The importance of monitoring studies in areas with man-made actions is related to the diagnosis of environmental impacts in water source regions, in the search of factors that show, in a simple way, the causes for degradation of multiple uses areas. In Sergipe, the presence of several Irrigated Perimeters in the riverbanks justifies the search of these changes. To this end, it was defined the study in the area of floodplains in Betume and in California’s nonirrigated area. It was performed 34 monitoring campagins from March 2013 to December 2014. It was analysed the physical-chemical parameters and turbidity rates, chlorophyll, DO, DBO and thermotolerant coliforms, both during the dry and wet periods, way more than the limits established by CONAMA/2005’s resolution, class 2. Besides the aforementioned water sources, others were attached to the study, among them: Jacaré River, Santo Antônio River, Pilões River, Papagaio River, Capivara River and Jacaré-Curituba Dam. The Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed a tendency of 54% compromising the quality of water of the Rivers mentioned before, due to the domestic effluent. On the other hand, the Trophic State Index (TSI), the compromising reached 82% of the water quality, through eutrophication of water sources. Besides, through multivariate analysis grouping type, it was demonstrated the relationship between the association of physical-chemical parameters. This association happened to Betume River with Santo Antônio River, Pilões River and São Francisco River. Similarly, during dry weather, Onça Creek with Betume's drainage; and Santo Antônio River with Pilões River, and all of them presented proximity. It can also be highlighted that the application of Factor Analysis to the variable group in the selection of three indicative aspects of water quality of the studied rivers. The Varimax rotation of factors showed that the variables of water quality are mainly related to mineral, nutritional, organic matter and degree of pollution content. Another factor was noticed regarding the handling of cultures in the irrigated perimeters which was the use of pesticides in order to control plagues, and to analyse this aspect, it was collected bimestral water, in 12 campaigns. The results detected active principles used in agricultural practices in the irrigated region, among them: chlorpyrifos, atrazine, ivermectin, cyproconazole, tetraconozole and tebuconazole. The rates presented were below the acceptable, when compared to patterns of acceptable daily ingestion (ADI) of ANVISA and EPA. However, according to European Community, the concentrations of tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos were elevated. Based on these results, it was used the SWAT model, an appropriate tool for modelling, which enables generating Scenarios to the use of these pesticides in rice-growing areas. The results demonstrated low mobility in water and the application of constant pesticide in order to fight rice blast showed a high potential of the transported Terbuconazone, when dissolved in water. The presence of chlorpyrifos occurred during rice inter-harvest, in low concentration, when compared to water movements, due to the mobility in water, and low soil retention. Thus, it was evidenced that the man-made actions referring to changes to the use of soil in hydrographical basins promote changes both in production and quality of water as well as the presence of pesticides in sediment and superficial water. These interferences in the habitat should promote public policies that manage systems of water quality monitoring applied to these regions, thus, preserving and protecting the water supply of possible contaminations of environment and inhabitants. / A importância de estudos de monitoramento em áreas com ações antrópicas, tem colaborado para diagnosticar os impactos ambientais das regiões com mananciais, buscando indicadores que demonstrem de forma simplificada as causas da degradação das áreas de usos múltiplos. Não seria diferente neste estudo, em que Sergipe possui diversos Perímetros Irrigados nas margens dos rios. Para isso, foi definido o estudo na área de várzeas inundáveis no rio Betume e sequeiro no perímetro irrigado Califórnia. Durante o período de março de 2013 a dezembro de 2014 foram realizadas 34 campanhas de monitoramento. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos e constatado valores de turbidez, clorofila-a, OD, DBO e coliformes termotolerantes, tanto no período seco como chuvoso, fora do limite estabelecido pelo CONAMA/2005, classe 2. Além dos mananciais acima estudados, outros foram anexados ao estudo, entre eles: rio Jacaré, rio Santo Antônio, rio Pilões, rio Papagaio, rio Capivara e Barragem do Jacaré-Curituba. Para Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA), revelou uma tendência de 54% do comprometimento da qualidade da água destes rios, em virtude dos efluentes doméstico. Para o Índice Estado Trófico (IET), o comprometimento atingiu 82% para qualidade da água, através da eutrofização dos mananciais. Além disso, por meio da análise multivariada do tipo agrupamento, pode demonstrar a relação de associação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos. Esta associação ocorreu para o rio Betume com o rio Santo Antônio, rio Pilões e rio São Francisco. Da mesma forma, durante o período seco, ocorreu no riacho da Onça com Drenagem do Betume; no rio Santo Antônio com rio Pilões, em que todos apresentaram proximidades euclidiana. Vale ressaltar também, que a aplicação da Análise Fatorial ao conjunto de variáveis resultou na seleção de três fatores indicadores da qualidade da água dos rios em estudo. A rotação ortogonal Varimax dos fatores mostrou que as variáveis da qualidade da água estão relacionadas principalmente com o conteúdo mineral, nutricional, matéria orgânica e grau de poluição. Ainda sobre o manejo destas culturas nos perímetros irrigados, outro fato constatado foi o uso de agrotóxicos para controle de pragas, sendo assim, foram feitas coletas bimestrais de água, totalizando 12 campanhas. Os resultados detectaram princípios ativos utilizados nas práticas agrícolas da região dos perímetros irrigados, são eles: clorpirifós, atrazina, ivernectina, ciproconazole, tetraconozole e tebuconazole. Apresentaram valores abaixo, quando comparados com os padrões de ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) da ANVISA e EPA. Mas, de acordo com normas da Comunidade Europeia, as concentrações de tebuconazole e clorpirifós foram elevadas. Baseado nestes resultados, utilizou-se o modelo SWAT, ferramenta apropriada para modelagem e possibilita gerar Cenários para o uso destes agrotóxicos na rizicultura. Os resultados demonstraram que a baixa mobilidade na água e aplicação constante do agrotóxico no combate ao brusone apresentou um alto potencial do Terbuconazone de ser transportado quando dissolvido em água. Já a presença do Clorpifiros ocorreu na entressafra do arroz, com baixa concentração, quando comparados ao movimento na água, isto se deve a sua alta mobilidade na água e baixa retenção do solo. Portanto fica evidenciado que as ações antrópicas referentes às modificações do uso do solo nas bacias hidrográficas promovem alterações tanto na produção e qualidade da água, quanto na presença de agrotóxicos nos sedimentos e nas águas superficiais. Estas interferências no habitat devem promover políticas públicas que gerencie sistemas de monitoramento da qualidade da água aplicados nestas regiões, e assim preservar e proteger o corpo hídrico de possíveis contaminações do meio ambiente e dos habitantes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The rational use of water resources of a river basin is essential for sustainability and socio-economic development. Proper land use and vegetation cover is directly related to the conservation of water resources and the preservation of the environment. An important tool for the representation and understanding of the hydrological behavior of a watershed is modeling. In this sense, from the quantitative monitoring of the flow, used the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, which is used to study the dynamics of the hydrossedimentological river basin Betume in the Lower São Francisco in the estate of Sergipe. The model uses a specialized database of the basin, consisting of geographical, soil, hydrological and climate information. Had accomplished three scenarios depending on the land use simulating the production of water and sediments. The modeling demonstrated that the dynamics of the basin is mainly based on the base flow stream. Of the three hypothetical scenarios performed, the Reforestation scenario produced the lowest water and sediment production rate, and the Agriculture scenario had the highest rates. Having noticed the changes in land use and occupation influence the water production system and sediments in the basin. Overall, it is noteworthy that the presence of native vegetation ensures the highest water availability for multiple uses of water in the region. / O uso racional dos recursos hídricos de uma bacia hidrográfica é indispensável para sua sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento socioeconômico. O uso adequado do solo e a cobertura vegetal está intimamente relacionada à conservação dos recursos hídricos como a preservação do meio ambiente. Uma importante ferramenta para a representação e compreensão do comportamento hidrológico de uma bacia é a modelagem. Nesse sentido, a partir do monitoramento quantitativo da vazão, se usou o modelo SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), com o qual se estudou a dinâmica hidrossedimentológica da bacia hidrográfica do rio Betume no Baixo São Francisco Sergipano, o modelo usa um banco de dados especializado da bacia, constituído de informações geográficas, pedológicas, hidrológicas e climáticas. Se realizaram 3 cenários em função do uso da terra simulando a produção de agua e sedimentos. A modelagem demostrou que a dinâmica da bacia se baseia principalmente no fluxo de escoamento de base. Dos 3 cenários hipotéticos realizados, o cenário Reflorestação produziu a menor taxa de produção de água e sedimentos, e o cenário Agricultura apresentou as maiores taxas. Constatando-se que as alterações no uso e ocupação da terra influenciam no regime de produção de água e sedimentos na bacia. Com tudo se ressalta que a presença de vegetação nativa garante a maior disponibilidade hídrica para os múltiplos usos da água na região.

No description available.

No description available.

Climate change and socio-economic development are greatly affecting the quality of freshwater, especially the excessive accumulation of nutrients (N and P), which eventually leads to the occurrence of eutrophication. Lake Vomb is one of the main sources of drinking water in southern Sweden and the nutrient load from the catchment makes it a eutrophic lake with recurring algal blooms. This project developed a hydrological model by Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model the impact of climate and socio-economic changes on nutrient dynamics on Lake Vomb. Two combinations of future scenarios were selected as combinations of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP): 1) SSP1/RCP4.5 and 2) SSP5/RCP8.5. For the calibration and validation period, satisfactory results were obtained for monthly flow (R2 and NSE were 0.92 and 0.82, respectively) and yearly nutrient load simulation obtained overall convincing results (R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.67, 0, 17% for total nitrogen (TN) and 0.78, -0.11, -1% for total phosphorus (TP) at the main inflow and R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.46, 0.27, 15% for TN and 0.62, -0.01, -0.06% for TP at the second inflow). Simulation results of increased future flow scenarios showed higher peaks under the RCP8.5 scenario than under RCP4.5. Also, there was an increasing trend that flow will continuously rise during the simulation period. Results from future nutrient load simulation showed that the TN load was below the baseline in most scenarios and the TP load was all above the baseline. Besides, nutrient loading is more sensitive to the combination of SSPs and RCPs and got the highest loads under RCP4.5/SSP1. The challenge of reducing nutrient load increases over time, especially for P because the simulated load was higher for 2090-2100 than the load for 2040-2050. This project has limitations such as uncertain agriculture activities input and nutrient observations. This project provides projections of flows and nutrient loads into Lake Vomb for a combination of possible future scenarios and more different scenarios such as different RCPs and different designed SSPs deserve to be studied in the future.

Coastal regions are at risk of environmental threats. Flooding in coastal rivers is the result of intense precipitation which is triggered by climate change. Coastal watersheds are prone to losing significant amounts of sediment and nutrients because of the shorter transport pathway that drains directly into the coastal water. In this study, the hydrology, flood frequency, and water quality assessment of two coastal watersheds, Wolf River watershed (WRW) and Jourdan River watershed (JRW), were conducted using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Since WRW and JRW are the main tributaries to fetch freshwater to Saint Louis Bay (SLB) of Western Mississippi Sound, an integrated approach to assess the influence of freshwater influx into the coastal water is also performed by coupling SWAT with hydrodynamic visual Environment Fluid Dynamics Code (v-EFDC). An auto-calibration tool, SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs (SWAT-CUP) was used to calibrate and validate the flow, total suspended solids and mineral phosphorous for obtaining satisfactory statistical results. While comparing the flood frequency of historical, baseline and projected scenario in both watersheds, the results illustrated that using annual maximum series, 1% exceedance probability was the highest for WRW baseline scenario, whereas for JRW, 1% exceedance probability was the highest for projected scenario. The water quality assessment study of WRW and JRW suggested that ponds and wetlands were more effective in reducing TSS and riparian buffers were more effective in reducing MinP at the outlet of both the watersheds. The integrated approach of coupling SWAT-vEFDC model result indicated that major impact on water quality was observed at the location where the freshwater inflow into the SLB, and the impact was diminished while moving further along the Western Mississippi Sound. Overall, this study gives an insight for integrated coastal watershed management which includes prediction of future flood frequency, the application of best management practices for reducing sediment and nutrient load, and estimation of upstream watershed pollutant load draining along with runoff including its effect on the coastal water quality.

The world's water resources face unsustainable pressure from population growth, changes in consumption patterns, pollution, and overexploitation. Water resources managers have developed holistic approaches such as IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management) and, more recently, the WEEF (Water-Energy-Environment-Food) nexus to address the situation. However, their application in day-to-day water resources management is still challenging due to the of little knowledge, data, and tools. One area where that challenge needs practical solutions is reservoir operation. The current study aims to improve the reservoir module in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) so that operation rules that aim to meet various water, food, and electricity objectives can be simulated. The improved SWAT model is used to simulate the management of the Sélingué reservoir in Mali, West Africa. The reservoir operation was simulated under three different operation rules: 1) priority to monthly hydropower production (HPP) target (rule 1); 2) respect of predefined monthly target storage (rule 2); 3) priority to downstream environmental flow, irrigation, and municipal water demands (rule 3). Results show that when priority is given to the HPP target (rule 1), 98.3% of the electricity demand is met. At the same time, the dam can supply 81.72% of the water demand to maintain environmental flow and sustain irrigation and municipal water consumption. It also ensures water availability with an annual target storage deviation estimated at 1.8%. When rule 2 is implemented, a gap of 8.5% between electricity production and electricity demand is observed. Rule 2 also failed to sustain environmental flow and supply flow for irrigation and municipal consumption as a gap of 15.39% between the supply and the demand was observed. Similarly to rule 1, It ensures water availability with an annual target storage deviation estimated at 1.25%. When rule 3 is enforced (i.e., the priority is given to environmental flow, irrigation, and municipal water demands) the reservoir can maintain the environmental flow and maintain irrigation, and municipal water requirements with a gap of 17.7% between the supply and the demands. However, HPP production decreases with a gap of 12.56% between the electricity supply and demand. Its capacity to supply water in the long term is low as it has the highest target storage deviation with a value of 18%. These results indicate that rule 1 offers more guarantees considering the food and electricity security and environmental challenges. Note that the simulations are done assuming that these rules are systematically followed. In practice, decision-makers can deviate from a rule in exceptional circumstances to maximize benefits or avert unwanted consequences. Finally, a decision support system (DSS) was developed to assist decision-makers in selecting efficient reservoir operation policies for multipurpose reservoirs combining HPP and irrigation.

No description available.

This study focuses on modeling the effects of forest management practices on eco-hydrological processes in the Antalya River Watershed, Turkey. With increasing global pressures from urbanization, deforestation, and climate change affecting water resources and ecosystems, understanding the impact of forest management on vital water sources is essential for sustainable water resource management and ecosystem protection. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model assessed the hydrological impacts of afforestation and urban forest scenarios in the Antalya River Watershed—the model's parameterization, sensitivity analysis, and calibration phases accurately simulated base watershed processes. The validation process confirmed the accuracy of results, particularly in yearly time steps, providing a comprehensive understanding of the watershed's water management strategies. The results indicate that the afforestation scenario reduced surface runoff and increased lateral flow, decreasing erosion risk and improving groundwater recharge. Although soil evaporation and plant transpiration decreased, the increase in “revap” values highlighted higher water vapor emission from the soil, contributing to atmospheric water cycle processes. Similarly, the urban forest scenario resulted in decreased surface discharge and increased groundwater flow, indicating improved water retention and recharge capabilities. The increased evapotranspiration demonstrated the positive influence of trees and vegetation on the water cycle and atmospheric processes, emphasizing the significance of urban forest applications as valuable nature-based solutions for sustainable water resource management and conservation. In conclusion, implementing afforestation and urban forest initiatives can contribute to ecologically sound utilization of water supplies, enhance ecosystem functioning, and foster resilience in the face of environmental obstacles. The study emphasizes the potential benefits of afforestation and expanding green spaces in promoting sustainable water resources and mitigating erosion and flooding risks. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for policymakers and stakeholders to consider afforestation practices as a vital component of water resource management and watershed conservation strategies.

Le modèle de gestion de la qualité de l'eau SWAT pourra assister les acteurs de l'eau dans la mise en application de politiques de gestion de l'eau à l'échelle du bassin versant au Canada. Cependant, il y a peu d'applications du modèle SWAT sous des conditions climatiques caractéristiques du sud-est du Canada. Un protocole de mise en place du modèle SWAT est proposé. La performance des fonctions hydrologiques du modèle a fait l'objet d'une évaluation en distinguant les saisons hydrologiques hiver et été. Les sources d'incertitude dans les données de calibration pour la saison hivernale et dans la structure du modèle de fonte de SWAT ont fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée. La capacité des fonctions hydrologiques de SWAT à converger vers un jeu unique de paramètres et à assurer que les voies d'entraînement des indicateurs de la qualité des eaux sont adéquatement modélisées est discutée. / The river basin model SWAT could assist stakeholders in the setting up of integrated watershed management policies in Canada. However, there is a lack of SWAT's applications under climatic conditions characteristic of Southeastern Canada. An implementation protocol of the SWAT model is proposed. The performance of the hydrologic component has been evaluated in distinguishing the hydrologic seasons winter and summer. The sources of uncertainty in the calibration data of the winter season, and in the structure of the SWAT snowmelt algorithm have been the object of a detailed analysis. The capabilities of the SWAT hydrologic component to converge towards a unique parameter set and to guarantee that the flow paths of water quality indicators are correctly modeled is addressed.