In this study I will consider the instrumentation for three central movements of Heinrich Schutz's late work, Historia der freuden- und gnadenreichen Geburt Gottes und Marien Sohnes Jesu Christi, SWV 435, commonly called Weihnachtshistorie, to see whether there exists only one possible instrumental complement for the fourth Intermedium, or scene - two violine and one bassoon, as in primary source material and many editions - or whether it may be equally or even more valid to assign the coloristic consort lines to two sackbuts (trombones, in modern application) and a bassoon. In so doing, I will address a select but typical set of decisions that preparing a Schutz work engenders, in order to equip conductors to apply similar methodology and evidence when approaching works of this composer and of the early Baroque era in general.I will demonstrate that using three sackbuts in an historically enlightened performance - or trombones, their modern analogues - would be preferable to the violine and bassoon the extant manuscript prescribes in the fourth Intermedium (each Intermedium consists of sinfonia [optional], recitative, and chorus) of Heinrich Schutz's Weihnachtshistorie.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / No presente trabalho investigou-se o desenvolvimento de novos procedimentos analíticos para a determinação simultânea de paracetamol (PAR), propifenazona (PRO) e cafeína (CAF) em formulações farmacêuticas. Três métodos foram desenvolvidos usando as técnicas de voltametria de onda quadrada (SWV) e amperometria de múltiplos pulsos (MPA) e diamante dopado com boro (BDD) como eletrodo de trabalho. Empregando a SWV, duas estratégias de análise foram desenvolvidas: (I) uso de uma célula eletroquímica convencional (modo estacionário) e o método de adição de padrão; (II) uso de análise por injeção em batelada com detecção por voltametria de onda quadrada (BIA-SWV) e o método de calibração externa. Os métodos propostos foram desenvolvidos usando como eletrólito de suporte H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 e os parâmetros otimizados da SWV foram: potencial de condicionamento: -1,5 V durante 20 s; frequência: 60 s-1; amplitude: 50 mV e incremento de potencial: 4 mV. No método proposto empregando BIA-SWV, o volume e a velocidade de injeção otimizados foram de 100 μL e 28 μL s-1, respectivamente. Um terceiro método proposto para determinação simultânea de PAR, PRO e CAF, o procedimento de análise por injeção em batelada com detecção por amperometria de múltiplos pulsos (BIA-MPA) foi empregado. Três pulsos de potenciais foram selecionados para realização da análise: +0,90 V /50 ms: apenas o PAR foi oxidado sem a interferência dos outros dois compostos; +1,20 V /50 ms: oxidação do PAR e da PRO livre da interferência da CAF; +1,60 V /50 ms: oxidação dos três compostos (PAR, PRO e CAF). A seletividade na detecção da PRO e CAF foi obtida mediante subtração de correntes entre os amperogramas adquiridos nos potenciais selecionados e o uso de fatores de correção (FCs). Todos os procedimentos de análise desenvolvidos mostraram-se estáveis (DPR < 4,1%) e lineares (r > 0,997). O método empregando uma célula eletroquímica convencional apresentou frequência analítica de 20 análises h-1 e limites de detecção de 0,005, 0,009 e 0,006 mg L-1 para PAR, PRO e CAF, respectivamente. Os métodos BIA-SWV e BIA-MPA apresentaram frequência analítica muito superior: 80 e 75 análises h-1, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção foram de 0,3, 0,2 e 0,3 mg L-1 (BIA-SWV) e 0,2, 0,3 e 0,1 mg L-1 (BIA-MPA) para PAR, PRO e CAF, respectivamente. / In this work we investigated the development of new analytical procedures for simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), propyphenazone (PRO) and caffeine (CAF) in pharmaceutical formulations. Three methods was developed using of Square wave voltammetry (SWV), multiple pulse amperometry (MPA) and boron doped diamond (BDD) with work electrode. Employing SWV, two analysis strategies were developed (I) Use of a conventional electrochemical cell (stationary mode) and the standard addition method; (II) use of batch injection analysis with detection by square wave voltammetry (BIA-SWV) and external calibration method. The proposed methods were developed using H2SO4 0.1 mol L-1 as supporting electrolyte and optimized parameters of the SWV: Conditioning potential: -1.5 V during 20 s; frequency: 60 s-1; amplitude: 50 mV and step potential: 4 mV. In the proposed method using BIA-SWV, volume and speed of optimized injection were 100 μL e 28 μL s-1, respectively. On the third method proposed for simultaneous determination of the PAR, PRO and CAF, the batch injection analysis procedure with multiple pulse amperometry detection (BIA-MPA) was employed. Three potentials pulses were selected for the analysis: +0.90 V/50 ms: only PAR was oxidized without the interference of the other two compounds; +1.20 V/50 ms: oxidation PAR and PRO without the interference of the CAF; +1.60 V/50 ms: oxidation of the three compounds (PAR, PRO and CAF). The selectivity in the detection of PRO and CAF was obtained by subtracting currents between the amperograms acquired in the selected potentials and the use of correction factors (CFs). All developed analysis procedures remained stable (RSD < 4.1%) and linear (r > 0.997). The method using a conventional electrochemical cell showed an analytical frequency of 20 analysis h-1 and limits of detection of 0.005, 0.009, and 0.006 mg L-1 for PAR, PRO, and CAF, respectively. The BIA-SWV and BIA-MPA methods presented higher analytical frequency: 80 and 75 analysis h-1, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.3, 0.2, and 0.3 mg L-1 (BIA-SWV) and 0.2, 0.3, and 0.1 mg L-1 (BIA-MPA) for PAR, PRO and CAF, respectively. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / In this work we investigated the potentiality of batch injection analysis with square-wave voltammetry (BIA-SWV) detection for simultaneous determination of Zn and naphazoline (NAF) and batch injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric (BIA-MPA) detection for simultaneous determination of NAF and pheniramine (FEN) or NAF and chlorpheniramine (CLO). In both methods, boron-doped diamond (BDD) was used as working electrode. For the simultaneous determination of Zn and NAF by BIA-SWV, the following conditions have been optimized: supporting electrolyte: acetate buffer 0.05 mol L-1 (pH = 4.7), injection volume: 100 μL, deposition time (Zn): 5 s, deposition potential (Zn) -1.5 V, : 100 s-1, a: 60 mV, ΔEs: 6 mV. Under these conditions, the method showed linear response range between 10 and 60 μmol L-1 for Zn (r = 0.992) and between 3.0 e 21 μmol L-1 for NAF (r = 0.999), high analytical frequency (70 injections h-1) and LOD of 0.126 μmol L-1 and 0.04 μmol L-1 for Zn and NAF, respectively. In the study of repeatability (n = 20), the calculated RSD were 0.98% and 0.97% for Zn and NAF, respectively. The simultaneous determination of NAF and FEN or NAF and CLO by BIA-MPA was performed with the application of three sequential pulses in function of time to the BDD electrode using Britton-Robinson Buffer solution 0.12 mol L-1 (pH = 10.0) as supporting electrolyte. At +1.1 V/50 ms, FEN or CLO was detected (oxidation) without interference of NAF. At +1.3 V/50 ms, both compounds (FEN + NAF or CLO + NAF) were oxidized. The current of NAF can then be obtained by subtraction of the currents detected during application of both potential pulses using a correction factor. The proposed method presented good ability (RSD = 1.7 and 4.0% for FEN and NAF; 2.1% and 3.6% for CLO and NAF, respectively; n=20); high analytical frequency (110 injections h-1), linear concentration range between 16 e 100 μmol L-1 for FEN and CLO (r > 0.996) and between 2 e 15 μmol L-1 for NAF (r > 0.997). The LOD calculated were 0.367, 0.361 e 0.148 μmol L-1, for FEN, CLO and NAF, respectively. The proposed methods were used for determination of these compounds in pharmaceutical samples. The obtained results were statistically similar to that obtained by HPLC (NAF, FEN and CLO) and atomic spectroscopy (Zn). / No presente trabalho investigou-se a potencialidade do sistema de análise por injeção em batelada com detecção por voltametria de onda quadrada (BIA-SWV) para determinação simultânea de Zn e nafazolina (NAF) e do sistema análise por injeção em batelada com detecção por amperometria de múltiplos pulsos (BIA-MPA) para determinação simultânea de NAF e feniramina (FEN) ou NAF e clorfeniramina (CLO). Em ambos os métodos, diamante dopado com boro (BDD) foi usado como eletrodo de trabalho. Para determinação simultânea de Zn e NAF empregando BIA-SWV, as seguintes condições foram otimizadas: eletrólito de suporte: tampão acetato 0,05 mol L-1 (pH = 4,7), volume de injeção: 100 μL, tempo de deposição (Zn): 5 s, potencial de deposição (Zn): -1,5 V, : 100 s-1, a: 60 mV, ΔEs: 6 mV. Nestas condições, o método apresentou faixa linear de resposta entre 10 e 60 μmol L-1 para Zn (r = 0,992) e entre 3,0 e 21 μmol L-1 para NAF (r = 0,999), frequência analítica de 70 injeções h-1 e limites de detecção de 0,126 μmol L-1e 0,04 μmol L-1 para Zn e NAF, respectivamente. No estudo de repetibilidade (n = 20), os DPRs foram calculados 0,98% e 0,97% para Zn e NAF, respectivamente. A determinação simultânea de NAF e FEN ou NAF e CLO por BIA-MPA foi realizada através da aplicação de dois pulsos de potenciais em função do tempo ao eletrodo de BDD usando tampão BR 0,12 mol L-1 (pH = 10) como eletrólito suporte. Em +1,1 V/50 ms, FEN ou CLO foram oxidadas livre da interferência de NAF. Em +1,3 V/50ms, ambos os compostos (NAF + FEN ou NAF + CLO) foram oxidados. A corrente proveniente da oxidação da NAF foi obtida pela subtração entre as correntes detectadas em ambos os pulsos de potenciais com auxílio de um fator de correção (FC). O método proposto apresentou boa estabilidade (DPR = 1,7 e 3,95% para FEN e NAF; 2,1 e 3,6% para CLO e NAF, respectivamente; n=20), alta frequência analítica (110 injeções h-1), faixa linear de resposta entre 16 e 100 μmol L-1 para FEN e CLO (r > 0,996) e entre 2 e 15 μmol L-1 para NAF (r > 0,997). Os limites de detecção foram de 0,367, 0,361 e 0,148 μmol L-1 para FEN, CLO e NAF, respectivamente. Os métodos propostos foram usados na determinação destes compostos em formulações farmacêuticas. Os resultados obtidos com os métodos propostos foram estatisticamente similares aos obtidos por HPLC (NAF, FEN e CLO) ou absorção atômica (Zn). / Mestre em Química

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have been shown to be teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic and pose serious threats to the health of aquatic and human life. Several methods have been developed for their determination such as immunoassay, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with fluorescence or absorbance detection. However, these methods are known to manifest underlying disadvantages such as complicated pretreatment, high costs and time consuming processes. In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 20-50 nm. The properties of the composite formed upon deposition of the nanoparticles on the PPyox film were investigated by electrochemical methods. The PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE sensor showed strong catalytic activity towards the oxidation of anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene, and was able to simultaneously detect anthracene and phenanthrene in a binary mixture of the two. The catalytic peak currents obtained from square wave voltammetry increased linearly with anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations in the range of 3.0 x 10-6 to 3.56 x 10-4 M,3.3 x 10-5 to 2.83 x 10-4 M, 3.3 x 10-5 to 1.66 x 10-4 M and with detection limits of 0.169 μM, 1.59 μM and 2.70 μM, respectively. The PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE sensor is simple, has antifouling properties and is less time consuming with a response time of 4 s. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Breast cancer is regarded as the most common cancer in South Africa and its rate of occurrence is increasing. About one in every 31 South African women are at the risk of developing breast cancer and early diagnosis and treatment guarantee 90% survival rate. Tamoxifen is the drugs of choice for the treatment of all stages of breast cancer. The drug binds with estrogen receptor (ER) to minimize the transcription of estrogen dependent genes. However, nearly 50% of ER-positive breast cancer patients either become resistant or fail to respond to tamoxifen resulting in a serious clinical challenge in breast cancer management. The Grand Health Challenges of South Africa includes the development of cost effective diagnostic systems suitable for early detection of diseases and drug resistivity for timely invention and better patient management. / 2020-08-31

In this work, an electrochemical method based on a cyt c biosensor has been developed, for the detection of selected arsenic and cyanide compounds. Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) electrode was used as a transducer, onto which cyt c was immobilised and used for direct determination of Prussian blue, potassium cyanide and arsenic trioxide by inhibition mechanism. The sensitivity as calculated from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), for each analyte in phosphate buffer (pH= 7) was found to be (1.087- 4.488 ×10-9 M) and the detection limits ranging from 0.0043- 9.1 μM. These values represent a big improvement over the current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines.