The content of this thesis is the description of the grant system in the capital city of Prague , and as one of the possible funding options theaters with regard to the financing of culture . The way financial support is strongly influenced by cultural politics in Prague. The main purpose of the grant system is a description of Prague as well as comparing the two management allowance organization representing the theaters of the city and limited liability company . A sub- goal is to describe the transformation of Prague allowance organizations , theaters. In this work the method used comparative analysis between the railing and theaters without railings.

This master thesis is looking into problems of financing of energy saving arrangements in residential buildings. The paper concentrates on an analysis of all available sources of financing. After a brief characteristic of basic ways of financing, including Czech and foreign models, it introduces closer only a selection of the available programs, grant titles and commercial products. Then the attention is paid to more specific programs and products from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany. This paper applies their program parameters to a model object of the residential building and assesses each and every option, using selected economical standards. Based on these parameters, it appraises an economical effectiveness of the investment in individual variations of financing from the point of view of an investor and a state, expressed with the price of a unit saved CO2 emission. By combining both preferential variations of an investor and a state, an optimal variation of financing for the model object is found.

: Title: Sport Policy and Sports Funding from Public Sources in Finland Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe how works sport culture in Finland. The thesis shows a high level of attention devote to sport and physical activities with focus on funding of the sport from public sources and lottery business (Veikkaus). The thesis provides knowledge and new information about sport culture in Finland. Methods: I have used methods of case studies and explanation, which allow me to analyze system of sport funding and sport organization in Finland. The methods were combined with secondary information to obtain furthur insight into the sport system in Finland. Results: A high level of sport policy and sports funding from public sources is proved in Finland. Satisfaction of Finns with sport conditions are documented in Eurobarometr survey. Public funding of sport in Finland is above average compere to other EU states. Due to lottery Veikkaus, state funding in to sport has long term increasing trend. Finnish sport culture highlights and characterizes providing precondition from municipalities and Finnish sport culture is driven by voluntary sector. Keywords: municipality, precondition for sport, sport activities, a subsidy, volunteering

Inspired by the sudden recent incline in and awareness of veganism as well as my own personal involvement in such matters, I sought out to complete an empirical analysis to study the impact of consumer preferences. Originally intrigued by the consumption of meat and its impact on developing countries, I opted for a related topic with better accompanying data. Consumer preferences change regularly with an increasing plethora of reasons behind their decisions. As the guiding force of the demand side of the market, it was vital to study the impact of their choices. My decision to use plant-based milk was meant to be a proxy for consumers who could not consume dairy. To my surprise, the force behind the increase in plant-based milk consumption was not propelled by those with alternative lifestyles but regular consumers who wanted healthier and better-tasting options. Further analysis has led me to look past consumers themselves and their individual choices to identify the impacts of their choices. This required an intricate look into the United States dairy industry and its composition. What is recorded within the next 45 pages is a delicate web of outcomes spun by the needs of consumers. It branches out into the lives of small dairy farmers who cannot compete with larger farms. It spins out to form a massive web of increasing profit for the plant-based milk industry. It creates a loss in the whole milk sector of the dairy industry only to be filled by the organic and specialty sectors. While they can be guided into choices through various forms of advertisement, the world has changed since the introduction of modern economics, and consumers are learning to utilize the products that fit their lifestyles. Gone are the days of passive consumption and food pyramids. Information has never been as readily available as it is today, with the help of the internet and independent researchers, and consumers have chosen to use this to their advantage.

摘要 傳統之補貼政策大都只依所得的多寡來從事補貼，此補貼政策只適用於政府的補貼對象為個人。一旦政府的補貼對象為整個家庭時，傳統的補貼政策是否亦適用於對家庭之補貼就值得商榷。Deaton曾在1997年於其書中寫道由N人所組成之家庭會有家庭規模經濟的產生。故政府如再以傳統的補貼政策來從事補貼，則顯然會忽略家庭規模經濟 － 此影響家庭是否貧窮的另一個重要指標。另外由Lanjouw和Ravallion於1995年之實証分析亦可知家庭規模經濟的大小確實和貧窮相關。所以政府在對家庭從事補貼時，除了應考慮家庭所得的多寡外，也應考量到家庭規模經濟的大小，如此才能使真正貧窮的家庭獲得較多的補貼。 本篇論文的目的，即是在探討當政府考量到家庭規模經濟的大小來對家庭從事補貼時，隨著家庭規模經濟的改變，家庭消費行為將會如何改變。此外我們也比較了傳統的補貼政策與本文所探討之補貼政策間之異同。 目　錄 第一章 前言 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 第二章 文獻回顧 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．2 第三章 家庭消費行為之分析 ．．．．．．．．． 5 第一節 模型簡介．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．6 第二節 基本模型之比較靜態分析．．．．．．．．．．．7 第三節 本章小結 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．13 第四章 補貼政策下家庭消費行為之分析 ．．．．14 第一節 價格補貼下家庭消費行為之分析 ．．．．．．．16 第二節 定額補貼下家庭消費行為之分析 ．．．．．．．33 第三節 價格補貼與定額補貼之比較 ．．．．．．．．．50 第四節 考慮庭規模經濟之補貼政策與傳 統補貼政策之比較 ．．．．．．．．．．．．． 58 第五節 本章小結 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．66 第五章 結論 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．69 參考文獻 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．71

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 160-163). Also available in print.

The aim of this study has been to analyse the effects of state subsidies within agriculture. The goal of these policies was to build up long-term sound and profitable farms by means of both general and selective support measures. The investments affecting structure gave rise to the following questions: (a) What were the effects on a farm of a given type of aid? (b) How were the farms and the surrounding community affected? (c) In what respect was a desirable effect achieved, and in what respect were the results problematical? The investigation was carried out in three municipalities in Norrland, and considered three different forms of subsidy (SR-, A- and B-support) which were utilized during the years 1961-1978. In addition to these so-called "subsidized farms", a similar number of "comparative farms" that had not received support were selected. In all, 650 farms were investigated. The evaluation was mainly divided into five areas of interest: (a) Farm reconstruction, (b) Farm development, (c) The farmers, (d) Economic effects, (e) Social effects in the locality. The principal findings were as follows: (1) SR- and A-supported farms were characterized by farmers who were relatively young, had good education and who used a portion of their working-hours for carrying out organizational measures. The comparative farms were distinguished rather by older farmers with less education and with a higher degree of employment outside the farm. (2) All of the SR-and B-supported farms had survived. Some A-supported farms were abandoned, while the number of comparative farms was greatly reduced. (3) All types of subsidized farms exhibited growth in their areas of arable land and forest and in their stock of milk cows, whereas the comparative farms were relatively unchanged. (4) Improved production results within crop husbandry could be derived simultaneously from the increased use of pipe drainage, shorter periods between ploughing, new methods of harvesting, etc. Within all these areas the subsidized farms had higher proportions of improvements than the comparative farms. (5) Since SR-farms in particular (but even A-farms) financed their rationalization measures by means of bank loans, they all became extremely sensitive to risks. In thi s way they all too easily ended up with economic difficulties when major increases in interest rates or changes in costs or revenues occurred. (6) In the short term the rationalization of the size of subsidized farms had little effect on outmigration from the areas concerned. (7) The households were larger on subsidized farms than in the comparative group. This meant that the subsidized farms, which were increasing their relative share of the population, also comprised a stabilizing factor in a locally-dependent service sector. / digitalisering@umu

To improve Taiwan's competitiveness, Taiwan's government actively encourages businesses to commit to innovative R&D activities by implementing R&D subsidies and incentives. They hope to accumulate intellectual capitals and nurture enough technical professionals to promote industrial upgrades and stimulate economic development. When applying for R&D subsidy, the application must go through the proper approval process. Approved applications will be awarded with substantial financial assistance to fuel further innovations such that R&D subsidy has become critical to many companies. This study used the "Conventional Industry Technology Development"(CITD) as an example and classifies the R&D subsidy applications for analysis based on the 5 variables: company's basic information, program type, commitment to R&D, past experience in applying for R&D subsidy, and strategic alliance with other institutions. Logistic regression is expected to sum up factors that are significant in obtaining R&D subsidies and formulate a predictive model. This enables the government to re-examine its policies and understand the conventional manufacturers' commitment to R&D. Furthermore, the study may assist the companies to assess their chances in obtaining R&D subsidies and serve as a reference for future endeavors. The study suggests that the factors most critical for companies to obtain R&D subsidies are the number of employees, capital size, number of government subsidies already obtained, number of companies non-R&D outsourced to, whether R&D intensity has increased for the past 2 years, and whether R&D funding has increased for the past 2 years. Although plan's duration and non-R&D outsourced dollar amount may have some influence, their impact was not obvious in the model.

Taiwan's small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role to promote economic development. White paper on small and medium enterprises in Taiwan, 2004 indicated SMEs¡¦ numbers is 97.83% of whole industry. So SMEs is the main force in Taiwn¡¦s industry. According to National Science Council review SMEs in Taiwan engage in R¡®D activities facing the captial and technological barriers, and the percentage that accept government subsidy is 13%(National Science Council, 2000). The Deptartment of Industrial Technology (DOIT) of Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), launched Taiwan's SBIR promoting program, mostly referred to the SBIR US version, in 1999 in order to encourage local start-up companies pursuing innovative research of industrial technologies and products. Rothwell & Zegveld (1982) research government innovation policy include technology and industry policy, classify three composes:Supply, Demand, and Environmential policy. In government R&D subsidy policy system can be distinguished to R&D procurement(Demand) and directive subsidy(Supply). The study compare to other country¡¦s R&D subsidy policy and refer to business technology strategy. The study uses the interview method to analyze the policy awareness of SMEs and confer the policy influence of SBIR subsidy policy. So far as bring up the suggestion of government R&D subsidy policy. Through interview analysis, SMEs represent in the beginning of R&D activities always face capital shortage and need technological assistance. The study propose government carry out R&D subsidy should replace monitoring control for concilling system. Government can match up national industry development way to alliance industry engage in specific R&D activity by government R&D subsidy policy. To sum up government can weighted the Demand and Supply side innovation policy to cooperate R&D subsidy policy system. So that government R&D subsidy policy can look after both side by stimulating SMEs innovation generality and promote national technology level to reach the full-scale policy achievements.

Pharmaceutical manufacturers’ use of prescription brand-name drugs coupons and vouchers to subsidize patients’ cost-sharing obligations such as co-pays has increased. The co-pays are used by managed care organizations (MCOs) to give their plan members an appreciation of drug costs as well as to offer incentives to use available equivalent generic alternatives due to lower co-pays. With higher tiered co-pays for brand-name drugs being offset by coupons, little is known about MCO representatives’ perceptions about use of co-pay subsidy coupons for brand-name prescription drugs. The objective of this study was to assess health plan managers and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) perceptions on the use of prescription drug co-pay subsidy coupons. An online survey instrument was used to collect data. A convenience sample of 834 MCO representatives was selected from the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) membership directory. A total of 122 surveys were returned of which 105 were usable surveys, giving a response rate of 13.7%. A five-point, 11-item Likert scale ranging from 1 through 5, (1 = ‘Strong Disagree’ and 5 = ‘Strongly Agree’) was used to measure respondents’perceptions. Some items referred to coupons used to get co-pay discounts repeatedly over a year (i.e., long-term use coupons) while some items referred to coupons distributed for trial purposes (i.e., short-term use coupons). Of the 105 respondents, 42 (40%) “agreed,” while 58 (55.2%) “strongly agreed” that co-pay subsidy coupons encouraged non-preferred brand-name drugs over preferred brand-name drugs. A total of 78 respondents (74.3%) reported that brand-name drug coupons undermined tiered formulary structure. Sixty respondents (57.1%) “strongly agreed” that short-term use coupons increased plan sponsor’s costs and 72 respondents (68.6%) “agreed” that sponsor cost increased with long-term use coupons. A total of 42 (40%) reported to “strongly agree” that short-term use coupons should be eliminated whereas 49 (46.7%) respondents reported “strongly agreed” that long-term use coupons should be eliminated. In summary, MCO representatives believe that brand-name drug utilization is increasing due to prescription drug incentives such as coupons which undermines their formulary controls and in turn, increases health care costs. / text