Introdução: A tuberculose (TB) continua sendo um grave problema de saúde global, sendo classificada como a principal causa de morte por doenças infecciosas em todo o mundo. Objetivou-se analisar a distribuição e risco espacial e espaço-temporal da mortalidade por TB e sua relação com marcadores de desenvolvimento social em Natal/RN. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico. Os setores censitários e as Unidades de Desenvolvimento Humano (UDHs) foram utilizados como unidades de análise. A população do estudo foi composta de casos de óbito por TB como causa básica, registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade no período de 2008 a 2014. Realizou-se análise univariada das variáveis socioeconômicas com cálculo de frequências absolutas e relativas. Para a construção dos marcadores de desenvolvimento social considerou-se a técnica de análise de componentes principais, utilizando-se da base de informações de variáveis das UDHs. A geocodificação dos endereços foi processada no TerraView versão 4.2.2. Posteriormente, seguiu-se com a análise da estimativa de Kernel. Para detecção de aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais foi aplicada a técnica de varredura espacial. Taxas brutas e bayesianas empíricas globais de mortalidade foram calculadas. A existência de autocorrelação espacial da mortalidade por TB foi verificada pelos índices de Moran Global e Local. Para analisar a relação entre mortalidade por TB e os marcadores de desenvolvimento social realizaram-se análises de regressão linear múltipla. Os resíduos da regressão linear foram investigados quanto à existência de autocorrelação espacial por meio do Teste Global de Moran. Para escolha do modelo final foi considerado o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). Para as análises foram considerados os softwares Statistica versão 12.0, ArcGIS versão 10.2, SaTScan(TM) versão 9.2 e OpenGeoDa versão 1.0.1. Em todos os testes estatísticos foi fixado o nível de significância em 5% (p< 0,05). Resultados: Identificaram-se 154 óbitos por TB, desse total, 91,5% dos endereços foram geocodificados. A estatística de Kernel mostrou áreas quentes para a mortalidade por TB. A técnica de análise de varredura espacial identificou três aglomerados estatisticamente significativos, sendo dois de alto risco (RR=5,77 IC95% = 5,19 - 6,34; RR= 3,82 IC95% = 3,38 - 4,24) e um de baixo risco (RR = 0,34 IC95% = 0,08 - 0,76). Já a análise de varredura espaço-temporal apresentou apenas um aglomerado de alto risco (RR= 5,97; IC95% =5,26 - 6,66) no ano de 2008. As maiores taxas bayesianas foram identificadas no distrito de saúde leste. Foi identificada autocorrelação espacial dessas taxas (I = 0,324, p = 0,002). Para a construção dos marcadores de desenvolvimento social, duas componentes principais apresentaram 85,3% de variância total. O primeiro marcador foi denominado de áreas de menor desenvolvimento social (DS-) e o segundo, de áreas de maior desenvolvimento social (DS+). Na modelagem estatística, observou-se uma associação negativa entre a mortalidade por TB e áreas de maior desenvolvimento social (R2 = 0,207; p=0,03). Sendo o modelo final escolhido o Spatial Lag. Conclusão: A identificação de áreas vulneráveis à ocorrência do óbito por tuberculose e sua relação com o desenvolvimento social permitem o direcionamento das ações intersetoriais de controle da doença às populações conhecidamente mais afetadas / Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues a serious global health problem and has been classified as the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide. The objective of this study was to analyze spatial and spatial-temporal risk for TB mortality, the spatial distribution of this event and its relationship with index of social development in Natal / RN. Methods: This is an ecological study. The census tracts and the Human Development Units (HDUs) were used as units of analysis. The study\'s population was composed by cases of death due to TB as a basic cause, registered in the Mortality Information System from 2008 to 2014. A univariate analysis of the socioeconomic variables was performed estimating absolute and relative frequency. For the construction social development index we have used the technique Principal Components considering the variables obtained from HDUs. The geocoding of Address was performed through TerraView version 4.2.2. In addition, we applied the Kernel estimation analysis. Scan Statistic was used to detection of spatial and spatial-temporal clusterd. The authors calculated TB mortality rate, it was smoothed by Empirical Bayes Method. Autocorrelation of TB mortality was analyzed by Moran Global and Local Indexes. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the relation of social development index with TB mortality. The residues of linear regression model were investigated to identify the existence of spatial autocorrelation through the Moran Global Test. The final model was defined considering the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Statistica version 12.0, ArcGIS version 10.2, SaTScan (TM) version 9.2 and OpenGeoDa version 1.0.1 were used in the analysis. It was defined level of significance at 5% as statistically significant (p <0.05) for all statistical tests. Results: We identified 154 deaths per TB, of this total, 91.5% of the addresses were geocoded. Hot spots for TB mortality has been showed by Kernel statistics . Three statistically significant clusters were observed when applied Sat Scan, two of which were higher risk (RR=5.77 CI 95% = 5.19 - 6.34; RR= 3.82 CI 95% = 3.38 - 4.24) and one with lower risk (RR = 0.34 CI95% = 0.08 - 0.76). The spatial-temporal scan statistic analysis revealed only one cluster with high risk (RR = 5.97, CI95%= 5.26 - 6.66) in the year 2008. The highest Bayesian rates were identified in the Eastern health district. Spatial autocorrelation of these rates was identified (I = 0.324, p = 0.002). For the construction of social development index, two first Principal Components (PC) accumulated 85.3% from total variance. The first PC was named areas with lower social development (SD-) and the second one was designed area with higher social development (SD +). In statistical modeling, a negative association was observed with areas of higher social development with TB mortality (R2 = 0.207, p = 0.03). The final model has been chosen by Spatial Lag. Conclusion: The study evidenced areas vulnerable to tuberculosis mortality and its relationship with social development, which allows addressing of intersectoral actions to TB elimination especially in the populations in risks

Este estudo, na configuração de uma tese de doutoramento, se dedica à temática das alianças intersetoriais, ou seja, a projetos de ação conjunta entre organizações com fins lucrativos, organizações sem fins lucrativos e o poder público, expresso pelas prefeituras locais. Conceitualmente, abordam-se alianças, considerando-as mais efetivas e eficazes, porque mais perenes do que as parcerias, cujo caráter, segundo a ótica desta tese, é pontual e momentâneo. A abordagem dessa temática demanda que a fundamentação teórica, a partir de uma linha de pesquisa voltada para o empreendedorismo e a responsabilidade social, resgate tópicos que se deslocam do processo de globalização presente na sociedade contemporânea, passando pela questão social, pela ação do Estado, pela necessidade de um desenvolvimento sustentável, finalizando com reflexões a respeito do Terceiro Setor. Na perspectiva de uma abordagem empírica que pudesse evidenciar na realidade concreta as discussões teóricas encetadas, está apresentada a pesquisa cujo locus foi o município de Cubatão. A experiência vivida por este município transita de um comprometimento com a qualidade de vida humana e ambiental para projetos sociais significativos, ainda que possa ser palco de outros embates sócio-ambientais frente às características de um importante pólo industrial. Usando de um instrumento já validado em pesquisa realizada pelo Ceats ? Centro de Empreendedorismo Social e Administração do Terceiro Setor ? e coordenada pela Profª Drª Rosa Maria Fischer, o estudo procurou evidenciar o comprometimento e a conjunção de ideais que possam estar presentes nas alianças entre essas três instâncias sociais: o mercado, as organizações da sociedade civil e o poder público. Para tanto, foram trabalhadas as seguintes categorias: alinhamento das expectativas, estratégias de ação, indicadores de comprometimento, indicadores de comunicação, divisão e estabelecimento de papéis, origem e destinação dos recursos, agregação de valor e, finalizando essas categorias, os sistemas de avaliação. Por conseguinte, este estudo, embasado nos fundamentos teóricos assinalados e nos dados empíricos coletados junto às instâncias sociais apontadas em suas práticas de alianças intersetoriais, apresenta resultados que evidenciam a pertinência dessas práticas, bem como permite conhecer uma visão crítica dos diferentes atores sociais envolvidos quando, mediante coleta de depoimentos, traz à luz o pensamento daqueles que se mostraram efetivamente vinculados a essa modalidade de alianças. E, finalmente, este estudo busca evidenciar que ações socialmente responsáveis não se restringem a práticas assistencialistas, ainda que não as desabone. Ações socialmente responsáveis são aquelas que conduzem a sociedade humana a uma transformação tal que possa ser descrita como um processo de humanização do humano que é histórico e que, por ser histórico, depende da ação de homens e de mulheres socialmente responsáveis. / This study, in the configuration of a thesis of doctorate, dedicates itself to the thematic of the intersectional alliances, it is, to projects of group actions among organizations with profit aims, without profit aims and public power express by local prefectures. Conceptually, talk about alliances, considering them more effective and efficacious, because more continual than the partnerships, whose character, according to the optic of this thesis, is punctual and momentary. The boarding of this thematic contests that the justification of the theory, from a line of research about enterprising and social responsibility, rescue topics that dislocate from the process of the globalization present in the contemporary society, passing by the social action, by the action of the Government, by the necessity of a sustainable development, finishing with reflections about the third sector. In the perspective of an empirical boarding which could evidence in the concrete reality the broached theory discussions, is presented the research whose locus was the municipal district of Cubatão. The experience lived by this district transit from a compromise with the quality of the human and environmental life to important social projects, with the possibility of being the stage of other socio-environmental impacts front to the characteristics of an important industrial pole. Using a tool already validated in research made by CEATS-? Centro de Empreendedorismo Social e Administração do Terceiro Setor ? and coordinated by the Profª Drª Rosa Maria Fischer, the study tried to evidence the compromise and conjunction of ideals which can be present in the alliances among these three social stays: the market, the organizations of the civil state and the public power. However, such categories were worked on: lining of the expectations, strategies of action, indicators of compromising, indicator of communication, division and establishment of paper, origin and destination of the resources, aggregation of value and, ending these categories, the systems of evaluation. In consequence, this study based on the signed theory justification and on the empirical information collected with the social signed stays in its practices in intersectional alliances, presents results which evidence the pertinence of these practices, as well as it permits the knowledge of a critical vision of the different involved social actors when, from collection of testimonials, brings the thoughts of those who presented themselves effectively linked to this modality of alliances. And finally, this study has the aim of evidencing that responsible social actions do not restrict themselves to attendance practices, not discrediting them. Responsible social actions are those which conduct the human society to a transformation which can be described as a process of humanization of the human which is historic and that, by being historic, it depends on the action of socially responsible men and women

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-11T18:55:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Laís Rocha.pdf: 4190829 bytes, checksum: d50b4f15ab7533b4f8c917c6ab56bd55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T18:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Laís Rocha.pdf: 4190829 bytes, checksum: d50b4f15ab7533b4f8c917c6ab56bd55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Esse estudo pretendeu conhecer um pouco da realidade do desenvolvimento social infantil em um serviço CAPSi. Para tanto, esteve imerso nas discussões da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira. O campo escolhido foi o da infância, por isso a escolha do serviço CAPSi. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar como os CAPSi colaboram com o desenvolvimento social da criança usuária; e como objetivos específicos: (i) traçar o perfil das crianças usuárias de um CAPSi, (ii) identificar quais os procedimentos realizados no contexto desse CAPSi e como eles permitem o desenvolvimento e empoderamento da criança usuária; (iii) analisar a concepção dos profissionais do CAPSi acerca da contribuição da sua prática profissional no desenvolvimento social dessas crianças nesse cenário. A visão de desenvolvimento utilizada foi a de L.S.Vigotski. Participaram da pesquisa 6 profissionais de um CAPSi do interior do Estado de Pernambuco e 16 crianças usuárias que fizeram parte de momentos videografados. A coleta de dados foi constituída de três etapas: (a) análise documental de documentos do serviço; (b) entrevista semi estruturada com profissionais do serviço; (c) videografia de alguns momentos que já existem no serviço com as crianças usuárias. A metodologia utilizada foi também fundamentada na Psicologia Sociohistórica. A análise das entrevistas foram realizadas com base no conceito de Núcleos de Significação, em que foram construídos detalhadamente todos os passos (pré-indicadores, indicadores) para construção dos Núcleos. Os momentos videografados foram também transcritos para posterior análise com enfoque no desenvolvimento social das crianças. Percebeu-se que esse serviço atende uma demanda diversa, com diferentes atividades realizadas. Os profissionais do serviço, apesar de enfrentarem várias dificuldades, conseguem de certo modo impactar no desenvolvimento social dessas crianças, além de promover o empoderamento. Linguagem, ZDP, Mediação e Funções Psicológicas superiores foram conceitos teóricometodológicos utilizadas para análise das videografias, evidenciando, em alguns momentos, a presença de alguns elementos constitutivos do desenvolvimento social das crianças usuárias nas atividades desenvolvidas. / This study aimed to know a little of the reality of child social development in a CAPSi service. Therefore, it was immersed in discussions of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform. The chosen field was the childhood, and the choice of a CAPSi service. In this sense, the study aimed to analyze how CAPSi collaborate with the social development of the child user; and specific objectives: (i) profile the children a CAPSi users, (ii) identify the procedures performed in the context of this CAPSi and how they enable the development and empowerment of the user child; (Iii) analyze the design of CAPSi professionals about the contribution of their professional practice in the social development of children in this scenario. The used development vision was to L.S.Vigotski. The participants were 6 professionals a CAPSi in the state of Pernambuco and 16 children users who took part in videotaped moments. Data collection consisted of three stages: (a) documentary analysis of service documents; (B) semi-structured interview with professional service; (C) videography some moments that are already in service with the users kids. The methodology used was also based on the Socio Historical Psychology. Analysis of the interviews were based on the concept of Meaning Cores, it was built in detail all the steps (pre-indicators, indicators) for construction of the Core. The videotaped moments were also transcribed for further analysis focusing on social development of children. It was noticed that this service meets a different demand, with different activities. Professional service despite facing various difficulties can somehow impact on the social development of children, and promote empowerment. Language, ZPD, Psychological Mediation and higher functions were theoretical and methodological concepts used for analysis of videographies, showing, at times, the presence of some components of the social development of children using the developed activities.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As comunidades e o ambiente sÃo elementos de um sistema complexo e necessitam de uma eficiente gestÃo dos recursos naturais e principalmente das Ãguas, para que a vida silvestre e os solos sejam preservados e o desenvolvimento local seja atingido de forma sustentÃvel e duradouro. A gestÃo estratÃgica da Ãgua e dos recursos naturais impÃe a busca de instrumentos que venham colaborar com a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas. As zonas semiÃridas estÃo mais suscetÃveis aos processos de desertificaÃÃo e assim sendo merecerem atenÃÃo especial. Os indicadores tÃm se mostrado bastante eficientes para representar a realidade, com capacidade de produzir cenÃrios atuais e futuros. Deste modo as pesquisas lanÃam mÃo de novas tecnologias e vasta revisÃo teÃrica para tratar as informaÃÃes de forma integradas e considerando ao mesmo tempo as particularidades de cada local, de modo a serem capazes de apoiar os gestores no manejo adequado dos recursos naturais. O binÃmio Ãgua-pobreza tem imposto a necessidade de construÃÃo de instrumental analÃtico multivariado para a visÃo integrada da diversidade de elementos envolvidos neste processo. O Ãndice de Pobreza HÃdrica (IPH) à um indicador holÃstico, que viabiliza a gestÃo ambiental a partir do conhecimento do grau de escassez hÃdrica e seus reflexos na sociedade, desenvolvido pelo grupo do Oxford Centre for Water Research (OCWR), no Reino Unido (2000) e aplicado em mais de 140 paÃses. Nosso objetivo à calcular este indicador e verificar sua aplicabilidade nas aÃÃes relacionadas à pobreza e a degradaÃÃo ambiental no semiÃrido cerarense / Communities and the environment are elements of a complex system and need an efficient management of natural resources and especially water, to wildlife and soils are preserved and local development is achieved in a sustainable and lasting. The strategic management of water and natural resources requires the search for instruments that will contribute to the sustainability of ecosystems. The semi-arid areas are more susceptible to desertification processes and therefore deserve special attention. The indicators have been quite effective to represent reality, capable of producing current and future scenarios. Thus the researchers made use of new technologies and extensive literature review to treat the information in an integrated, while taking into account the particularities of each site in order to be able to support managers in appropriate management of natural resources. The binomial water-poverty has imposed the need for construction of multivariate analytical tools for integrated view of the diversity of elements involved in this process. The Water Poverty Index (HPI) is a holistic indicator, which enables the environmental management from the knowledge of the degree of water scarcity and its effects on society, developed by the group of the Oxford Centre for Water Research (OCWR), UK ( 2000) and applied to more than 140 countries. Our goal is to calculate this indicator and verify its applicability in actions related to poverty and environmental degradation in semi-arid region of CearÃ

O fenômeno do empreendedorismo social tem adquirido visibilidade e relevância no âmbito da produção acadêmica e, principalmente, das práticas organizacionais contemporâneas, por se constituir em mais uma alternativa de combate à pobreza e à exclusão social, e de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta tese buscou identificar, em três casos situados na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, se e como tais empreendimentos sociais têm provocado mudanças significativas no desenvolvimento social dos territórios nos quais atuam. Apoiando-se na concepção e nos vetores de desigualdade propostos por Amartya Sen (2000) para o desenvolvimento social, a pesquisa empírica procurou identificar os resultados obtidos por empreendimentos sociais em três iniciativas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo empregou uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa em um enfoque contextualista (PETTIGREW, 1989; FISCHER, 2002), o qual busca caracterizar o âmbito no qual se inserem alguns dos projetos realizados pelos empreendimentos analisados. Tais iniciativas foram estudadas como campos nos quais distintos agentes interagem e exercem influência, mobilizando os diferentes tipos de capitais que detêm, conforme proposta de Bourdieu (2007). Os dados coletados foram submetidos a análise conforme proposta metodológica de Roche (2002), partindo da identificação de mudanças percebidas pela população-alvo dos projetos. Empregou-se o estudo de caso múltiplo como método de pesquisa, conforme tipologia proposta por Yin (2010). Os dados foram coletados em documentos, observações e entrevistas, e foram categorizados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo, conforme proposta de Bardin (1977). Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa apontaram a existência de indícios de melhoria na qualidade de vida pessoal e familiar dos atores que participaram das iniciativas realizadas pelos empreendimentos sociais. As mudanças que atingem a localidade ou o território como um todo, configurando um incremento dos padrões de desenvolvimento, não são observadas em todos os casos e geralmente se concentram em uma ou outra dimensão do desenvolvimento social, como melhorias na esfera da riqueza material ou do bem-estar social. Os resultados alcançados pelos empreendimentos sociais pesquisados pouco contribuíram, até o momento da pesquisa, para fortalecer o capital social e político das comunidades envolvidas, bem como para alavancar o desenvolvimento econômico-social do território no qual estão inseridas. Devem ser considerados, entretanto, os impactos causados pelo pouco tempo de existência das iniciativas estudadas e pelo caráter inovador característico destas ações, sobre os resultados observados. / The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship has gained visibility and relevance in the scope of academic production, and especially of contemporary organizational practices, as it presents another alternative for fighting poverty and social exclusion, and promoting sustainable development. Through the observation of three cases in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, this thesis has sought to identify if and how such social enterprises have caused significant changes in the social development of the territories in which they operate. Relying on the design and vectors of inequality proposed by Amartya Sen (2000) for social development, the empirical survey has sought to identify the results obtained by social enterprises in three initiatives in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The study has adopted a qualitative methodology in a contextualist approach (PETTIGREW, 1989; FISCHER, 2002), which seeks to characterize the circumstance in which some of the projects undertaken by the enterprises analyzed are inserted. Such initiatives were studied as fields in which manifold agents interact and influence by mobilizing the different types of capital each of them hold, as proposed by Bourdieu (2007). The collected data were analyzed as Roche\'s methodological proposition (2002), based on the identification of changes perceived by the target population of the projects. The multiple-case study was used as a research method, as typology proposed by Yin (2010). Data were collected from documents, interviews and observations, and were categorized according to the technique of content analysis, as proposed by Bardin (1977). The results of the research have indicated signs of improvement in the quality of personal and family life of the actors who participated in the initiatives undertaken by the social enterprises. Changes that affect the location or territory as a whole, setting an increment in the development patterns, are not seen in all cases and are usually concentrated in one or the other dimension of social development, such as improvements in the sphere of material riches or social wellbeing. The results achieved by the social enterprises surveyed have contributed little, until the time of the survey, in strengthening social and political capital in the communities involved, as well as in leveraging the economic and social development of the territory in which they operate. However, one must also consider the impacts caused by the short lifetime of the initiatives studied and by the innovative character, typical of such actions, on the results attained.

The purpose of this study is to support the relevance of Celso Furtado s ideas in order to verify if the development concept as understood by this author is relevant to the current debate about the promotion and support of a development project with greater social equality in the Brazilian economy. Furtado s intellectual production collaborates in the formulation of the economic underdevelopment and development dynamics in order to explain how the first was processed in less developed countries of the system, with the purpose of answer what were the reasons behind the Brazilian economic lateness and what mistakes prevented a country with a great potential reached the true development , the one that , according to Furtado , promotes improvements in the living conditions of the population as a whole. To achieve the proposed objectives in this research, Furtadian s concepts of underdevelopment and development were explored, which means that it has been assumed as premise that development contains economic growth, but goes beyond that by setting up a social development. It was briefly analyzed the dependent countries specificities which were pointed out by Furtado as obstacles to economic growth coupled with social development. In this regard, some issues were identified regarding the labor productivity and capital accumulation in the context of late industrialization and were evaluated the topics related with income concentration, the theses about the income distribution and points concerning structural reforms. The election of these issues is explained as being fundamental to the development, in Furtado s view. In the investigation sought to articulate how these factors is presented in the developed and underdeveloped countries, highlighting the differences. It was highlight how the author understood the economic development and underdevelopment and to identify the ideology which he took part, showing elements of structuralist and developmentalist policy endorsed by him. It was also reported Furtado s perception regarding strategies for overcoming underdevelopment, emphasizing the necessity of a State interaction in the society transformation and in the economic goals through a political, economic and social reorganization as a key tool for solving the impasse of underdevelopment. / A finalidade deste estudo é reforçar a relevância do pensamento de Celso Furtado no sentido de verificar se o conceito de desenvolvimento como entendido pelo autor é relevante para o debate atual relativo à promoção e sustentação de um projeto de desenvolvimento com maior igualdade social na economia brasileira. A produção intelectual de Furtado colabora na formulação da dinâmica do subdesenvolvimento e do desenvolvimento econômico de modo a explicar a maneira como o primeiro se processou nos países menos avançados do sistema, com o objetivo de buscar responder os motivos por trás do atraso econômico brasileiro e os equívocos que impediram que um país de grande potencial alcançasse o verdadeiro desenvolvimento, aquele que, segundo Furtado, promove melhorias nas condições de vida da população como um todo. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos nesta pesquisa, foram explorados os conceitos furtadianos de subdesenvolvimento e desenvolvimento, o que significa que foi assumido como premissa que o desenvolvimento contém o crescimento econômico, mas vai além deste, configurando um desenvolvimento social. Foi analisado, brevemente, as especificidades dos países dependentes que eram apontadas por Furtado como obstáculos ao crescimento econômico conjugado com desenvolvimento social. Sob esse aspecto, foram apontadas algumas questões referentes à produtividade do fator trabalho e à acumulação de capital no contexto da industrialização tardia, e foram avaliados os temas referentes à concentração de renda, as teses relativas à distribuição desta e os pontos concernentes às reformas estruturais. A eleição dessas questões explica-se por serem fundamentais para o desenvolvimento, no ponto de vista de Furtado. Na investigação, procurou-se articular a maneira como se apresentavam esses fatores nos países desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos, ressaltando as diferenças observadas. Foi destacado o modo como o autor compreendia o desenvolvimento e o subdesenvolvimento econômico e identificada a ideologia à qual tomava parte, evidenciando elementos estruturalistas e da política desenvolvimentista por ele defendidos. Foi relatada também a percepção de Furtado com relação às estratégias de superação do subdesenvolvimento, enfatizando a necessidade da atuação do Estado na transformação da sociedade e nos objetivos econômicos por meio da reestruturação política, econômica e social como instrumento decisivo para a solução dos impasses do subdesenvolvimento. Palavras-chave: Subdesenvolvimento. Desenvolvimento social. Celso Furtado

This research is about the service function and responsibility of the government sector. Ideas about what constitutes the proper role of government in social and economic development have shifted dramatically over the years. In the early years of independence in Africa the state held the dominant and undisputed position of being the initiator and implementor of all development programmes. Through the agency of the various multi-purpose organisations of the public sector, the state provided social and economic services on a large scale and at levels unknown of in earlier periods in pursuit of development goals. However, with the rise of the new public management the view gained currency that the public sector had failed or has had limited success in bringing about the desired development outcomes through public service delivery. Hence, the common assumption prevails that the private sector ought to assume more of the functions hitherto performed by public sector institutions. Notwithstanding the cynicism that the government sector has encountered in the past two decades concerning its performance, the research rests on the premise that government, as the ultimate locus of power in society, must spearhead the development process and be instrumental in serving the citizens through the various public institutions. The research posits that public institutions have substantial opportunities to improve their performance in service delivery, deploy their resources more efficiently, improve livelihoods and empower citizens. The research considers how this could be done in the context of a unitary state where government is constituted as national government and local government. The decentralisation process is examined in the context of the public sector reforms introduced in the post-independence period to improve service delivery. The strength of decentralisation, it is argued, derives from the positive benefits claimed for local government and the realisation that the national government is likely to succeed in meeting the needs and aspirations of the citizens through service delivery when it operates within the framework of co-operative government. The research argues that local government, covering a substantial area of the public sector in modern states, can serve as the primary structure for development and for improving livelihoods through the variety of services it provides. Examined in detail in the study are core governing principles that when applied to the local level of government would constitute essential requirements for competent administration. The urban government system in Swaziland, consisting of municipal authorities, is the focal point of attention in the inquiry. It is postulated that the aspects that are of vital importance in public service delivery are the performance aspect and the governance aspect. Both aspects are judged to be crucial because they offer the best prospect of invigorating public administration to the extent that they may determine whether public services are delivered competently by a particular public institution such as a municipality. Stemming from the above proposition, the inquiry employs performance and governance (emphasis defined later) as the main analytical concepts. In line with the above reasoning, the research postulates that public organisations relate to environments. The environment is viewed as having the potential to shape public institutions as well as public policy. Thus, it is argued that public institutions can improve their performance when managers maintain an awareness of the environment and its changing features and/or dynamics. Based on this assumption, the research identifies key environmental factors and examines how they shape the political system under consideration i.e. urban government in Swaziland. Performance management, it is argued in chapter 3, is critical and decisive in public service delivery as evidenced by the new orientation in public administration and management which emphasises strategies and frameworks that are aimed at improving government performance, achieving organisational excellence, and creating well-performing organisations. The ultimate aim of performance management, it is argued, is effective and efficient public service delivery. Well-performing and excellent organisations, according to this view, are those that put people at the centre and make customers the primary focus of service rendering efforts. In the application of the performance management concept to urban government in Swaziland the research relies on the 4E framework of efficiency, effectiveness, economy and equity. It is found that there is a performance gap in the service rendering activities of municipal authorities in that they are not properly adjusted to achieving sustained high performance in their service rendering role. It is concluded that urban government in Swaziland does not yet possess the capacity to deliver services in a high performance way. The above finding confirms the original assumption of the research that municipal authorities as evolving entities in a country that is itself in transition have yet to undergo a significant shift towards service excellence and that they have yet to reach a stage where they can be considered as high performing organisations that deliver services in an efficient, effective, economical and equitable manner. In examining the issue of service delivery, the research is anchored in a governance approach because the complex system of intergovernmental relations, of which local government is an integral part, comprises this concept. Accordingly, local governance – an important specialised application of governance – is highlighted in chapter 5 as an important aspect in public service delivery. This aspect is vital, it is argued, because a model public organisation, such as a municipal authority inclined towards service excellence, is expected not only to manage public affairs in an excellent and outstanding manner, but also deal effectively with the various interdependencies in government as well as observe universally accepted norms and values. Even more crucially, contemporary society is marked by a gradual shift from the usual fixation with rules and regulations and/or compliance with procedures of the local government system to good governance – a set of principles now considered to be at the core of the new public service ethos. Good governance is thus considered important in this research because it implies a focus on accountability for performance and results in local government. It directs focus to the need to provide public services to citizens in a competent and responsive manner – a paradigm shift that is of vital importance for the functioning of the public sector. In the discussion of the governance aspect, several elements of good governance are selected and highlighted as essential pillars for effective governance are selected and highlighted as essential pillars for effective administration and management in local government – accountabilityand transparency, representativeness, participation, responsiveness and effective leadership The question that is examined is whether or not urban government in Swaziland has been re-oriented to the practice of good governance. Evidence suggests that municipal authorities in Swaziland have not yet been sufficiently reoriented towards good governance. None of the municipalities in the research areas were found to have outstanding ratings in relation to the universally sanctioned good governance criteria of accountability and transparency, responsiveness, representativeness, participation and effective leadership. This confirms the original presumption of the research that only limited progress has been made to construct a local government system that is oriented towards good governance in Swaziland’s urban areas. Since it is surmised that the nature and performance of urban government is, to a lesser or greater extent, shaped by its environment the research identifies the environmental factors of local government in Swaziland. In chapter 4 of the research the environmental factors that are judged to be of vital importance for local government – historical, environmental, political, social, and economic factors – are examined in detail in order to demonstrate the close connection between the local government system, on the one hand, and the environment on the other. The colonial heritage is considered to be a decisive historical factor because it has shaped the present governmental system in Swaziland at both national and local levels. The most significant of the various environmental factors are the population shifts typified by rapid urbanisation and the concomitant high concentration of people in the country’s major towns and cities which only have a limited capacity in terms of resources, physical infrastructure and administrative capability to sustain the rising population. The traditional authority system is considered to be the most decisive social factor in Swaziland due to its impact on the Swazi society in general and public organisations in particular. Of the political factors, the legislative framework, consisting of the local government statute and the Constitution, is considered to be crucial because it determines the autonomy, power, purpose, and function of the local government system in Swaziland’s urban areas. Finance is found to be the most important economic factor because its availability and scarcity determine the ability of the local government system to finance projects and programmes and to make a difference in terms of improving the livelihoods of individuals and communities. The research suggests that urban government, as an important part of the public sector in Swaziland, can play a pivotal role in making a difference in Swazi society through public service delivery provided that it undergoes a significant shift and re-orientation towards service excellence, a process that could lead ultimately to improvement in their performance, responsiveness and the manner in which they manage resources. The research postulates that progress in service delivery by urban government requires firstly, that the local government system be reoriented towards sustained superior performance, with emphasis being given to efficiency, effectiveness, economy and equity; secondly, that public affairs at this level of government, be conducted in ways that strengthen accountability, enhance transparency, encourage responsiveness, foster grassroots participation, and support effective leadership. Thus, it is concluded that urban government could be a primary structure for development in Swaziland, depending on its capacity to provide municipal services competently, in an efficient, effective and responsive manner, provided that the function and purpose of government is reshaped sufficiently to produce a governmental system in the towns and cities that give citizens more economic and political power, given that more effective urban governance could be instrumental in improving the lives of people who reside in urban neighbourhoods. / Thesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / PhD / unrestricted

The primary objective of this thesis was to examine the relevance of intergovernmental decisions and western risk-focused social crime prevention to reducing youth crime within Chongqing, China. This involved a review of the existing literature that might be relevant to: (i) the current youth crime situation in the city of Chongqing, (ii) risk factors that might contribute to youth crime within Chongqing, (iii) the scientific evaluations of ‘evidence-based’ risk-focused crime prevention strategies for different age groups of youth, and (iv) implementation strategies for evidence-based innovations to reduce youth crime. Based on this knowledge, interviews with six key stakeholders of Chongqing were conducted for the purpose of obtaining initial perceptions regarding the utility and practicality of crime prevention through social development within Chongqing. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the preliminary relevance of western studies and action, recalls China’s endorsement of intergovernmental recommendations, and provides a foundation for further research.

Social and emotional development has been considered an important factor in child development which has been placed at the end of the learning spectrum due to high stakes testing. Social and emotional development consists of the relationships an individual has with others, the level of self-control, and the motivation and perseverance a person has during an activity (Bandura, 1989). This study examined the relationship between Hispanic children’s prekindergarten social and emotional development and their academic success. Hispanic children from a large southeastern city whose parents were receiving subsidized child-care were followed from their prekindergarten year through third grade (N=1,978). Several hierarchical regressions were run to determine the relationship between children’s social and emotional development, during their prekindergarten year using the DECA (Devereaux Early Childhood Assessment), and the their academic success, as measured by kindergarten through third grade end of the year reading and mathematics academic grades, second grade SAT (Stanford Achievement Test) scores, and third grade FCAT (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test) and NRT (Norm Referenced Test) scores. Hierarchical regressions were conducted for each grade and subject in order to control for demographics and prior achievement. The results of this study revealed that for Hispanic children from low-income families, the best predictor for academic success was the children’s prior academic achievement. Social and emotional development showed no significant predictive value for the third grade criterion variables as well as end of the year academic grades in second grade and kindergarten reading. Evidence did suggest that for first grade end of the year academic grades and kindergarten math, social and emotional development had a small predictive value. Further research must be conducted as to why social and emotional development, after controlling for demographics and previous academic achievement, bears such a small predictive value when it is clear that many professionals feel it is the most important factor for school readiness.

This research is a study of pest management systems in Malmö. Malmö is, as many other cities, growing and a node of people's movement. Occurrences of pests have increased in the last decade; this increase is attributed to travel as well as construction and building.What this paper shows is that the structures of pest management must evolve to be more communicative and collaborative. The thesis also adds to the housing crisis debate, as pests in one’s housing have a physical as well as psychological effect.