Les Alsaciens ont, quand ils parlent français, un accent caractéristique. Ce phénomène peut être considéré, au niveau de la production de la parole, comme une perturbation qui engendre un certain nombre de variations des formes phonétiques attendues en français, notamment au niveau de la gestion temporelle des consonnes occlusives. Dans une lecture fondée sur l’importance du geste en tant qu’unité de base en production de la parole, il est possible d’analyser la plasticité de la gestion temporelle des sujets parlants, spécifiquement dans le cadre du bilinguisme. En effet, les gestes sont accomplis dans le but d’atteindre des cibles, avec néanmoins un certain degré de liberté et de variabilité visible tant au niveau articulatoire qu’acoustique. Il s’agit de respecter certaines contraintes, permettant de considérer le système de production / perception de la parole comme un ensemble ayant pour objectif l’émergence de solutions linguistiquement viables. Nous avons mené trois expériences, concernant la gestion temporelle des occlusives. Différents indices acoustiques ont été analysés, propres à l’alsacien, au français parlé en Alsace et à la parole de locuteurs imitant l’accent des Alsaciens. Les résultats obtenus sont analysés dans le cadre de la Théorie de la Viabilité, qui permet de mettre au jour le fonctionnement du système de production / perception de la parole, entre perturbation et réajustement. / French spoken by Alsatians has a clearly distinct accent. This could be regarded, from a speech production standpoint, as resulting from a perturbation which entails a number of variations of expected phonetic forms in French, especially with regards to timing of stops. Premised on the assumption that viewing gestures as the basic units in speech production is essential, the plasticity of speakers’ productions, more specifically within the context of bilingualism, was analysed in this study. Gestures are executed with the aim of reaching targets, with some degree of observable flexibility and variability, both articulatory and acoustic. Some constraints need to be respected, with the view that speech production and perception, as a coupled system, is geared towards a common objective : enable linguistically viable solutions to emerge. Three experiments were conducted pertaining to the temporal organisation of stops. Acoustic cues unique to Alsatian, to French spoken by Alsatians and to French speakers imitating Alsatians were analysed. Obtained results, were rationalised within the Viability Theory in order to highlight speech functioning, with reference to production and perception, that is, between perturbation and readjustment strategies.

El objetivo de cada ciudad, en lo referente a la movilidad y transporte, es lograr un SIT (Sistema Integrado de Transporte). Actualmente, la ciudad de Lima se encuentra en una etapa de desarrollo con el objetivo de integrar diferentes medios de transporte tales como líneas de metro, metropolitano y corredores. Sin embargo, estos aún no logran funcionar como un solo sistema, por el contrario, cada uno funciona de manera independiente ya sea en sus tarifas y medios de pago, infraestructura y localización de paraderos. Esta situación conlleva a que los usuarios del transporte público, que requieren realizar transbordos, creen sus propias interconexiones como alternativa de optimización del tiempo promedio de recorrido para suplir las necesidades que aún no puede satisfacer el actual SIT. De esta manera, muchas personas crean patrones de transbordo que ponen en riesgo su seguridad pero que mediante un rediseño de los paraderos con enfoque intercambiador pueden impulsar a que los transbordos se realicen de manera eficiente. En el presente trabajo se analizará la intersección de las Avenidas Brasil y Bolívar, ubicada en una zona comercial, mediante la simulación del modelo actual, calibrado y validado. Posteriormente, se propone una redistribución de espacios designados para paraderos y peatonales, además de una gestión de facilidades de intercambio, que reduzca el tiempo de realización de transbordos en un 15%. / The objective of every city, with respect to mobility and transport, is to achieve an Integrated Transport System. Nowadays, the city of Lima is in a stage of development with the objective of integrate different means of transport such as metro lines, bus-metro and fast lane buses. However, these means cannot work as an only whole system, on the contrary, each of them works in an independent way regarding to their payment rates, infrastructure and locations of bus stops. This situation motivates the users of public transport to create their own interconnections as an alternative to reduce the average time of travel to supply the needs that haven't been satisfied by the actual Integrated Transport System. In this way, many users create patterns of pedestrian transfer that risk their security. Nevertheless, through a redesign of the bus stops with an intermodal view the vehicle transfer process can be improved to be practiced in a more efficient way. This thesis will analyze the intersection of Brazil and Bolivar Avenues, located in a commercial area, by simulating the current model, being calibrated and validated. Subsequently, it proposes a redistribution of designated spaces for whereabouts and pedestrians, in addition to a management of exchange facilities, which reduces the time of pedestrian transfer by 15%. / Tesis

Johann Paul von Westhoff's (1656-1705) solo violin works, consisting of Suite pour le violon sans basse continue published in 1683 and Six Suites for Violin Solo in 1696, feature extensive use of multiple stops, which represents a German polyphonic style of the seventeenth-century instrumental music. However, the Six Suites had escaped the public's attention for nearly three hundred years until its rediscovery by the musicologist Peter Várnai in the late twentieth century. This project will focus on polyphonic writing featured in the solo violin works by von Westhoff. In order to fully understand the stylistic traits of this less well-known collection, a brief summary of the composer, Johann Paul Westhoff, and an overview of the historical background of his time will be included in this document. I will analyze these works, including a comparison between the works of Westhoff and those of other composers during his time, to prove that Westhoff's solo works establish multiple stops as a central factor of German violin playing of the time, and, thus, to promote Westhoff's works as a complement to the extant repertoire of unaccompanied violin music written in the Baroque era before Johann Sebastian Bach's solo violin works and Georg Philipp Telemann's twelve fantasias for violin solo. Furthermore, this project will help one to better understand the use and function of multiple stops in the German violin repertoire in the seventeenth century.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to create conditions for safe and continuous transit through the local road II / 368 Moravská Třebová. The thesis deals with the new design of the broad layout of the communication, the creation of a safe transfer of cyclists, the modification of all existing crossroads and the creation of new platforms for bus stops. Additionally, existing paved surfaces in the associated space of the local road are modified.

This thesis deals with reconstruction in front of the main train station in Brno. The space is an important transfer terminal and there are hight intensity of pedestrians due to the fact the train station is next to this location. The pedestrians are chaotically moving in the examine space (especially in the location of crossway). The goals of the thesis are to improve the quality of mobility of pedestrians in this location, to ensure barrier – free access to public transport stops which are not ensured today and to reduce static and transit traffic that does not belong into this space.

This master's degree thesis is focused on the traffic problem at Míru square in the city of Brno where the intersection with tram terminus turning loop is located. Thesis is based on local engineering survey with the outcome of six different design variants. The variant with the tram turning loop displaced north-west was chosen for detailed design with the outcome of full technical documentation and drawings.

The thesis target is to design construction treatments resulting in improving the passenger railway transport in this section. Planned modernization and electrification will change the transport nature significantly, which calls for an examination of the existing track possibilities. The task was to focus on the regarding stations as a crucial troughput aspect and on the travel quality improvment by minor construction adjustments. I have examined walking distances, designed a new Troubelice - Centrum stop. By convenient platform shifts higher velocities criteria were met. All precautions respect the wheelchair access. The station design allows higher velocities operation and do not restricts current use.

When Hubert Le Blanc published his Défence de la basse de viole in 1741, the cello had already established itself as a solo instrument in Parisian musical life. Several cellists, both French and foreign, had performed to acclaim at the Concert Spirituel, and the instrument had a rapidly expanding repertoire of published solo sonatas by French composers. Among the most significant of the early French cellist-composers were Jean Barrière (1707-47), François Martin (c. 1727-c. 1757), Jean-Baptiste Masse (c. 1700-1757), and Martin Berteau (1708/9-1771). Their cello sonatas are innovative, experimental, often highly virtuosic, and, in spite of unashamedly Italianate traits, tinged with a uniquely French hue. Yet notwithstanding its repertoire and the skill of its performers, this generation of French cellist-composers has remained undervalued and underexplored. To a large extent, this neglect has arisen because a succeeding generation of French cellists of the late eighteenth century - the Duport brothers, Jean-Pierre (1741-1818) and Jean-Louis (1749-1819), the Janson brothers, Jean-Baptiste-Aimé (1742-1823) and Louis-Auguste-Joseph (1749-1815), and Jean-Baptiste Bréval (1753-1823) - are widely acknowledged as the creators of the modern school of cello playing. This dissertation focuses exclusively on the early French cello school. It seeks to examine the rise of the solo cello in France within its socio- cultural and historical context; to provide biographies of those com- prising the early French cello school; to explore the repertoire with particular emphasis on the growth of technique and idiom, detailing features that may be described as uniquely French, and to assert the importance of and gain recognition for this school, not as a forerunner of the so-called Duport school but as an entity in itself.

[pt] Esta dissertação propõe algoritmos para codificações de voz a taxas médias em torno de 1,2 Kb/s. Um esquema de quantização vetorial preditiva chaveada com desempenho superior aos esquemas previamente descritos na literatura é proposto e avaliado em canal com ou sem ruído. Detectores eficientes de período fundamental e de sons oclusivos e fricativos são examinados e adaptados ao codificador proposto. Técnicas de exitação a baixas taxas de bits são investigadas a fim de reproduzir uma boa qualidade de voz decodificada. O modelo de exitação mista em multi-bandas com três sub-bandas é adotado para codificar os quadros sonoros. Para os quadros surdos são empregadas técnicas de modelagem e síntese de sinais fricativos e oclusivos, capazes de oferecer qualidade de voz satisfatória, reduzindo a taxa de bits destes quadros para apenas 0,4 Kb/s. Técnicas de pós-filtragem para reduzir o ruído de codificação e melhorar a qualidade de voz reconstruída são também examinadas e comparadas em uma mesma plataforma. Para reduzir o nível de ruído ambiente são ainda analisados métodos de supressão de ruído. Finalmente, o codificador proposto é comparado ao padrão norte-americano Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP), por meios de teste de comparação do tipo A/B. Os testes realizados indicam que o sistema proposto, operando a 1,2 Kb/s, apresenta qualidade de voz ligeiramente superior ao MELP, operando a 2,4 Kb/s. Para situações de transcodificação, o codificador proposto também apresenta desempenho superior ao MELP. / [en] This dissertation presents algorithms to encode at an avarage bit rate of 1.2 Kb/s. A novel switched-predictive vector quantiser technique that outperforms previously reported schemes is proposed and assessed under noise-free and noisy channels. Efficient detectors for the pitch period and fricative and stop sounds are examined and adapted to the proposed coder. Low bit rate excitation methods are investigated in order to reproduce rather high quality speech. A mixed multiband excitation approach with three sub-bands is employed to encode voiced frames. For unvoiced frames, fricatives and stops modelling and synthesis techniques are used. This approach has shown to provide high quality synthesised speech, whilts it reduces the bit rate to only 0.4 Kb/s for unvoiced frames. To reduce coding noise and improve decoded speech, post- filtering techniques are analysed and compared on the same plataform. To reduce background noise, noise suppression methods are also examined. Finally, the propose coder is evaluated against the North American Mixed Prediction (MELP) coder, through A/B comparison tests. Assessment results have shown that the proposed system, operating at 1.2 Kb/s, slightly outperformed the MELP coder, operating at 2.4 Kb/s. For tandem connection situations, the proposed algorithm has presented a superior performance than the MELP coder. / [es] Esta disertación propone algoritmos para codificaciones de voz a tasas medias en torno de 1,2 Kb/s. Se propone un esquema de cuantización vectorial predictiva, con desempeño superior a los esquemas previamente descritos en la literatura. Este esquema se evalúa en canal con o sin ruido. Se examinan detectores eficientes de período fundamental y de sueños oclusivos y fricativos se adaptan al codificador propuesto. Técnicas de exitación a bajas tasas de bits son investigadas a fin de reproducir una boa calidad de voz decodificada. Se adopta el modelo de exitación mixta en multi-bandas con tres sub-bandas para codificar los cuadros sonoros. Para los cuadros surdos se emplean técnicas de modelación y síntesis de señales fricativos y oclusivos, capaces de ofrecer calidad de voz satisfactoria, reduciendo la tasa de bits de estos cuadros para apenas 0,4 Kb/s. También se examinan y se comparan las técnicas de pós-filtragen para reducir el ruido de codificación y mejorar la calidad de voz reconstruída. Para reducir el nível de ruído ambiente se analizan métodos de supresión de ruido. Finalmente, el codificador propuesto se compara al padrón norteamericano Mixed Excitation Lineal Prediction (MELP), por medio de pruebas de comparación del tipo LA/B. Las pruebas realizadas indican que el sistema propuesto, operando a 1,2 Kb/s, presenta calidad de voz ligeramente superior al MELP, operando a 2,4 Kb/s. Para situaciones de transcodificación, el codificador propuesto también presenta desempeño superior al MELP.

MURP / Department of Urban and Regional Planning / This study focuses on the evaluation of intelligent transport systems making use of the BRT-Rea-vaya in Johannesburg as a case study. This study was motivated by the observation that few studies have been conducted in the study area that tackle explicitly intelligent transport systems evaluation. Intelligent transport systems can assist in improving private and public transportation systems and operations performance. In the public sector where various modes of transport such as the taxi, metro bus, metro rail, Gautrain and the BRT Rea-vaya operates, intelligent transport systems present opportunities for improving Level of Service (LOS) delivery. In Johannesburg, the BRT Rea vaya system was adopted by the Johannesburg metropolitan municipality to provide a safe, reliable, efficient and accessible public transport system. The BRT Rea vaya system is aimed at providing a better public transport, operating systems and service. For the BRT Rea vaya systems to achieve its primary goals and objectives, an intelligent transport system was incorporated to better manage the BRT Rea-vaya systems operations and activities. The study disclosed the status quo, opinions and attitudes of commuters regarding their experiences with the BRT Rea vaya public transport systems in Johannesburg. Furthermore, the study investigated whether the original objectives and aims of intelligent transport system in the BRT Rea-vaya have been meet. A central theme of the investigation is seeking to understand constraints and opportunities regarding BRT Rea-vaya intelligent transport systems‘ operations and activities in Johannesburg. The use of primary and secondary data such as questionnaires, key informant interviews, observation, journals and previous researches related to intelligent transport systems were used to acquire an in-depth understanding of the operational management of BRT Rea-vaya intelligent transport system. Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) with the aid of Microsoft Excel making use of descriptive statistics, regression analysis, cross tabulation and chi-square test. This was presented using tables, graphs, maps etc. Qualitative data was analyzed making use of a thematic approach. The study resonates in the need for rapid public transport systems to provide lessons for improving and adopting intelligent transport systems. As an end product, the research provided a framework of analysis on how to integrate intelligent transport systems in the context of Bus rapid transit systems.