<p> Tool life during the precision stamping of stainless steel sheet (AISI 301) has been studied with particular emphasis on reduction in the punch diameter and part hole size due to tool wear. Two analytical models for predicting tool life in terms of number of quality parts that could be stamped between two re-grindings have been proposed using a combination of Archard's wear model and punching force. The proposed tool life models have been verified by experiment trials with a round M2 punch and die. The trials were carried out on a precision progressive die in an industrial environment.</p> <p> The first tool life model calculates the pierced hole diameter variation for a given tool from sheet material properties and gives an estimation of number of parts that could be stamped for a given tolerance on a hole size. The second tool life model calculates number of parts with respect to the allowed burr height. Both of the proposed models are derived using sheet material properties such as sheet thickness, strength coefficient (K), strain hardening index (n) and material elongation (A); process parameters such as die clearance and friction coefficient; punch characteristics such as normalized wear rate, punch diameter and punch edge radius. Finite element analysis was also employed to simulate the hole piercing process to predict burr height. The results from the proposed tool life models, FE modeling and the experiments are in good agreement.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Despite the high demand for press-hardenable steel (PHS) with coatings that provide sacrificial cathodic protection, Zn-based coatings have experienced limited use due to the significant challenges associated with avoiding liquid metal embrittlement (LME) while maintaining robust cathodic protection when using conventional PHS materials and processing techniques. The present research addresses these challenges by reducing the conventional direct hot press forming (DHPF) temperature to between 600–700 °C, such that forming and quenching occurs well below the Zn(Fe)liq → Г-Fe3Zn10 peritectic temperature of 782 °C, thereby removing the conditions necessary for LME to occur while allowing for formation of the cathodically-protective Г-Fe3Zn10 phase. The objective of this work was to define a process window for two galvanized prototype PHS alloys with compositions of 0.20C-2.01Mn-0.26Si-0.005B and 0.19C-2.5Mn-0.26Si-0.005B (wt%) that would result in fully martensitic microstructures, tensile strengths (TS) ≥ 1500 MPa, and robust cathodic protection, defined as attaining ≥ 15 vol% Г-Fe3Zn10 in the coating microstructure, while avoiding LME. Accomplishing this task involved characterizing both grades as a function of austenization time, stamping temperature, and strain imposed by the forming process in order to define process windows that resulted in parts that met the aforementioned property requirements. It was found that the approach of increasing the Mn content relative to conventional PHS grades was successful in improving the hardenability sufficiently to enable the formation of fully martensitic microstructures despite the lower effective cooling rates associated with the reduced DPHF temperatures. Microstructural imaging and tensile testing demonstrated that, for both prototype PHS grades, a process window exists for the production of parts that satisfy the targets of the formation of fully martensitic microstructures and TS ≥ 1500 MPa while exhibiting uniform elongation of about 0.05 followed by significant post-uniform elongation. The effect of DHPF temperature and strain imposed by the forming process on mechanical properties was found to be negligible. Tensile tests and fractography revealed that reducing the DHPF temperature to between 600–700 °C was successful in preventing LME, thereby allowing samples to fracture in a ductile manner. Micro-cracking in the coating of the DHPF part was observed; however, these cracks were arrested at the coating-substrate interface. For all tested conditions, the coating met the target of ≥ 15 vol% Г-Fe3Zn10, implying that robust cathodic protection is expected. Based on the results of these experiments, it was concluded that DHPF process windows that meet all of the property targets include austenization times and DHPF temperatures of 120–180 s and 600–700 °C, respectively, for the 2Mn grade, and 60–180 s and 600–700 °C, respectively, for the 2.5Mn grade. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Mycket finns skrivet i ämnet frivård och återfall, varför det finns anledning att ytterligare se på hur frivårdens stödinsatser uppfattas av före detta kriminella, frivårdsanställda samt kamratorganisationen Kriminellas Revansch i Samhället, vilken frivården samarbetar med. Frivården har en tämligen hög återfallsstatistik hos de före detta kriminella som frivården fått i uppdrag att återanpassa till ett laglydigt liv. Särskilt hög är återfallsstatistiken hos de individer som haft kontakt med frivården mer än en gång efter att mer än en gång blivit lagförd för brott. Denna undersökning har sökt svar på hur frivårdens insatser uppfattas för att se på vad som eventuellt kan göras bättre i dagsläget. Frivårdsanställda och före detta kriminella, varav några medlemmar i KRIS, har intervjuats för att på så vis få en nyanserad bild av verklighetens uppfattningar. Resultatet visade att frivårdens stödverksamhet tycks sakna verktyg för att hjälpa till synes omotiverade individer. Det framkom också att i de fall de före detta kriminella kände sig negativt stämplade av handläggarna fungerade stödinsatserna sämre. Detta eftersom ett personligt bemötande enligt informanterna, ansetts viktigt för stödinsatsernas verkan. Personligt bemötande påverkar inte huruvida handläggare på frivården kan kontrollera brottsbelastningen fysiskt hos den stödbehövande, men har likväl upplevts som ett stöd av före detta kriminella individer. Lekmannaövervakare synes vara en insats väl värd att satsa på, visar denna undersökning.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to provide a systematic study of Open Journal System, which is designed for electronic research papers publishing. Due to the nature of information published in this system, there is an elaborate approval process controlled by the editor. The main objective of this thesis is the realization of a system module, which would, at the end of the approval process, implement a stamp incorporating metadata of the source magazine to individual electronic documents. The thesis gives insight into the development of the structure of the Open Journal System and, briefly, describes the possibility of implementing this system. Another part of the work focuses on the sub-steps of the stamping module which was implemented into the system. This module allows editors to stamp individual electronic PDF documents that are published within the magazine and its various volumes. The module is designed to simplify the editing process of the journal with no prolongation or any other additional time required. Among other things, the reader learns how it is possible to create a block module, which can be used in the sidebar to display any system information. The work, also, previews the possibility to customize the user interface. Each implemented part contains solution proposals and, further, the implementation method and technical description is described in more detail. For better understanding and integrity of the work, stretches of the given code are also included, this might serve as an inspiration for users‘ modifications of the system.

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / The initial efforts that resulted in the migration of range application traffic to an IP infrastructure largely focused on the challenge of obtaining reliable transport for range application streams including telemetry and digital video via IP packet-based network technology. With the emergence of architectural elements that support robust Quality of Service, multicast routing, and redundant operation, these problems have largely been resolved, and a large number of ranges are now successfully utilizing IP-based network topology to implement their backbone transport infrastructure. The attention now turns to the need to provide supplemental features that provide enhanced functionality in addition to raw stream transport. These features include: *Stream monitoring and native test capability, usually called Service Assurance *Extended support for Ancillary Data / Metadata *Archive and Media Asset Management integration into the workflow *Temporal alignment of application streams This paper will describe a number of methods to implement these features utilizing an approach that leverages the features offered by IP-based technology, emphasizes the use of standards-based COTS implementations, and supports interworking between features.

Abstrakt   Den snabba tekniska utvecklingen har lett till ökad produktion av digitala handlingar/records och transaktioner. Inom e-arkivens domäner, har detta medfört ett ökat tryck på det tekniska området för att kunna garantera autenticitet av bevarad information över tid.          Tidsstämplingstekniker är ett sätt att säkerställa digital information för en särskild tidpunkt och kan användas för att garantera autenticitet av digital information över tid. Denna magisteruppsats undersöker funktionen tidsstämpling inom e-arkivens domäner genom en kvalitativ metod med fem semistrukturerade intervjuer av fem svenska organisationer. I undersökningen ingår också en fallstudie av det svenska innovationsföretaget Enigio Time AB för att ge en förståelse av tidsstämplingstekniker och av deras tjänst time:stamp. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i denna magisteruppsats är records continuum model med dels dess syn på kontinuitet i handlingar/records och dels dess belysande av skapelseögonblicket av handlingar/records. Den internationella standarden OAIS (Open Archival Information System) används för att hantera digital information och är, i denna uppsats, använd för att analysera hanteringen i dokumenthanteringssystem inom de fem organisationerna.                       Resultaten visar att denna snabba tekniska utveckling har komplicerat dels hanteringen i att säkerställa att digitala handlingar/records inte kan bli manipulerade eller ändrade och dels för att fortsatt kunna garantera autenticitet i ett långtidsperspektiv.                       Undersökningen visar även att organisationerna kan garantera att det bevarade materialet inte kommer att ändras när det väl är inne i arkivet men dess autenticitet, innan de kommer innanför arkivens trösklar, kan aldrig bekräftas. I och med att den moderna tiden producerar och bevarar enorma mängder data så bör detta starta med skapelsen av ett digitalt record tillsammans med bättre strukturerad metadatascheman som är säkrade i tid. / Abstract   The rapid ongoing technical development has led to increased production of digital records and transactions. In the domain of electronic archives, this has put pressure on the technical area in order to guarantee authenticity of preserved information over time. Time stamping techniques are one way to secure digital information at a certain point in time and can be employed to guarantee authenticity of digital information over time. This study examines the function of time stamping within the domain of electronic archives and is conducted with a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews on five Swedish organisations. The study is complemented with a case-study of the Swedish innovation company Enigio Time AB in order to gain understanding in time stamping techniques and their service time:stamp.                       The theoretical framework in this study is the records continuum model with the view of the continuity in records and its illumination of the point of creation. The international standard OAIS (Open Archival Information System) is used by several electronic models to manage digital information and is, in this study, used to analyse the management in record keeping within the five organisations.                       The conclusion is that this rapid technological development has complicated the management of secure digital records from manipulation and guaranteeing the authenticity in a long term perspective.                       The study further shows that organisations may guarantee that records will not change once they are received into the archive but the authenticity of them, before they were delivered, can never be confirmed. Since the modern information era produces and preserves enormous amounts of data, this has to start with the creation of the digital record where better structured metadata schemes are secured in time.

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have emerged as a strong and promising candidate to replace internal combustion engines (ICE) due their high efficiency, high power density and near-zero hazardous emissions. However, their commercialization waits for solutions to bring about significant cost-reductions and significant durability for given power densities. Bipolar plate (BPP) with its multi-faceted functions is one of the essential components of the PEMFC stacks. Stainless steel alloys are considered promising materials of choice for bipolar plate (BPP) applications in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) due to their relatively low cost and commercial availability in thin sheets. Stainless steel materials build a protective passive metal oxide layer on their surface against corrosion attack. This passive layer does not demonstrate good electrical conductivity and increases interfacial electric contact resistance (ICR) between BPP and gas diffusion layer GDL in PEMFC. Lower ICR values are desired to reduce parasitic power losses and increase current density in order to improve efficiency and power density of PEMFC. This study aimed to bring about a broader understanding of manufacturing effects on the BPP contact resistance. In first stage, BPP samples manufactured with stamping and hydroforming under different process conditions were tested for their electrical contact resistance characteristics to reveal the effect of manufacturing type and conditions. As a general conclusion, stamped BPPs showed higher contact conductivity than the hydroformed BPPs. Moreover, pressure in hydroforming and geometry had significant effects on the contact resistance behavior of BPPs. Short term corrosion exposure was found to decrease the contact resistance of bipolar plates. Results also indicated that contact resistance values of uncoated stainless steel BPPs are significantly higher than the respective target set by U.S. Department of Energy. Proper coating or surface treatments were found to be necessary to satisfy the requirements. In the second stage, physical vapor deposition technique was used to coat bipolar plates with CrN, TiN and ZrN coatings at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μm coating thicknesses. Effects of different coatings and coating thickness parameters were studied as manufactured BPPs. Interfacial contact resistance tests indicated that CrN coating increased the contact resistance of the samples. 1 µm TiN coated samples showed the best performance in terms of low ICR; however, ICR increased dramatically after short term exposure to corrosion under PEMFC working conditions. ZrN coating also improved conductivity of the SS316L BPP samples. It was found that the effect of coating material and coating thickness was significant whereas the manufacturing method and BPP channel size slightly affected the ICR of the metallic BPP samples. Finally, effect of process sequence on coated BPPs was investigated. In terms of ICR, BPP samples which were coated prior to forming exhibited similar or even better performance than coated after forming samples. Thus, continuous coating of unformed stripes, then, applying forming process seemed to be favorable and worth further investigation in the quest of making cost effective BPPs for mass production of PEMFC.

O desenvolvimento de métodos de simulação física e numérica tem criado novas possibilidades de otimização dos processos relacionados à estampagem com inclusão de processos industriais reais. Portanto, recorrendo à aplicação destes métodos de análise, é possível avaliar a transformação mecânica e as transformações de fase que ocorrem no material e prever as interações entre as propriedades dos materiais no processo de conformação, o comportamento constitutivo do material, as variáveis de otimização do processo, bem como a previsão das tensões e deformações a fim de estabelecer a melhor relação material-processo-desempenho. A introdução e crescente utilização de aços avançados de alta resistência (AHSS) em aplicações automotivas exige uma maior compreensão dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos no processamento termomecânico a fim de otimizar a performance da peça final fabricada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar experimentalmente o processo de estampagem a quente, com posterior tratamento térmico de têmpera e partição e analisar as microestruturas formadas e suas propriedades mecânicas. A formação de microestruturas durante o processo de estampagem a quente e de têmpera e partição foi avaliada neste trabalho por simulação física em simulador termomecânico Gleeble, acoplado à uma linha de difração de raios X (XTMS) de feixe de luz síncrotron no Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano). Foram avaliadas a partição do carbono, a estabilidade térmica da austenita retida e a formação de microconstituintes resultantes da transformação da austenita durante resfriamento forçado (têmpera), seguido de partição de carbono em patamares isotérmicos. Foram utilizadas técnicas de caracterização com apoio de microscopia eletrônica (MEV-FEG e STEM), EBSD, tomografia de sonda atômica (APT) e avaliação de propriedades mecânicas por ensaios de tração e indentação instrumentada. A análise numérica foi realizada por meio do método dos elementos finitos (MEF) e por elementos finitos orientada a objetos (OOF, Object Oriented Finite Element Analysis) visando estabelecer correlações entre microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas, comparando com resultados experimentais. Os resultados e conclusões obtidos no projeto, além de possibilitarem a identificação dos mecanismos fundamentais de geração de microestruturas durante o processo, auxiliam no projeto de aços AHSS estampados a quente, usados principalmente na indústria automobilística, na busca pela redução do consumo de combustível, através da redução do peso, e pelo aumento da segurança dos passageiros. / The development of numerical and physical simulation methods has created new possibilities regarding the optimization of metal forming processes, taking into account real industrial forming processes. Therefore, by applying such methods of analysis it is now possible to assess the material phase transformations and predict the interactions between material properties and the forming process, the constitutive behavior of the material, and optimize process variables as well as predicting the best material-process-performance relationship. The increasing usage of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) in automotive applications demands a better insight of the physical phenomena involved in the thermomechanical processing in order to optimize the performance of the final manufactured part. Thermomechanical simulation of the hot stamping, quenching and partitioning process was carried out in a Gleeble machine coupled to the XTMS Synchrotron X-ray diffraction line at the National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano). Carbon partitioning, carbon contents, and amount of retained austenite, martensite, bainite and ferrite was assessed online during the experiments. In addition, characterization techniques by optical, electron microscopy (FEG-SEM and STEM), EBSD, and Atom Probe Tomography (APT) were applied. Mechanical testing of subsize specimens of the processed steels was performed by means of tensile tests and macro and nanoindentation tests. The numerical analysis was performed using the finite element method (FEM) and object-oriented finite element technique (OOF). The results were compared with the experimental results of mechanical testing of specimens used in the thermomechanical simulations and with hot stamped sheets, where quenching and partitioning were carried out. The results and conclusions obtained in this project allow the identification of the fundamental mechanisms of the process, helping the design of the hot stamping process for AHSS steels used primarily in the automotive industry, seeking weight reduction to improve fuel economy and increased passenger safety.

A presente pesquisa destinada à Defesa de Dissertação, executada sob fomento da CAPES, tem como linha de pesquisa o Projeto de Têxtil e Moda. A proposta versa sobre a criação de um projeto educativo para a disciplina de Artes no Ensino Médio, que utilize as técnicas artesanais de estamparia têxtil no ensino de artes. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é o de apresentar de que maneira a estamparia poderia ser utilizada no ensino da arte nas escolas. A utilização do design têxtil como elemento artístico em sala de aula se justifica pela inserção de diferentes suportes do cotidiano na arte contemporânea, que é um ponto importante a ser abordado no Ensino Básico de educação. Para a confecção do projeto educativo, foram levantadas as principais técnicas artesanais, as quais direcionaram as atividades e propostas do projeto. Para avaliação do projeto educativo, foi realizado um estudo de caso, com uma turma de primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, na escola Etec Presidente Vargas, na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes/SP. A ação educativa se baseou na Abordagem Triangular para ensino de artes visuais, da arte-educadora Ana Mae Barbosa, atuando em três eixos: Contextualização, Fazer Artístico e Leitura de Imagem. A análise das atividades dos educandos, foi realizada por meio da observação participante e entrevistas com a professora de Arte e com os alunos da turma, que forneceram a base para avaliação do projeto e dos materiais didáticos produzidos. O ensino de Estamparia, dentro da disciplina de Artes, expandiu a compreensão dos alunos sobre as possibilidades artísticas e permitiu que eles integrassem a cultura popular jovem a suas criações. Deste modo, os alunos puderam expressar seus interesses e realidades cotidianas em camisetas estampadas de experiências, aprendizagens e arte / The stamp in art education: a case study in high school. 2016. 194 f. Dissertation (MA in Textile and Fashion) - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Original version. The present research destined to dissertation defense, executed under CAPES development, and it has as the line of research the Textile and Fashion Design. The proposal concerns the creation of a supplementary educational project to Arts discipline in High School, using the traditional techniques of textile printing in the Art class. The general objective of this research is to show that the imprinting way could be used in art education in schools. The use of textile design as artistic element in the classroom is justified by the inclusion of different daily media in contemporary art, which is an important point to be addressed in the basic education. Major craft techniques were raised to make the educational project, which directed the activities and the project proposals. The evaluation and correction of the educational project was conducted by a case study with a group from the first year of High School, in Presidente Vargas Etec School, in the city of Mogi das Cruzes / SP. The educational act was based on the Triangular approach to teaching visual arts, art educator Ana Mae Barbosa, acting in three center lines: Context, Making Art and Image Reading. The analysis of the students activities, was carried out through participant observation and interviews with the Art teacher and the students in the class, which provided the basis for evaluation of the project and teaching materials produced. The Teaching Stampings within the discipline of Arts expanded the students\' understanding of the artistic possibilities and allowed them to integrate the young popular culture to the creations. Thus, students were able to express their interests and daily realities on stamped t-shits of experiences, learning and art

The primary aim of the research in this study is to develop a robust and simple platform for the in vitro organization of cells on surfaces which facilitate rapid cell release and allows for the direct stamping of highly organized micro-tissues. Current approaches towards this goal have been very successful but are lengthy and subject cells to harsh conditions for extended periods of time raising questions regarding cell health and maintenance of physiological state. To address these concerns a platform was developed to allow for rapid cell release by utilizing a release mechanism different from previous work. Micron-scale structures comprised of the thermally responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) were fabricated into various geometries to serve as a platform for cell culture. Structures were covalently confined to rigid surfaces causing non-uniform distortion of the structure's geometry upon swelling. This resulted in four primary modes of geometric distortion, or swelling-induced instability: differential lateral swelling, localized edge buckling, bulk structural buckling, and surface wrinkling. It was found that slight modifications to a linear elastic model was sufficient to predict these behaviors and provided guidance on design of the cell culture platform. Observations also suggest that a rapidly swelling structure engenders multiple forms of instability which arise as sequential and discrete steps during the swelling process. At each step the length scale of the instability increases in a step-wise fashion until the final equilibrium structure is reached. Culture of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts atop pNIPAAm structures of various geometries resulted in the growth of highly aligned micro-tissue building blocks with three distinct geometries: planar aligned micro-tissue sheets, "ribbon-like" micro-tissues, and "fiber-like" micro-tissues. Release of the micro-tissues was facilitated by the thermally-induced shape-shifting nature of micron-scale pNIPAAm structures. Release occurred rapidly (∼3 min) and required a more mild temperature shift (delta T = 9°C) than other approaches. It was found that the mechanism for cell detachment was mechanical in nature and did not require cellular activity unlike other approaches. Cell detachment was directly correlated to surface strain as a result of thermally-induced shape-shifting and has a level of dependence on cellular contractility. The platform was tested to show its capacity to directly translocate organized micro-tissues to a virgin surface. Cell transfer by direct stamping was achieved with micro-tissues retaining their shape, although stamped micro-tissues lost their organization after several hours of culture. Although the stamping process requires additional optimization, these results provide evidence that this platform has the capacity to culture and directly translocate highly organized micro-tissues. Additionally, this process provides a new, minimally invasive, approach to cell culture such that rapid construction of highly organized multi-layered tissues can be realized.