This study examines the relationship between the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 and black marriage rates at the federal level and in Mississippi and Michigan. This study was based on the premise that the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 negatively influenced black marriage rates over time. A case study analysis approach was used to analyze data gathered on welfare reform for Mississippi, Michigan and the federal level. The researcher found that overall, the goals of welfare reform were largely unmet. The conclusions drawn from the findings suggest that welfare reform failed because the policy was poorly written.

A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o impacto dos direitos da propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento do capitalismo e na construção de um espaço mundial desigual. O trabalho procura demonstrar que os direitos de propriedade intelectual, embora entendidos na seara jurídica como uma formulação natural para a proteção de uma criação do gênio humano, são resultados, na configuração moderna, de uma política deliberada das nações do centro do sistema capitalista e de seus grandes grupos monopolistas transnacionais. Esses direitos visam, na realidade, a manutenção da riqueza e a acumulação do capital através da cobrança de royalties no centro do sistema, gerando, em consequência, uma divisão internacional do trabalho desigual com graves repercussões espaciais. Com base na análise em perspectiva histórica dos países atualmente desenvolvidos, e na análise crítica das legislações internacionais, procura-se demonstrar que para um país progredir, tecnológica e economicamente, se faz necessária a implantação de uma política econômica que contenha o enfrentamento a esses direitos, para conseguir adquirir o conhecimento gerado no centro do sistema, copiando-os e reproduzindo-os com inovação. / The present paper focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights on the development of capitalism and on the construction of an uneven and different space. We search to demonstrate that intellectual property rights, although regarded almost as natural rights, designed to protect the creation of a genius mind, are, on its modern format, the results of public policies of the rich nations and its monopolist groups. These rights aim, in fact, to favor the developed nations, by aiding the maintenance of their wealth within their circles and by helping the accumulation of capital through royalties charging, generating, as a consequence, a more and more unequal world. This paper attempts to demonstrate that technological and economic development can only be achieved through an economic policy that includes the affronting of intellectual property regulation.

Education policy and funding is, and has historically been, the purview of the individual states. Each state developed its own education system and did so within the specific historical contexts unique to that state. Although federal involvement in education policy has grown drastically since the enactment of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002, education policies and practices are still largely controlled by the individual states. In addition, for most states the single largest expenditure of state and local government resources is education. This dissertation addresses the question of whether differences in educational practices and policy outcomes are attributed to state political culture. A path analysis model was used to analyze causal relationships between state education policy outcomes and political culture, as well as other variables identified by the literature as strongly tied to student achievement or state policy outcomes such as: societal factors, economic factors, political factors, and education practices. A major goal of this research was to identify factors that may be influencing the success of national education policies, including the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1964 (ESEA) and its subsequent reauthorizations such as the NCLB Act of 2002. These policies address long-standing education policy issues—such as the achievement gap between minority and impoverished students and their statistically higher achieving peers. The results indicate that political culture does influence differences in policy outcomes, although indirectly through other variables such as societal and economic factors. Very often factors such as societal and economic factors are treated only as causes or predictors of student achievement and other policy outcomes. This analysis shows these causes to themselves be functions of political culture, providing additional insight into factors influencing state policy outcomes in order to aid public administrators in the development and implementation of more successful policies.

Human trafficking within and across nations is a pervasive, insidious global criminal enterprise that endangers human rights and impedes social justice. Sex and labor are two fundamental types of human trafficking, but media and policies prioritize the former. Social work calls for empowering marginalized groups, and labor trafficking survivors—who are more likely women and immigrants of color—certainly fall into this category. Since 2003, every U.S. state has criminalized human trafficking, yet the issue persists. Most human trafficking analyses focus on federal or international, not state, policies. Thus, this critical analysis aimed to explore how human trafficking is conceptualized at the state level so that policies can be equitable. The research questions of this qualitative multiple-case study were: How do state policymakers conceptualize the problem of human trafficking, and how does this conceptualization differ among states? For answers, this dissertation applied content analysis to a purposive sample of legislative speeches about old and new state human trafficking laws. This dissertation adopted an intersectional lens to uncover what types of survivors (i.e., demographics, labor or sex trafficking survivors) policymakers emphasize when publicly justifying their stances. This study found that, on the whole, state human trafficking policymaking does not consider survivors’ intersectionality, primarily focuses on sex trafficking and prostitution, employs a prosecution-heavy frame, and highlights children and girls as prototypical survivors—minimizing the experiences of women, trans, and immigrant survivors of color. These findings lend empirical support to the observation that U.S. policies prioritize the prototypical young female survivor and sex over labor trafficking. The study carries implications for survivors, policymakers, and social workers, including helping equivocate sex and labor trafficking and ensure that policymaking better reflects the experiences of marginalized groups.

Magistriniame darbe, naudojant teisės aktų, dokumentų, parengtų programų ir priemonių, statistinių duomenų bei mokslinės literatūros analizės metodą, analizuojamas Lietuvos Respublikos grįžtamosios migracijos politikos formavimas ir įgyvendinimas. Naudojant pusiau struktūruotą interviu, pristatomas valstybės institucijų darbuotojų (interviu atliktas su 8 specialistais) požiūris į teikiamų paslaugų administravimą ir įgyvendinimą. Darbo tikslas yra ištirti grįžtantiems migrantas teikiamų paslaugų ir programų administravimo sistemos ypatumus Lietuvos Respublikoje. Darbe tiriama 2010 – 2014 m. laikotarpio Lietuvos Respublikos grįžtamosios migracijos politika bei ją administruojančių Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės, tiesiogiai vyriausybei pavaldžių institucijų veikla bei darbuotojų požiūris į vykdomas programas. Darbe iškelti tokie uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti Lietuvoje esamą grįžtamosios migracijos situaciją. 2. Atsižvelgiant į Naujosios viešosios vadybos elementus decentralizavimą ir dalyvavimą, aptarti visuomenės įsitraukimo lygį į grįžtamosios migracijos politikos formavimą. 3. Išanalizuoti pagrindines valstybės valdymo institucijas, administruojančias Lietuvos Respublikos grįžtamosios migracijos politiką. 4. Išanalizuoti Lietuvos institucijų parengtas programas, skirtas grįžtamajai migracijai skatinti. 5. Ištirti, kaip vertina Lietuvos Respublikos valstybinių institucijų darbuotojai grįžtamosios migracijos vykdomas programas. Pirmajame skyriuje pristatoma darbe naudojama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this paper is to explore the administration system of returning migrant’s services and programs in the Republic of Lithuania. The examination of the law, documents, prepared programs and strategies, statistics and scholar literature was used as a method for further analysis. The presentation provides a broad overview of return migration policy in Lithuania of 2010 – 2014 period, priorities of government and the attitude of government institutions staff towards return migration programs. In order to present the aims and opinions of the particular officers about the relevant problems, related to the formation and the implementation of the return migration policy, half-structured interviews were used (8 interview were taken). The paper has these following tasks: 1. Analyze current situation of return migration in Lithuania. 2. In view of the New Public Management elements of decentralization and participation, to discuss public involvement into return migration policy. 3. To analyze the main public government institutions working with return migrants in Lithuania. 4. To analyze the main Lithuanian programs that encourage return migration. 5. To investigate government institution attitude to the return migrations programs. The work consists of three main sectors. The first section presents the work using the New Public Management paradigm and its assumptions of return migration policy. The second section describes the concept of return migration, motives and types... [to full text]

A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) pode ser descrita como um instrumento de caráter pró-ativo que objetiva inserir a variável ambiental no processo de tomada de decisão com enfoque estratégico. No Brasil, a implantação da AAE tem acontecido, principalmente, por motivação das agências multilaterais de desenvolvimento e sem a requerimentos legais em âmbito nacional. Por sua vez, o estado de São Paulo experimenta um contexto inédito para a AAE no Brasil, por meio da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas (PEMC) regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 55.947/2010, que oferece a oportunidade do instrumento ser aplicado em consonância com os aspectos considerados relevantes no campo da Avaliação de Impacto. Dentre as suas premissas está a articulação entre as esferas estratégicas de decisão e de projetos, compatibilizando objetivos de finalidade climática através da AAE (artigo 15, Lei nº 13.798/ 2009). Nesse sentido, o conceito de encadeamento (tiering) ampara a presente investigação no contexto do planejamento estabelecido pela PEMC. Portanto, partindo da premissa de aplicação da AAE na PEMC, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e analisar os pontos fortes e fracos do encadeamento de diretrizes da PEMC e da consideração das mudanças climáticas, através dos instrumentos de planejamento do setor de transportes do estado de São Paulo (planos e programas). Os resultados alcançados permitiram apontar que a consideração das mudanças climáticas na PEMC para o setor de transportes ocorre de modo limitado, carecendo, principalmente, de elementos que promovam a adaptação às mudanças climáticas e a conservação da biodiversidade. Verificou-se ainda uma fraca ocorrência do tiering no sistema de planejamento dos transportes, sugerindo que a AAE pode ser utilizada nesse contexto para potencializar a promoção do encadeamento a fim de suprir algumas das lacunas encontradas, como por exemplo através do fortalecimento de mecanismos para o desenvolvimento do monitoramento dos planos e programas, proporcionando o encadeamento das questões chave e o acompanhamento dos indicadores pré-definidos. O trabalho conclui pela necessidade da utilização da AAE como promotora do tiering de ações estratégicas a partir dos objetivos estabelecidos pelas políticas de mudanças climáticas no Brasil e no estado de São Paulo. / Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) can be described as a proactive instrument that aims to insert the environmental variable in the strategic decision-making process. In Brazil, SEA implementation has been driven mainly by motivation of the multilateral development agencies and without legal requirements at national level. The State of São Paulo, for its part, experiences an unprecedented context for SEA in Brazil, through the State Policy on Climate Change (PEMC), regulated by Decree 55.947/ 2010, which offers the opportunity of applying the instrument in line with the aspects considered relevant in Impact Assessment field. In this sense, the concept of tiering, in which strategic actions connect between spheres of planning through a cascade effect, supports the present investigation in the context of the planning established by the PEMC. Among its premises, is the articulation between the strategic decision and project areas, making compatible with climatic objectives through SEA (article 15, Law 13788/2009). Therefore, based on the premise of SEA application in PEMC, this research aims to identify and analyze strengths and weaknesses of tiering on PEMC guidelines and consideration of climate change, through transportation planning instruments of the state of São Paulo (plans and programs). The results showed that consideration of climate change in PEMC for the transport sector occurs in a limited way, lacking, mainly, elements that promote adaptation to climate change and conservation of biodiversity. There was also a weak occurrence of tiering in transport planning system, suggesting that SEA can be used in this context to enhance the promotion of linkage in order to fill some of gaps found, for example by strengthening mechanisms for development plans and programs monitoring, providing key issues linkage and pre-defined indicators monitoring. The paper concludes by the need to use SEA as a promoter of strategic actions tiering based on objectives established by climate change policies in Brazil and in state of São Paulo.

Esta pesquisa analisa os processos de organização da formação continuada de professores a partir de uma Política de Estado do Município de São Paulo, a Jornada Especial Integral de Formação JEIF. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os limites e as possibilidades deste espaço de formação tendo em vista as condições concretas que se objetivam na atividade formativa no contexto escolar. Em busca de caminhos para superar as questões instituídas nesta realidade foi organizado, ao longo dos anos de 2010 e 2011, uma formação de professores em exercício fundamentada nos princípios da psicologia histórico-cultural e da pedagogia histórico-crítica, que contou com a participação de uma assessora no campo da psicologia escolar, da pesquisadora atuando como professora colaboradora, da coordenadora pedagógica da escola e de dezoito professores da unidade de ensino. A formação continuada foi executada em três etapas de intervenção definidos pelo tempo de execução, pelos processos avaliativos da formação e pela organização do conteúdo mediado. Dá-se ênfase à mediação das linguagens artísticas para o processo de significação e apropriação dos conceitos na atividade formativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de registros de memória por parte da pesquisadora, registros escritos e orais das reuniões de estudo ao longo dos diversos períodos de formação, questionários e entrevistas realizados ao término de cada etapa da formação. A análise dos dados ocorre por meio de dois eixos que se integram e se complementam, tornando possível definir a unidade de análise da pesquisa - as condições concretas na atividade formativa. A tese defendida a partir do estudo realizado sobre a atividade formativa na JEIF considera a necessidade de o trabalho coletivo e colaborativo entre os sujeitos que a compõem para que a finalidade da mesma se objetive na realidade concreta. Este entendimento visa a superação da formação em si e por si, em busca da objetivação da atividade de formação para si, para que sua finalidade seja cumprida. Identifica-se que quando a integração entre os sujeitos atuantes na atividade formativa é rompida por qualquer que seja o motivo, seja ele político, pessoal ou institucional, a atividade formativa não se objetiva para si. Rompe-se a unidade necessária para a objetivação do trabalho coletivo e colaborativo que tenha por finalidade a transformação da realidade escolar. Identifica-se que os limites e as possibilidades da formação de professores na JEIF estão ancoradas em instâncias de ordem burocrática e política. Considera-se, portanto, que as ações voltadas para a formação de professores e para os processos educativos em geral na educação pública brasileira reafirmam as relações de poder, seja no âmbito político governamental, seja no âmbito institucional, no que se refere à governança do espaço público. / This research analyzes the processes of organization of continuing education of teachers from a state policy of São Paulo, the of journey special of formation - JEIF. The objective of this study is to analyze the limits and possibilities of this training area in view of the specific conditions that aim at training activity in the school context. In search of ways to overcome the issues introduced in this reality was organized over the years 2010 and 2011, a training exercise in teachers based on the principles of historical-cultural psychology and historical-critical pedagogy, which included the participation of an advisory in the field of school psychology, the researcher acting as a collaborating professor, the educational coordinator of school and eighteen teachers in the teaching unit. Continued training was performed in three steps intervention defined by the runtime, the evaluation processes of the formation and organization of mediated content. It emphasizes the mediation of artistic languages to the process of meaning and appropriation of concepts in the training activity. Data were obtained through memory registers by the researcher, written records and oral study of meetings over several periods of training, questionnaires and interviews conducted at the end of each stage of formation. The argument from the study of the activity of training in JEIF considers the need for a collective and collaborative work among the essential subjects to achieve the objectives of teacher education in the school reality. That approach aims to overcome the training in and of itself, in search of the objectification of training activity for yourself, what your purpose is fulfilled. It is identified that when the integration between acting subjects in the training activity is disrupted for any reason whatsoever, be it political, personal or institutional, formative activity not if objective for you. By breaking this unit required in the formation prevents the objectivities of the collective and collaborative work, whose purpose is the transformation of school reality. We find that the limits and possibilities of teacher education in JEIF are anchored in instances of bureaucratic and political order. It is considered therefore that the actions aimed at teacher training and educational processes in general in the Brazilian public education reaffirm the relations of power, whether in government political, is at the institutional level, as regards the governance of public space

In recent years, Florida has acquired a reputation as fertile ground for human trafficking. On the heels of state and federal anti-human trafficking legislation, a host of organizations have risen to provide a range of services. In this thesis, I discuss findings from 26 interviews conducted with law enforcement, service providers, legal representatives and trafficked persons to contextualize the variability in the way anti-trafficking work is conceptualized by stakeholders across the state. Additionally, I explore how conflicting organizational policies on the local, state, and federal levels impact stakeholder collaboration and complicate trafficked persons' attempts to navigate already complex processes of social/health services and documentation. Lastly, I provide policy recommendations that attempt to address the major issues associated with anti-trafficking work identified through the analysis of participant interviews.

Lietuvai įstojus į Europos Sąjungą prasidėjo masinė darbo jėgos emigracija. Įvertinęs emigracijos mastą, Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas pripažino, kad emigracija yra didžiausia nekarinė grėsmė Lietuvai. Ypač jaučiamos demografinės pasekmės - kiekvienais metais išvyksta labai daug žmonių, o tai gali ženkliai atsiliepti ekonominiam šalies augimui. Remiantis statistiniais duomenimis, Lietuva viena pirmaujančių pagal emigracijos mąstą šalių Europoje. Daugiausiai išvyksta jauni žmonės, o pagrindinėmis išvykimo priežastimis laikytinas darbo vietų stygius bei nedideli atlyginimai. Lietuvoje dėmesys su emigracija susijusiems klausimams viešoje erdvėje išaugo apie 2005 - 2006 m. Tai paskatino valstybę imtis nuoseklesnio migracijos politikos formavimo ir 2006 m. pabaigoje emigracijos problema pateko į politinę darbotvarkę. Lietuvos viešoji politika migrantų atžvilgiu jau praėjo keletą etapų, tačiau tiesioginė valstybės politikos įtaka išvykusiųjų grįžimui buvo labai maža. Kokybinio tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad sėkmingos politikos pagrindas yra sistemingas šalies vidaus problemų sprendimas, o būtent išvykusiesiems skirtos programos turi atlikti daugiau pagalbinę funkciją. Jiems turi būti sudaromos galimybės gauti išsamią informaciją bei kompetentingą pagalbą. Taip pat turi būti atsižvelgiama į emigrantams itin svarbių klausimų sprendimą. / After Lithuania joined European Union, emigration became a big problem in the country. Emigration is considered to be the most important non-military threat to Lithuania. It has considerable negative influence on demography, also it may have an impact for long term growth. Statistics shows that Lithuanians one of most migratory peoples in Europe. And in fact, mass emigration is nothing new in the country where waves of migrants have been leaving for centuries. Mostly common emigrants are young people. Unemployment and wage differentials between Lithuania and destination countries are the main pushing factors. Most emigrants leave Lithuania due to the lack of jobs and low salaries. Because of this, people don’t feel the motivation to work in Lithuania and decide to emigrate in order to get financial independence. The qualitative research results have revealed that the foundation for successful politics is to systematically solve internal problems, while the programs for those abroad should perform a helping function only, by providing the people with a thorough information and competent help. The most important emigrants’ problems should also be addressed.

The aim of my diploma paper is summing up of graduates´ unemployment in southern Bohemia. The purpose of the paper is to create a compact image of labour market in the Czech Republic and to describe main factors influencing this market in the Czech Republic. My paper should touch state unemployment policy, to chart unemployment in southern Bohemia with the reflection on graduates´ unemployment, chart the structure of unemployed graduates, their possibilities at the labour market in the Czech Republic, to propose possibilities for the decrease of graduates´ unemployment in southern Bohemia. My survey is based on the data from Labour Market Situation Report from several Bureaus of Labour, data from Czech Statistic Office and Ministry of Labour and Social Issues. The graduates themselves are one off the most risk companies from the people who are economically active. The claiming of these groups is worse. The graduates are disadvantaged in comparison with other job applicants {--} less praxes, missing work habits and lox experience. The graduates´ unemployment rage is highly influenced by economical situation in our country, total unemployment, free working station offer degree and rate between supply and demand. It is also influenced by educational structure of graduates at the same time. The employers´ interest in graduates has been increasing. The loss of people at qualified positions is very important {--} firms are forced to offer free positions even to the people with smaller or no praxes. Another reason for the increase is policy development itself, primarily in financial sphere, car industry and in services. Last but not least, graduates´ attractively has been increasing hand in hand with improving quality of their profiles.