesis to generate catalogues of synthetic photometry along three sightlines in the IPHAS footprint in order to test different 3D extinction prescriptions. The lowest Galactic longitudes (` 30 ) prove to be particularly challenging to emulate, suggesting 3D mapping of optical extinction in the Galactic Plane is not yet a mature art. The main problem appears to be one of underprediction of the obscuration.

[pt] O objetivo desta tese é abrir os olhos à violência contida na imagem enquanto agente semiótico-material da guerra contemporânea. No século XXI, o drone armado militar, uma arma imagem-centrada, tem encabeçado a curadoria geopolítica dos EUA no âmbito da guerra ao terror. Na esteira do emaranhado entre Washington e Hollywood, observa-se que a violência drônica guarda as mesmas características do cinema: imagem e movimento. Contudo, a imagem de um drone não é puramente o reflexo da natureza da guerra; ela é mais que representacional, é performativa. A partir do conceito de imagem-aniquilação, esta tese argumenta que a imagem possui uma agência destrutiva ao transitar da reflexão à difração (Haraway, 1992; Barad, 2007). Ao invés de espelhar a realidade, a imagem-aniquilação cria um brutal padrão de diferença no mundo. Trata-se de uma ontologia destrutiva na qual ver e aniquilar estão em estado de superposição. Logo, tudo aquilo que está enquadrado, está potencialmente morto. É dizer, ao enquadrar corpos e objetos no terreno, cria-se um estado de violência superposicional em que se está vivo, mas virtualmente morto. Tal movimento ocorre a partir de um forte apelo transdisciplinar, no qual a disciplina de Relações Internacionais (RI) é apoiada por conceitos e ideias da Filosofia, da História da Arte, dos Estudos Culturais e dos Estudos Fílmicos do cinema. A criação do conceito de imagem-aniquilação é fruto da combinação entre a filosofia de Gilles Deleuze (Deleuze e Guattari, 1996), entendida como prática que fabrica conceitos, e a abordagem de Michael Shapiro (2020), que busca extrair teoria política das imagens fílmicas. Para a realização desde exercício, aborda-se o filme Eye in the Sky (2015), do diretor Gavin Hood. A escolha desta obra cinematográfica advém da sua crítica amplamente positiva, bem como seu status como filme que revela a realidade da guerra de drones. Desse modo, esta tese contribui tanto para a compreensão dos imaginários sociotécnicos da guerra contemporânea a partir do continuum guerra-imagem-cinema, quanto para a inovação epistêmica e metodológica nas RI. / [en] The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the violence inherent in the image as a semiotic-material agent in contemporary warfare. In the 21st century, the armed military drone, an image-centered weapon, has spearheaded the geopolitical curatorship of the USA in the context of the war on terror. In the wake of the entanglement between Washington and Hollywood, it is observed that drone violence shares the same characteristics as cinema: image and movement. However, a drone s image is not purely a reflection of the nature of war; it is more than representational, it is performative. Building upon the concept of annihilation-image, this thesis argues that the image wields a destructive agency as it transitions from reflection to diffraction (Haraway, 1992; Barad, 2007). Rather than mirroring reality, annihilation-image creates a brutal pattern of difference in the world. It is a destructive ontology in which seeing and annihilating are in a state of superposition. Therefore, everything that is framed is potentially dead. That is to say, by framing bodies and objects in the terrain, a state of superpositional violence is created in which one is alive, but virtually dead. This movement is driven by a strong transdisciplinary appeal, in which the discipline of International Relations (IR) is informed by concepts and ideas from Philosophy, Art History, Cultural Studies, and Film Studies. The development of the concept of annihilation-image is the result of the combination of Gilles Deleuze s philosophy (Deleuze and Guattari, 1996), understood as a practice that create concepts, and Michael Shapiro s approach (2020), which seeks to extract political theory from cinematic images. For the purpose of this exercise, we examine the film Eye in the Sky (2015), directed by Gavin Hood. The choice of this cinematic work is derived from its widely positive critical acclaim, as well as its status as a film that exposes the reality of drone warfare. Thus, this thesis contributes to both the understanding of the sociotechnical imaginaries of contemporary warfare within the war-image-cinema continuum and to the epistemic and methodological innovation in (IR).

A psicologia histórico-cultural surgiu no início do século XX, na União Soviética, baseada principalmente nos pressupostos marxistas sobre a constituição do gênero humano. A principal contribuição que trouxe mostra que a relação do homem com o mundo não é uma relação direta da sua observação desinteressada, não é uma situação simples de estímulo-resposta, mas é mediada pela atividade num contexto social. O conceito de atividade não é o mesmo do senso comum e está inserido dentro da Teoria da Atividade, desenvolvida a partir dos trabalhos de Vigotski, por Leontiev e outros autores. A atividade dentro dessa teoria é sempre motivada por uma necessidade humana, construída socialmente, e acontece por meio de ações, ligadas a objetivos definidos, e por operações, ligadas às condições concretas de realização. Estudamos neste trabalho a evolução da relação do ser humano com o céu, e como a atividade \"observar o céu\" foi transformando a natureza e a própria essência do homem, como uma perspectiva singular. Com isso pudemos compreender de que forma os documentos curriculares, as pesquisas em ensino de astronomia e os profissionais da educação básica concretizam atividades de ensino para a \"observação do céu\", como perspectivas particulares de manifestação da história dessa ação, dentro do ensino da astronomia. Percebemos que esse tema está em ascensão nas propostas educativas e que tanto os currículos quanto os pesquisadores e professores reconhecem a importância da observação do céu para a constituição dos seres humanos; no entanto, apesar de constar das propostas curriculares e do conteúdo das pesquisas, a \"observação do céu\" ainda não é uma realidade nas práticas escolares, provavelmente por encontrar condições concretas pouco favoráveis, principalmente uma formação inadequada dos professores e a falta de materiais e infraestrutura necessárias para o trabalho na sala de aula. Fizemos uma análise, relacionando o movimento histórico lógico dos conceitos sobre o céu e o \"objeto de ensino céu\", procurando a essência desse conceito ao longo do seu desenvolvimento. Sugerimos uma proposta de situação desencadeadora de ensino, baseada nos resultados empíricos de nossa pesquisa sobre o conhecimento dos professores e a disponibilidade para ensinar astronomia, como é proposta pelos currículos. Essa proposta permitiria aos educandos tanto a apropriação da cultura humana desenvolvida ao longo da história, quanto desenvolver suas potencialidades como ser humano, como perspectiva universal, a qual favorece a construção de um pensamento teórico, num movimento de ascensão do abstrato ao concreto, definido na teoria que fundamenta este trabalho. / Cultural-historical psicology appeared early in the 20th century, in the Soviet Union, based mainly on marxist principles relative to the human gender. Its main contribution shows that the relation between man and the world is not a direct consequence of uninterested observation, it is not a simple stimulus-reaction situation, but it is mediated by activity within a social context. The activity concept does not have the common sense meaning but it is inserted in the Activity Theory that was based on the work of Vigotski, Leontiev and other authors. According to this theory, activity is always motivated by a human necessity that is built up socially by means of actions connected to well defined objectives and by operations connected to concrete realization conditions. In this work we studied the evolution of human beings in relation to the sky and how the \"sky observation\" activity has been transforming nature and the very essence of man, as a singular perspective. Under this point of view we can explain curricular documents, research on astronomy teaching and teaching activities for \"sky observation\" elaborated by education professionals, as a particular perspective of the history of this action in astronomy teaching. We noticed that this subject is becoming more important in educational proposals and that curricula as well as investigators and teachers admit the importance of sky observation for building up of human beings; however in spite of appearing in curricular proposals and in the \"sky observation\" research content it is still not a reality in school practice, probably because of rather unfavorable conditions ,such as teachers inadequate formation and the lack of materials and infrastructure that are essential for school room work. We made an analysis relating logical historical progress about sky concepts and about the \"sky teaching object\", in search of the essence of this concept along its development. We suggest a teaching proposal based on empirical results of our investigation about teachers knowledge and the possibility of teaching astronomy as proposed by curricula. We hope this proposal may enable students to acquire the human culture developed in the course of history besides developing their potential as human beings in a universal perspective that enables the construction of a feeling from theoretical ideas in an abstract to concrete ascension motion, as defined by the theory on which this work is based.

Terrain Breakline Detection Using Sky-view factor Abstract The subject of this diploma thesis is to propose the procedure of detecting of terrain breaklines using Sky-view factor. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis first introduces the issue of terrain breaklines detection, which presents the methods known to date and Sky- view factor, which is the focal point of the proposed method. Implementation over real data takes place at four locations in the Czechia (Vítkovice, Hradiště, Strnady and Velenka). Data in the form of raster format is tested. At the end, the results of the proposed method and its verification using two selected methods of field edge detection are presented and evaluated. Achieved results point to Sky-view factor for terrain edge detection. Keywords: terrain breakline, digital terrain model, Sky-view factor, detection terrain breaklines methods

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-27T15:38:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 influencia_imagens.pdf: 14682107 bytes, checksum: dc2cff25918154d890f4213f219ac205 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T15:38:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 influencia_imagens.pdf: 14682107 bytes, checksum: dc2cff25918154d890f4213f219ac205 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Uma das principais características do conceito de Design Estratégico utilizado nesta pesquisa é o uso de um método de projeto que propõe uma etapa denominada metaprojeto - um espaço para discussão do problema de design. Nesta etapa, utliza-se um tipo especial de pesquisa chamado Pesquisa Blue Sky. Esta é composta essencialmente de referências visuais externas ao contexto do que se está projetando, e busca revelar tendências e apresentar estímulos úteis para o projeto. Na presente investigação busca-se refletir sobre o papel de imagens não relacionadas ao problema de projeto - referências indiretas - como fontes de inspiração no processo criativo de design. Para tanto se aborda a questão do problema de projeto mal estruturado e o seu processo de resolução; o pensamento criativo; e o uso da imagem como referência. É proposto um método de pesquisa de caráter exploratório que inclui o desenvolvimento de lincográficos e visa avaliar como estas imagens específicas são utilizadas durante o processo projetual. Apresentam-se indícios que o uso de imagens indiretas auxilia na formulação de ideias mais conceituais por aumentar o tempo de reflexão dos indivíduos sobre o problema e sobre a solução. / One of the main characteristics of the Strategic Design concept adopted in this research is the use of a design method that proposes a stage called metadesign - a space for discussion of the design problem. At this stage, a special type of tool is used, called Blue Sky research. It is essentially composed by visual references, that are external to the design context, and reveals trends and offers useful stimuli in the project. The purpose of this investigation is to reflect about the role of images not directly related to the design problems - indirect references - as inspiration sources for the creative design process. To do so, several aspects are reviewed, such as the "Wicked problem" and it's solution process; creative process; and usage of images as reference. A exploratory research, which includes the development of linkographs, is proposed in order to evaluate how these specific images are used during the project process. Evidence is presented, showing that indirect references help the formulation of conceptual ideas, by increasing the reflection time of the individuals about the problem and about the solution.

Terrain Breakline Detection Using Sky-view factor Abstract The subject of this diploma thesis is to propose the procedure of detecting of terrain breaklines using Sky-view factor. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis first introduces the issue of terrain breaklines detection, which presents the methods known to date and Sky- view factor, which is the focal point of the proposed method. Implementation over real data takes place at four locations in the Czechia (Vítkovice, Hradiště, Strnady and Velenka). Data in the form of raster format is tested. At the end, the results of the proposed method and its verification using two selected methods of field edge detection are presented and evaluated. Achieved results point to Sky-view factor for terrain edge detection. Keywords: terrain breakline, digital terrain model, Sky-view factor, detection terrain breaklines methods

The following work presents a hypothesis which identifies the origins and meaning of an ancient Mesoamerican concept known as the three stones of creation. Previous interpretations have tended to apply astronomical, spatial, or geographical models, while many conclusions have been made on the basis of one Classic Maya monument, Stela C of Quirigua. This thesis builds an argument for the temporal nature of these “stones,” used to metaphorically represent a sequence of separate units of time, referred to as eras, ages, or creations. A primary goal is to demonstrate that Quirigua Stela C provides in brief, summary form a chronology which is better defined through inscriptions in the Cross Group at Palenque, and in a sequence of panels at Yaxchilan containing beliefs about the origins of the ballgame. In constructing an argument for the temporal nature of the three stones of creation, every available context from a set of hieroglyphs mentioned in the Quirigua Stela C “creation” text—including Na Ho Chan (“First 5-Sky”) and “6-Sky”—is discussed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, these glyphs are shown to aid in the organization of the deeper past within the Palenque and Yaxchilan mythologies. When compared chronologically and thematically, these sites seem to point to the 24th century B.C.E. as the important termination of a time period (i.e., the planting of a creation stone) related to a mythic complex involving the death and underworld journey of the Maize Lord, followed by his resurrection, emergence, and/or accession to power. Key questions addressed include the antiquity of these beliefs and where the metaphors used to arrange time observed among the Classic Maya originate. In Chapter 4, earlier expressions of this time ideology are interpreted through iconographic conventions, ritual deposits, and monumental architecture at the Olmec site of La Venta. Similarly, Chapter 5 proposes that the Humboldt Celt, the earliest known example of the three stones of creation, arranges units of time into a sequence. These and other interpretations suggest the existence of an ancestral, Mesoamerican era-based time model to which later Postclassic, colonial, and contemporary beliefs, such as those expressed in the K’iche’-Mayan Popol Vuh, are fundamentally related. / text

A psicologia histórico-cultural surgiu no início do século XX, na União Soviética, baseada principalmente nos pressupostos marxistas sobre a constituição do gênero humano. A principal contribuição que trouxe mostra que a relação do homem com o mundo não é uma relação direta da sua observação desinteressada, não é uma situação simples de estímulo-resposta, mas é mediada pela atividade num contexto social. O conceito de atividade não é o mesmo do senso comum e está inserido dentro da Teoria da Atividade, desenvolvida a partir dos trabalhos de Vigotski, por Leontiev e outros autores. A atividade dentro dessa teoria é sempre motivada por uma necessidade humana, construída socialmente, e acontece por meio de ações, ligadas a objetivos definidos, e por operações, ligadas às condições concretas de realização. Estudamos neste trabalho a evolução da relação do ser humano com o céu, e como a atividade \"observar o céu\" foi transformando a natureza e a própria essência do homem, como uma perspectiva singular. Com isso pudemos compreender de que forma os documentos curriculares, as pesquisas em ensino de astronomia e os profissionais da educação básica concretizam atividades de ensino para a \"observação do céu\", como perspectivas particulares de manifestação da história dessa ação, dentro do ensino da astronomia. Percebemos que esse tema está em ascensão nas propostas educativas e que tanto os currículos quanto os pesquisadores e professores reconhecem a importância da observação do céu para a constituição dos seres humanos; no entanto, apesar de constar das propostas curriculares e do conteúdo das pesquisas, a \"observação do céu\" ainda não é uma realidade nas práticas escolares, provavelmente por encontrar condições concretas pouco favoráveis, principalmente uma formação inadequada dos professores e a falta de materiais e infraestrutura necessárias para o trabalho na sala de aula. Fizemos uma análise, relacionando o movimento histórico lógico dos conceitos sobre o céu e o \"objeto de ensino céu\", procurando a essência desse conceito ao longo do seu desenvolvimento. Sugerimos uma proposta de situação desencadeadora de ensino, baseada nos resultados empíricos de nossa pesquisa sobre o conhecimento dos professores e a disponibilidade para ensinar astronomia, como é proposta pelos currículos. Essa proposta permitiria aos educandos tanto a apropriação da cultura humana desenvolvida ao longo da história, quanto desenvolver suas potencialidades como ser humano, como perspectiva universal, a qual favorece a construção de um pensamento teórico, num movimento de ascensão do abstrato ao concreto, definido na teoria que fundamenta este trabalho. / Cultural-historical psicology appeared early in the 20th century, in the Soviet Union, based mainly on marxist principles relative to the human gender. Its main contribution shows that the relation between man and the world is not a direct consequence of uninterested observation, it is not a simple stimulus-reaction situation, but it is mediated by activity within a social context. The activity concept does not have the common sense meaning but it is inserted in the Activity Theory that was based on the work of Vigotski, Leontiev and other authors. According to this theory, activity is always motivated by a human necessity that is built up socially by means of actions connected to well defined objectives and by operations connected to concrete realization conditions. In this work we studied the evolution of human beings in relation to the sky and how the \"sky observation\" activity has been transforming nature and the very essence of man, as a singular perspective. Under this point of view we can explain curricular documents, research on astronomy teaching and teaching activities for \"sky observation\" elaborated by education professionals, as a particular perspective of the history of this action in astronomy teaching. We noticed that this subject is becoming more important in educational proposals and that curricula as well as investigators and teachers admit the importance of sky observation for building up of human beings; however in spite of appearing in curricular proposals and in the \"sky observation\" research content it is still not a reality in school practice, probably because of rather unfavorable conditions ,such as teachers inadequate formation and the lack of materials and infrastructure that are essential for school room work. We made an analysis relating logical historical progress about sky concepts and about the \"sky teaching object\", in search of the essence of this concept along its development. We suggest a teaching proposal based on empirical results of our investigation about teachers knowledge and the possibility of teaching astronomy as proposed by curricula. We hope this proposal may enable students to acquire the human culture developed in the course of history besides developing their potential as human beings in a universal perspective that enables the construction of a feeling from theoretical ideas in an abstract to concrete ascension motion, as defined by the theory on which this work is based.

Med en ökande befolkning och viljan att bo i centrala lägen, kan en vertikal förtätning genom påbyggnationer i centrala stadsområden vara ett alternativ som möter efterfrågan. I dag placeras ofta nybyggnation i utkanter av städer vilket bidrar till en glesare stadsbild. Vertikal förtätning är en komplicerad strategi och påverkar ett antal faktorer i staden. Den största faktorn är att ingen ny mark tas i anspråk men samtidigt kan det leda till problem med skuggning och förändring av offentliga platser. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka för- och nackdelar med en vertikal förtätning och att genomföra en sol- och skugganalys. Studien genomfördes på Drottninggatan 18 i de centrala delarna av Gävle. Analysen ämnar att undersöka hur en höjning av byggnader påverkar de omkringliggande öppna platserna genom att utgå ifrån solstudier.Resultatet visar fyra stycken exempel på hur en vertikal förtätning kan se ut vid en förhöjning av våningsplan och hur det påverkar omgivningen. Slutsatsen av examensarbetet visar att en vertikal förtätning är ett alternativ för Gävle, men att kompromisser är nödvändiga om staden ska kunna förtätas. Angående var gränsen ska dras för en vertikal förtätning är svår att sätta, men att bostäder behöver byggas i Gävle är ett faktum och då är det självfallet bättre att bygga på redan exploaterad mark om det görs på ett sådant sätt att omgivning inte påverkas. / With an increasing population and the desire to live in central locations, a vertical densification through building in central urban areas could be an option that meets demand. In today’s cities new construction is often placed in the outskirts of cities, which contributes to a less dense cityscape. Vertical densification is a complicated strategy and affects a number of factors in the city. The biggest factor is that no new land is required but at the same time it can lead to problems with shading and changes in public places. The purpose of the study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of vertical densification and implementing a sun- and shadow analysis. The study was conducted on Drottninggatan 18 in the central parts of Gävle. The analysis aims to examine how an increase in buildings affects the surrounding open spaces by using sun studies.The results show four examples of how a vertical densification can look at an elevation of floor and how it affects the environment. The conclusion of the thesis shows that a vertical densification is an option for Gävle, but that compromises are necessary for the city to be able to densify. Regarding where to draw the lines for a vertical densification is difficult to do, but that homes need to be built in Gävle is a fact, and then it is obviously better to build on already developed land if it is done in such a way that the environment is not affected greatly.