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O nosso grupo tem investigado os efeitos da Clorfeniramina (CPA), antagonista H1, e da L-histidina (LH), uma droga precursora da síntese de histamina, sobre a ansiedade e a memória emocional. Diante disso, os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar os efeitos LH administrada i.p. e da CPA microinjetada no hipocampo dorsal sobre a ansiedade e a memória emocional de camundongos submetidos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). O experimento foi realizado em dois dias consecutivos. No primeiro dia (T1) 71 camundongos machos da cepa Suíço-Albino pesando 25-35g foram pré-tratados i.p. com salina (SAL) ou LH (500mg/Kg). Após duas horas, os sujeitos receberam microinjeção de SAL ou CPA (0,016nmol; 0,052nmol; 0,16nmol/0,1l) no hipocampo dorsal. Após cinco minutos, os animais foram expostos ao LCE por cinco minutos. Vinte quatro horas depois, o mesmo protocolo experimental foi adotado na reexposição (T2). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos de acordo com o tratamento farmacológico: SAL/SAL (n=9), SAL/CPA1 (n=9), SAL/CPA2 (n=10), SAL/CPA3 (n=8), LH/SAL (n=10), LH/CPA1 (n=8), LH/CPA2 (n=8) e LH/CPA3 (n=9). As três doses de CPA microinjetadas no hipocampo dorsal não alteraram a porcentagem de tempo gasto nos braços abertos (%TBA) na exposição ao LCE: T1 SAL/CPA1 (46,13±4,45); SAL/CPA2 (47,59±4,89); SAL/CPA3 (44,30±6,65) quando comparados com o grupo controle SAL/SAL (35,84±2,77) e não alteraram o número de entradas nos braços fechados (EBF) SAL/CPA1 (8,56±1,06); SAL/CPA2 (9,70±1,10); SAL/CPA3 (9,38±1,25) - quando comparados com o grupo controle SAL/SAL (10,56±1,11). A administração i.p. de LH aumentou a %TBA em T1 para o grupo LH/SAL (59,79±4,71), quando comparado ao grupo controle SAL/SAL (35,84±2,77), mas não alterou o EBF: LH/SAL (9,20±1,78) e SAL/SAL (10,56±1,11). Os animais do grupo LH/CPA3 diminuíram %TBA (32,25±4,81) em T1 quando comparados com o grupo LH/SAL (59,79±4,71). Os animais do grupo SAL/CPA1 não apresentaram diminuição da %TBA em T2 (T1: 46,13±4,45; T2: 39,38±6,53). O mesmo foi observado para os sujeitos dos grupos LH/CPA2 (T1: 50,10±3,99; T2: 40,97±8,22) e LH/CPA3 (T1: 32,25±4,81; T2: 32,16±6,93). Nós concluímos que: a CPA microinjetada no hipocampo dorsal de camundongos não apresenta efeito sobre a ansiedade; a administração intraperitoneal de LH apresenta efeito ansiolítico em camundongos expostos ao LCE e que esse efeito é revertido pela maior dose de CPA (0,16nmol/0,1l); são necessárias maiores doses de CPA para que haja prejuízo na memória emocional de camundongos reexpostos ao LCE quando os níveis de histamina no hipocampo dorsal estão elevados. / Our group has been investigating the effects of Chlorpheniramine (CPA), a histaminergic H1 antagonist, and of L-Histidine (LH), a histamine precursor, on anxiety-related behaviors and emotional memory. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LH i.p. injections and of dorsal intra-hippocampal microinjections of Chlorpheniramine (CPA) on anxiety-related behaviors and emotional memory in male mice using elevated plus-maze (EPM). The experiment was performed in two days. On the first day (T1) 71 male Swiss Albino mice of body weight 25- 35g were pre-treated with saline (SAL) i.p. or LH (500mg/Kg) i.p. After two hours they were treated with dorsal intra-hippocampal microinjections of SAL or CPA (0.016nmol; 0.052nmol; 0.16nmol/0,1l). Five minutes after intra-hippocampal microinjections the animals were exposed to EPM for 5 minutes. Twenty four hours later the same protocol was repeated (T2). The animals were randomly assigned to 8 groups based on drug treatment: SAL/SAL (n=9), SAL/CPA1 (n=9), SAL/CPA2 (n=10), SAL/CPA3 (n=8), LH/SAL (n=10), LH/CPA1 (n=8), LH/CPA2 (n=8) and LH/CPA3 (n=9). All three doses of intra-hippocampal microinjections of CPA did not change the percentage of time spent in the open-arms (%OAT) on T1 SAL/CPA1 (46.13±4.45); SAL/CPA2 (47.59±4.89); SAL/CPA3 (44.30±6.65) when compared to control group SAL/SAL (35.84±2.77) and did not change the enclosed arm entries (EAE) SAL/CPA1 (8.56±1.06); SAL/CPA2 (9.70±1.10); SAL/CPA3 (9.38±1.25) when compared to control group SAL/SAL (10.56±1.11). Intraperitoneal injections of LH increased %OAT on T1 on LH/SAL group (59.79±4.71), when compared to control group SAL/SAL (35.84±2.77), but not EAE LH/SAL (9.20±1.78) and SAL/SAL (10.56±1.11). Animals treated with LH and CPA3 (LH/CPA3) decreased %OAT (32.25±4.81) on T1 when compared to LH/SAL (59.79±4.71) group. SAL/CPA1 animals did not decreased %OAT on T2 (T1: 46.13±4.45; T2: 39.38±6.53). The same happened to LH/CPA2 (T1: 50.10±3.99; T2: 40.97±8.22) and LH/CPA3 (T1: 32.25±4.81; T2: 32.16±6.93) groups. Thus, we conclude that: dorsal intra-hippocampal microinjection of Chlorpheniramine has no effect on anxiety-related behaviors in male mice; intraperitoneal injection of L-Histidine has an anxiolytic-like effect in male mice exposed to elevated plus-maze, that is reversed by the higher dose of Chlorpheniramine (0.16nmol/0,1l); higher doses of CPA are necessary to impair emotional memory when the levels of hippocampal histamine are elevated.

O nosso grupo tem investigado os efeitos da Clorfeniramina (CPA), antagonista H1, e da L-histidina (LH), uma droga precursora da síntese de histamina, sobre a ansiedade e a memória emocional. Diante disso, os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar os efeitos LH administrada i.p. e da CPA microinjetada no hipocampo dorsal sobre a ansiedade e a memória emocional de camundongos submetidos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). O experimento foi realizado em dois dias consecutivos. No primeiro dia (T1) 71 camundongos machos da cepa Suíço-Albino pesando 25-35g foram pré-tratados i.p. com salina (SAL) ou LH (500mg/Kg). Após duas horas, os sujeitos receberam microinjeção de SAL ou CPA (0,016nmol; 0,052nmol; 0,16nmol/0,1l) no hipocampo dorsal. Após cinco minutos, os animais foram expostos ao LCE por cinco minutos. Vinte quatro horas depois, o mesmo protocolo experimental foi adotado na reexposição (T2). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos de acordo com o tratamento farmacológico: SAL/SAL (n=9), SAL/CPA1 (n=9), SAL/CPA2 (n=10), SAL/CPA3 (n=8), LH/SAL (n=10), LH/CPA1 (n=8), LH/CPA2 (n=8) e LH/CPA3 (n=9). As três doses de CPA microinjetadas no hipocampo dorsal não alteraram a porcentagem de tempo gasto nos braços abertos (%TBA) na exposição ao LCE: T1 SAL/CPA1 (46,13±4,45); SAL/CPA2 (47,59±4,89); SAL/CPA3 (44,30±6,65) quando comparados com o grupo controle SAL/SAL (35,84±2,77) e não alteraram o número de entradas nos braços fechados (EBF) SAL/CPA1 (8,56±1,06); SAL/CPA2 (9,70±1,10); SAL/CPA3 (9,38±1,25) - quando comparados com o grupo controle SAL/SAL (10,56±1,11). A administração i.p. de LH aumentou a %TBA em T1 para o grupo LH/SAL (59,79±4,71), quando comparado ao grupo controle SAL/SAL (35,84±2,77), mas não alterou o EBF: LH/SAL (9,20±1,78) e SAL/SAL (10,56±1,11). Os animais do grupo LH/CPA3 diminuíram %TBA (32,25±4,81) em T1 quando comparados com o grupo LH/SAL (59,79±4,71). Os animais do grupo SAL/CPA1 não apresentaram diminuição da %TBA em T2 (T1: 46,13±4,45; T2: 39,38±6,53). O mesmo foi observado para os sujeitos dos grupos LH/CPA2 (T1: 50,10±3,99; T2: 40,97±8,22) e LH/CPA3 (T1: 32,25±4,81; T2: 32,16±6,93). Nós concluímos que: a CPA microinjetada no hipocampo dorsal de camundongos não apresenta efeito sobre a ansiedade; a administração intraperitoneal de LH apresenta efeito ansiolítico em camundongos expostos ao LCE e que esse efeito é revertido pela maior dose de CPA (0,16nmol/0,1l); são necessárias maiores doses de CPA para que haja prejuízo na memória emocional de camundongos reexpostos ao LCE quando os níveis de histamina no hipocampo dorsal estão elevados. / Our group has been investigating the effects of Chlorpheniramine (CPA), a histaminergic H1 antagonist, and of L-Histidine (LH), a histamine precursor, on anxiety-related behaviors and emotional memory. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LH i.p. injections and of dorsal intra-hippocampal microinjections of Chlorpheniramine (CPA) on anxiety-related behaviors and emotional memory in male mice using elevated plus-maze (EPM). The experiment was performed in two days. On the first day (T1) 71 male Swiss Albino mice of body weight 25- 35g were pre-treated with saline (SAL) i.p. or LH (500mg/Kg) i.p. After two hours they were treated with dorsal intra-hippocampal microinjections of SAL or CPA (0.016nmol; 0.052nmol; 0.16nmol/0,1l). Five minutes after intra-hippocampal microinjections the animals were exposed to EPM for 5 minutes. Twenty four hours later the same protocol was repeated (T2). The animals were randomly assigned to 8 groups based on drug treatment: SAL/SAL (n=9), SAL/CPA1 (n=9), SAL/CPA2 (n=10), SAL/CPA3 (n=8), LH/SAL (n=10), LH/CPA1 (n=8), LH/CPA2 (n=8) and LH/CPA3 (n=9). All three doses of intra-hippocampal microinjections of CPA did not change the percentage of time spent in the open-arms (%OAT) on T1 SAL/CPA1 (46.13±4.45); SAL/CPA2 (47.59±4.89); SAL/CPA3 (44.30±6.65) when compared to control group SAL/SAL (35.84±2.77) and did not change the enclosed arm entries (EAE) SAL/CPA1 (8.56±1.06); SAL/CPA2 (9.70±1.10); SAL/CPA3 (9.38±1.25) when compared to control group SAL/SAL (10.56±1.11). Intraperitoneal injections of LH increased %OAT on T1 on LH/SAL group (59.79±4.71), when compared to control group SAL/SAL (35.84±2.77), but not EAE LH/SAL (9.20±1.78) and SAL/SAL (10.56±1.11). Animals treated with LH and CPA3 (LH/CPA3) decreased %OAT (32.25±4.81) on T1 when compared to LH/SAL (59.79±4.71) group. SAL/CPA1 animals did not decreased %OAT on T2 (T1: 46.13±4.45; T2: 39.38±6.53). The same happened to LH/CPA2 (T1: 50.10±3.99; T2: 40.97±8.22) and LH/CPA3 (T1: 32.25±4.81; T2: 32.16±6.93) groups. Thus, we conclude that: dorsal intra-hippocampal microinjection of Chlorpheniramine has no effect on anxiety-related behaviors in male mice; intraperitoneal injection of L-Histidine has an anxiolytic-like effect in male mice exposed to elevated plus-maze, that is reversed by the higher dose of Chlorpheniramine (0.16nmol/0,1l); higher doses of CPA are necessary to impair emotional memory when the levels of hippocampal histamine are elevated.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / The declining efficacy of antimalarial drugs against resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains in several endemic regions has amplified the world’s burden of neglected diseases. This has highlighted the need for alternate strategies for chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. Since malaria is prevalent primarily in third world countries, it is critical for novel therapies to be affordable. Previous research has found that some antihistamines possess inherent antimalarial activity and cause a marked reversal of chloroquine resistance in vitro and in vivo. Promising results have been demonstrated when chlorpheniramine was combined with chloroquine to reverse chloroquine resistance in two African studies (Sowunmi et al, 1997; Abok., 1997).Recently, astemizole and its principle human metabolite desmethylastemizole were identified as potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum at sub-micromolar concentrations in both chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant parasites, showing efficacy in vitro and in two mouse models. The promising results observed with these studies warrant a more comprehensive understanding of how antihistamines interact with the malaria parasite. Additionally, analysing the different structural and mechanistic characteristics of antihistamines may lead to the design and development of effective and affordable antimalarial agents or chloroquine resistance modulators.This thesis describes the antimalarial activity of mainly off-patent (generic) antihistamines by comparing the efficacy of a total of 24 antihistamines, representing histamine1, histamine2, and histamine3 receptor antagonists, against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Cyproheptadine, ketotifen, loratadine, desloratadine, 3-(1HImidazol-4-yl) propyldi (p-fluorophenyl) methyl ether hydrochloride and ciproxifan display IC50 values less than 4μg/ml. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity to antihistamines among the chloroquine sensitive and resistant parasites tested. A tricyclic nucleus appears to be an important structural scaffold for antihistamines which exhibit low IC50 values. Synergistic studies indicate that enhancement of the antimalarial effect of chloroquine on P.falciparum was observed with the ethanolamines against the chloroquine sensitive parasites.Cyproheptadine, ketotifen and desloratadine exerted a marked synergistic action with chloroquine against chloroquine sensitive and resistant parasites. Chlorpheniramine exhibited synergism with chloroquine against resistant parasites only.Microscopic studies illustrate the effect of antihistamines on parasite morphology when compared to control. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, it was seen that ketotifen decreases haemoglobin localization while cyproheptadine increases haemoglobin localization in the parasite’s food vacuole. Western blots have confirmed these results, in addition to indicating that chlorpheniramine decreases the haemoglobin content in the parasite. The results confirm that certain antihistamines do indeed cause a reduction in the growth of malaria parasites. Furthermore, the histamine1 and histamine3 receptor antagonists are most active while histamine2 receptor antagonists have no antimalarial activity. Microscopic studies suggest that antihistamines do not exert their antimalarial effect via a single mechanism of action.I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the following people and institutions whose supervision and assistance made the presentation of this thesis possible:My supervisor, Prof. Henry Leng. Thank for always believing in me. Your encouragement, kindness and calm temperament has given me the strength to complete this thesis even when times were tough. Your wisdom and understanding will always be remembered.My co-supervisor, Prof. Pete Smith. I sincerely thank you for allowing me the opportunity to work in your laboratory and for welcoming me into the department. Your kindness and welcoming attitude will forever be appreciated. Thank you for always being patient and understanding.Dr. Uschi Wiehart. Thank you for all the help in the laboratory and always being there for me. I truly value and appreciate your contribution to this thesis. Your friendship has added so much positive energy to my life. Thank you for your wisdom, inspirational advice and unfaltering encouragement Sumaya and Ntokosi, your help, advice and company in tissue culture, are truly appreciated.The UCT, Pharmacology students. Thank for all your assistance.My dearest Pharmaceutical Chemistry colleagues, Jaques Joubert, for your friendship and support and for always listening and Prof. Peter Eagles, your kindness, support and wise advice has given me strength when I needed it most. To my other School of Pharmacy colleagues. Prof. Sarel Malan and team, for your support and motivation.To my family for all your support and wisdom and to my baby brothers; Omar and Uzair for all the joy that you bring to my life.And finally to my dearest husband, Zaheer for all your love and support throughout my studies and for taking me to UCT to culture parasites every weekend

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseACPF.pdf: 1993727 bytes, checksum: 42770c78b76a4d455bc87403cef8c453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-02 / The aim of this study was to verify the effects of histamine on the process of functional recovery after hemilabyrinthectomy in goldfish, Carassius auratus. To this end, the fish were submitted to unilateral vestibular lesion and treated with a histamine precursor (L-histidine) and antagonists of the receptors H1, H2 and H3 (respectively chlorpheniramine, zolantidine and thioperamide). The success of the surgery was evidenced by the ataxia they suffered during approximately thirty minutes of observation and the presence of these signs was used as criterion for the inclusion of the animal in the experiment. The subjects were treated during fifteen consecutive days with L-histidine (150 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (24 mg/kg), zolantidine (18 mg/kg) and thioperamide (15 mg/kg). All substances were administrated in a volume of 1.5 ml/ kg of body weight and sterile saline (1.5 ml/kg) was used with the experimental control group. Another group, the sham lesion group, was submitted to the same surgical procedure, but in this case the vestibular lesion was not carried out. The subjects were submitted to seven tests, the first test being carried out on the first day after the lesion, and then five more at three day intervals. The seventh test was carried out three days after the conclusion of treatment. In each test, the subject was placed inside a translucent tube inside a black aquarium which was illuminated on the ipsilateral side for five minutes. The fish behavior was recorded with a video camera located in front of a small opening in the front wall of the aquarium. Body tilt was measured by comparing a line traced between the subject s eyes with a horizontal line traced on the television screen. The mean of the tilt in degrees obtained every thirty seconds was considered. The data were subjected to variance analysis (Two-way ANOVA), followed by the Student Newman Keuls multiple comparisons test. / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da histamina sobre o processo de recuperação funcional, após hemilabirintectomia em peixes da espécie Carassius auratus. Para tanto, foram utilizados a L-histidina, um precursor histaminérgico e antagonistas dos receptores H1, H2 e H3, sendo a clorfeniramina, antagonista H1, a zolantidina antagonista H2 e a tioperamida, antagonista do receptor histaminérgico H3. Os peixes foram anestesiados e submetidos à lesão vestibular unilateral. O sucesso da cirurgia foi evidenciado pela ataxia, caracterizada pelo rolamento do corpo e nado incoordenado durante aproximadamente trinta minutos, e a presença desses sinais foi utilizada como critério de inclusão do animal no experimento. Os sujeitos foram tratados durante quinze dias consecutivos com L-histidina (150 mg/kg), clorfeniramina (24 mg/kg), zolantidina (18 mg/kg) e tioperamida (15 mg/kg). Todas as substâncias foram administradas em um volume de 1.5 ml/kg, e a salina estéril (1.5 ml/kg) foi utilizada como controle experimental. Um outro grupo foi submetido ao procedimento cirúrgico, mas a lesão vestibular não foi realizada (Lesão Fictícia). Os sujeitos foram submetidos a sete testes. O primeiro teste foi realizado no primeiro dia após a lesão, e os demais, a cada três dias, totalizando seis testes. O sétimo teste foi realizado três dias após o término do tratamento. Cada teste consistiu em posicionar o sujeito dentro de um cilindro, no interior de um aquário revestido com uma película preta e iluminar esse aquário no lado ipsilateral à lesão durante cinco minutos. O comportamento animal foi registrado através de uma câmera de vídeo posicionada em frente a uma pequena abertura presente na parede anterior do aquário. O ângulo de inclinação corporal foi formado por uma linha correspondente ao posicionamento dos olhos e uma linha horizontal e medido com um transferidor na tela do televisor. A média desses ângulos obtidos a cada trinta segundos foi considerada. Os dados foram analisados através da Análise de Variância (ANOVA) de duas vias, seguida do teste de comparações múltiplas de Student Newman Keuls.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2563.pdf: 994088 bytes, checksum: 84ca24683a6c7dfb89d44df7d62a40cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The aim of present work was to evaluate the effect of chlorpheniramine and zolantidine, histamine H1 and H2 antagonist respectively, on anxiety and on emotional memory in mice, through of two experiments. In the first experiment, forty-one male mice were divided into three groups, according to the pharmacological treatment consisting of intraperitoneal injections of 16 mg/kg of chlorpheniramine (CPA n=13), 20 mg/kg of zolantidine (ZOL n=14) or saline (SAL n=14). In the first day (T1), each mouse was tested for 5 minutes in an elevated plus-maze (EPM). The mice received the pharmacological treatment immediately after test, and 24 h later the animals were resubmitted to EPM (T2). Measures of learning and memory (open arm entries, open arm time, % open arm entries, and % open arm time) were analyzed. Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences within groups in % open arm entries and % open arm time. The student-Newmann-Keuls test for multiple comparisons revealed that both variables were reduced during Trial 2 for the animals treated with SAL, ZOL or CPA, thus indicating decreased open arm activity. In the conditions of the first experiment, chlorpheniramine and zolantidine were shown to have no effect on the consolidation of emotional memory in mice. In the second experiment we used 123 mice which were initially divided into 6 groups and which received i.p. injections of zolantidine (20 mg/kg) or chlorpheniramine at doses of 8.0 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg, each with its respective control (saline). Forty minutes after the injection the mice were for the first time exposed to EPM (T1). After 24 hours (T2), each group was subdivided into two new groups which were re-injected with one of the drugs or saline before re-exposure to the maze. In the two days it were evaluated behaviors related to anxiety (percentage of entries and length of stay in the open arms in T1), rates of learning and memory (reduction of percentage of entries and of length of stay in the open arms in T2), locomotor activity (entries in the closed arms). Zolantidine at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and chlorpheniramine at a dose of 8.0 mg/kg, showed no differences concerning the control, both in T1 and as in the comparison of data from T1 and T2. Furthermore, chlorpheniramine at a dose of 16 mg/kg, reduced activity in the open arms already in T1 and SAL-CPA and CPA-CPA showed no reduction of activity in the open arms in T2. The results suggest that zolantidine has no effect on anxiety or emotional memory, while chlorpheniramine presents an anxiogenic effect at a dose of 16 mg/kg. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da clorfeniramina e da zolantidina, antagonistas H1 e H2 respectivamente, sobre a ansiedade e a memória emocional de camundongos, por meio de dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento, utilizou-se três grupos de camundongos que foram determinados pelo tratamento farmacológico recebido por meio de injeções intraperitoneais (i.p.) de 16 mg/kg de clorfeniramina (CPA n=13), 20 mg/kg de zolantidina (ZOL n=14) ou de salina (SAL n=14). No primeiro dia de teste (T1) cada camundongo foi testado por 5 minutos no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e recebeu o tratamento farmacológico imediatamente após o teste e, 24 h depois, os animais foram reexpostos ao LCE (T2). A análise estatística dos resultados revelou uma redução em T2, com relação a T1, de todas as variáveis avaliadas: entradas nos braços abertos, tempo nos braços abertos, percentual de entradas nos braços abertos e percentual de tempo nos braços abertos e tais resultados nos permitem concluir que, tanto a clorfeniramina quanto a zolantidina não apresentaram efeitos sobre a consolidação da memória emocional de camundongos. No segundo experimento, uma amostra de 123 camundongos foi dividida em 6 grupos que receberam injeções i.p. de zolantidina na dose de 20 mg/kg ou clorfeniramina nas doses de 8,0 mg/kg ou 16 mg/kg, cada qual com seu respectivo grupo controle que recebia o salina. Quarenta minutos após a injeção os camundongos foram expostos pela primeira vez ao LCE (T1) e após 24 horas, cada um dos grupos foi subdividido em dois novos grupos que recebiam novamente a injeção de uma das drogas ou de salina, 40 minutos antes da re-exposição ao labirinto (T2). Em ambos os dias foram avaliados comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade (percentual de entradas e de tempo de permanência nos braços abertos em T1); índices de aprendizagem e memória (redução de percentual de entradas e de tempo de permanência nos braços abertos em T2); atividade locomotora (entradas no braço fechado). A zolantidina não afetou a ansiedade ou a memória emocional dos camundongos, enquanto que a clorfeniramina apresentou efeito ansiogênico somente na dose de 16 mg/kg e tal efeito não permitiu que processos de aprendizagem e memória ligados ao LCE fossem devidamente desenvolvidos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4093.pdf: 1119616 bytes, checksum: e2ff33f63d45e943c166e8047c606c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-27 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This study investigated the role of H1 amygdala receptors in state-dependent memory deficits induced by L-histidine (LH).To address this question, we investigated the effects of H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine (CPA) microinjected into the amygdala on anxiety and emotional memory retrieval in mice submitted to the EPM. Experimental subjects were 117 adult male Swiss mice weighing 25-32g at testing. Tests using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) were performed on two consecutive days: Trial 1 (T1) and Trial 2 (T2). Before each trial, mice were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with LH (500mg/kg), a histaminergic precursor. Two hours later, they were microinjected with chlorpheniramine (CPA; 0.016, 0.052, or 0.16 nmol/ 0.1 &#956;l), or saline (SAL) into the amygdala, and five minutes later reexposed to the EPM. For each CPA dose administered, the animals were randomly assigned to four groups based on drug treatment: control (i.p injection and i.a SAL), LH-SAL (i.p injection LH and i.a SAL), SAL-CPA (i.p injection SAL and i.a CPA) and LH-CPA (i.p injection of LH and i.a CPA). The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher LSD tests. IP injection of LH and microinjection of CPA into the amygdala did not induce significant T1 differences between groups for percentages of open arm entries (%OAE) or open arm time (%OAT) (ANOVA, p > 0.05), which indicated that the drugs did not affect anxiety. In T2, the control group and the groups that received IP injection of SAL and an 0.016- or 0.052-mnol infusion of CPA (SAL-CPA) demonstrated significant reductions in open arm exploration (%OAE and %OAT) (p < 0.05), suggesting a retrieval of aversive information concerning the open arms. Importantly, the LH groups that received an injection of SAL (LH-SAL) or CPA (LH-CPA) did not exhibit decreased open arm activity; no significant differences in %OAE and %OAT (p > 0.05) were observed between T1 and T2, suggesting that the LH-induced deficit in emotional memory retrieval was not reversed by CPA injection. Furthermore, animals that received IP injections of SAL and 0.16 nmol infusion of CPA (SAL-CPA) did not exhibit decreased open arm exploration in T2 compared to T1 (p > 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the number of enclosed arm entries (EAE), an EPM index of general exploratory activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the H1 receptors in the amygdala are not implicated in anxiety-like behaviors but are involved in emotional memory deficits induced by the T1/T2 EPM protocol in mice. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o papel dos receptores histaminérgicos H1 sobre o déficit de evocação da memória emocional induzido pela Lhistidina. Para essa investigação, foi verificado o efeito da Clorfeniramina (CPA), antagonista H1, administrada na amídala, sobre a ansiedade e a evocação da memória emocional em camundongos submetidos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Foram utilizados 117 camundongos machos da cepa Suíço-Albino, pesando entre 25 e 32 g. O teste comportamental foi realizado em dois dias consecutivos: teste 1 (T1) e teste 2 (T2). Em ambos os dias, as drogas foram administradas pré-teste. Os animais receberam injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de Lhistidina (LH), precursor histaminérgico, na dose de 500mg/kg, e duas horas depois receberam injeções na amídala (i.a) de SAL ou CPA, nas doses de 0,016nmol/0,1 &#956;l; 0,052nmol/0,1&#956;l e 0,16 nmol /0,1&#956;l. Após cinco minutos da injeção central os animais foram expostos ao LCE. Para cada dose de CPA administrada os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos experimentais de acordo com o tratamento farmacológico: controle (injeção i.p SAL e i.a SAL); LH-SAL (injeção i.p LH e i.a SAL); SAL-CPA (injeção i.p SAL e i.a CPA); LH-CPA (injeção i.p LH e i.a CPA). Os dados foram analisados usando a ANOVA de duas vias e o teste post hoc de Fisher LSD. A injeção i.p de LH e a infusão de CPA não induziram diferenças significativas entre os grupos em T1 para as medidas de ansiedade (%entradas nos braços abertos, %EBA; % tempo gasto nos braços abertos, %TBA), nas diferentes doses de CPA utilizadas (ANOVA, p > 0.05), indicando que as drogas não induziram efeitos nas medidas de ansiedade. Em T2 houve uma redução significativa na exploração dos braços abertos (%EBA e %TBA) em relação a T1, para os grupos controle e SAL-CPA nas doses de CPA de 0,016 nmol e 0,052 nmo/0,1 &#956;l (p < 0,05), sugerindo uma evocação da aprendizagem aversiva relacionada aos braços abertos. Os grupos LH que receberam infusão de SAL (LH-SAL) ou CPA (LH-CPA) não diminuíram significativamente as %EBA e %TBA (ANOVA, p > 0,05) nas três doses de CPA. Adicionalmete, na maior dose de CPA (0,16 nmol/0,1 &#956;l), apenas o grupo controle diminuiu as %EBA e %TBA (p < 0,05) em T2. Não houve mudanças significativas nas entradas dos braços fechados (EBF) (ANOVA, p > 0,05), medida representativa da atividade locomotora dos animais. Nossos resultados sugerem que a L-histidina e os receptores H1 presentes na amídala não participam dos estados de ansiedade, mas estão envolvidos no comprometimento da memória emocional em camundongos reexpostos ao LCE.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6542.pdf: 976115 bytes, checksum: f044b79bc4aa03baa6d20c50be943d15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / This study investigated the effects of bilateral intra-amygdala microinjections of PNU-282987, which is a nicotinic cholinergic agonist, on anxiety and emotional memory as well as the reversal of amnesia induced by an H1 histaminergic antagonist (CPA) in mice subjected to the elevated plus-maze (EPM). For this purpose, two experiments were performed. The subjects were seventynine adult male Swiss mice weighing 25-40g at testing. Behavioral testing was performed on two consecutive days (T1 and T2). In both experiments, the drugs were administered prior to testing. In Experiment 1, the animals received bilateral microinjections of saline (SAL) or PNU-282987 (0.1 nmol) and four experimental groups were tested; i.e., SAL-SAL, SAL-PNU, PNU-SAL and PNU-PNU groups. In Experiment 2, the animals received combined bilateral microinjections of CPA (0.16 nmol) and PNU-282987 on T1 and they were re-exposed to the EPM 24 hours later. Four experimental groups were tested; i.e., SAL-SAL, PNU-SAL, CPA-SAL and CPA-PNU groups. ANOVA followed by Duncan´s tests revealed no significant differences between the SAL and treated groups at T1 in the measurements of anxiety (i.e., % open arm entries and % open arm time, ANOVA, p > 0.05), which indicates that the CPA and PNU did not induce effects on anxiety. The isolated microinjections of PNU-282987 did not produce effects on emotional memory; however, the combined microinjections of PNU-282987 and CPA were able to reverse the deficit in memory induced by CPA (ANOVA, p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the numbers of enclosed arm entries which served as a measure of locomotor activity (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that intra-amygdala injections of PNU-282987 did not induce effects on anxiety and emotional memory per se; however, the combined injections of CPA and PNU-282987 reversed the amnesic effects caused by CPA, which is suggestive of an interaction between the histaminergic and cholinergic systems in the modulation of emotion memory acquisition in mice subjected to the EPM. / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram verificar os efeitos das microinjeções bilaterais de agonista colinérgico nicotínico PNU-282987, na amídala, sobre a ansiedade e memória emocional, e analisar se as microinjeções do PNU-282987 revertem o efeito amnésico provocado pelo antagonista histaminérgico H1 Clorfeniramina (CPA) em camundongos submetidos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Para essas investigações foram realizados dois experimentos. Foram utilizados 79 camundongos da cepa Suíço-Albino, machos, pesando entre 25 e 40g. O teste comportamental foi realizado em dois dias consecutivos: T1 e T2. No experimento 1, os animais receberam microinjeções bilaterais intra-amídala de salina (SAL) ou PNU (0,1 nmol) pré-T1 e pré-T2. Após cinco minutos da microinjeção, os animais foram expostos ao LCE. Foram formados quatro grupos experimentais: SAL-SAL; SAL-PNU; PNU-SAL; PNU-PNU. No experimento 2, os animais receberam microinjeções combinadas bilaterais intra-amídala de CPA (0,16 nmol) ou PNU (0,1 nmol) apenas pré-T1 Após cinco minutos os animais foram expostos ao LCE; em T2 houve apenas a reexposição. Foram formados quatro grupos experimentais: SALSAL; PNU-SAL; CPA-SAL; CPA-PNU. Os dados foram analisados usando a ANOVA de duas vias e o teste post hoc Duncan. A ANOVA não mostrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos em T1 para as medidas de ansiedade [% entradas nos braços abertos (%EBA); % tempo gasto nos braços abertos (%TBA), p > 0,05]. O PNU, microinjetado per se, não apresentou efeitos na aquisição da memória emocional, entretanto no experimento 2, as microinjeções combinadas de PNU e CPA, foram capazes de reverter o déficit na memória induzido pela CPA (ANOVA, p < 0,05), sugerindo a interação entre esses sistemas na amídala de camundongos reexpostos ao LCE. Não houve mudanças significativas nas entradas dos braços fechados (ANOVA, p > 0,05), medida representativa da atividade locomotora. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que as microinjeções do PNU-282987 intra-amídala não apresentaram efeitos sobre a aquisição da memória emocional, entretanto houve uma interação entre os sistemas histaminérgico e colinérgico na amídala na modulação da aquisição da memória emocional em camundongos reexpostos ao LCE.

The twin screw extrusion technique has been explored to produce lyotropic liquid crystal coated powder precursor by exploiting Pluronic F127 thermoreversible gelation property to get powder precursor without granular aggregates or with less compacted granular aggregates. The highly soluble chlorpheniramine maleate loaded in Pluronic F127 solution coated MCC particles prepared through twin screw extrusion was examined to produce the cubic phase (gel) for the development of controlled release formulation and for coating of very fine particles which cannot be achieved by traditional bead coaters. Controlled release formulations are beneficial in reducing the frequency of administration of highly soluble drugs having short half life and also to address the problem of polypharmacy in old age patients by reduction of dosage frequency. An unusual refrigerated temperature (5 C) profile for twin screw extrusion was selected based on the complex viscoelastic flow behaviour of Pluronic F127 solution which was found to be highly temperature sensitive. The Pluronic F127 solution was found to be Newtonian in flow and less viscoelastic at low temperature, such that low temperature (5 C) conditions were found to be suitable for mixing and coating the MCC particles to avoid compacted aggregates. At higher temperatures (35-40 C) Pluronic F127 solution exhibited shear thinning and prominent viscoelasticity, properties which were exploited to force CPM containing Pluronic F127 solution to stick over the MCC surface. This was achieved by elevating the temperature of the last zone of the extrusion barrel. It was found that to avoid compacted aggregates the MCC must be five times the weight of the Pluronic F127 solution and processed at a screw speed of 400 RPM or above at refrigerated temperature. Processing was not found to be smooth at ambient temperature with frictional heat and high torque generation due to significant compaction of coated particles which can be attributed to the elastic behaviour of Pluronic F127 solution at temperatures between ambient to typical body temperature. PLM images confirmed the cubic phase formation (gel) by Pluronic F127 coating which was found to be thick with maximum Pluronic F127 concentration (25%). SEM images showed smoothing of surface topography, and stretching and elongation of MCC fibres after extrusion which is indicative of coating through extrusion processing. Plastic deformation was observed for the lower Pluronic F127 concentration and higher MCC proportions. There was a significant decrease in work done for cohesion by the powder flow analyser observed in the batches with more aggregates compared with batches with least aggregates. A regression analysis study on factorial design batches was conducted to investigate the significant independent variables and their impact on dependent variables for example % torque, geometric mean diameter and work done for cohesion, and to quantitatively evaluate them. From the regression analysis data it was found that the coefficient of determination for all three dependent variables was in the range of 55-62%. The pharmaceutical performance of the prepared coated LLC precursor through twin screw extrusion in terms of controlled release was found to be very disappointing. Almost 100% chlorpheniramine maleate was released within 10-15mins, defined as providing burst release. The MDSC method was developed within this work to detect Pluronic F127 solution cubic phase formation. The MDSC method was developed to consider sample size, effect of heating and cooling, sample heat capacity, and the parameters for highest sensitivity which can be followed by sample accurately without the phase lag to produce accurate repeatable results.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / In this work we investigated the potentiality of batch injection analysis with square-wave voltammetry (BIA-SWV) detection for simultaneous determination of Zn and naphazoline (NAF) and batch injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric (BIA-MPA) detection for simultaneous determination of NAF and pheniramine (FEN) or NAF and chlorpheniramine (CLO). In both methods, boron-doped diamond (BDD) was used as working electrode. For the simultaneous determination of Zn and NAF by BIA-SWV, the following conditions have been optimized: supporting electrolyte: acetate buffer 0.05 mol L-1 (pH = 4.7), injection volume: 100 μL, deposition time (Zn): 5 s, deposition potential (Zn) -1.5 V, : 100 s-1, a: 60 mV, ΔEs: 6 mV. Under these conditions, the method showed linear response range between 10 and 60 μmol L-1 for Zn (r = 0.992) and between 3.0 e 21 μmol L-1 for NAF (r = 0.999), high analytical frequency (70 injections h-1) and LOD of 0.126 μmol L-1 and 0.04 μmol L-1 for Zn and NAF, respectively. In the study of repeatability (n = 20), the calculated RSD were 0.98% and 0.97% for Zn and NAF, respectively. The simultaneous determination of NAF and FEN or NAF and CLO by BIA-MPA was performed with the application of three sequential pulses in function of time to the BDD electrode using Britton-Robinson Buffer solution 0.12 mol L-1 (pH = 10.0) as supporting electrolyte. At +1.1 V/50 ms, FEN or CLO was detected (oxidation) without interference of NAF. At +1.3 V/50 ms, both compounds (FEN + NAF or CLO + NAF) were oxidized. The current of NAF can then be obtained by subtraction of the currents detected during application of both potential pulses using a correction factor. The proposed method presented good ability (RSD = 1.7 and 4.0% for FEN and NAF; 2.1% and 3.6% for CLO and NAF, respectively; n=20); high analytical frequency (110 injections h-1), linear concentration range between 16 e 100 μmol L-1 for FEN and CLO (r > 0.996) and between 2 e 15 μmol L-1 for NAF (r > 0.997). The LOD calculated were 0.367, 0.361 e 0.148 μmol L-1, for FEN, CLO and NAF, respectively. The proposed methods were used for determination of these compounds in pharmaceutical samples. The obtained results were statistically similar to that obtained by HPLC (NAF, FEN and CLO) and atomic spectroscopy (Zn). / No presente trabalho investigou-se a potencialidade do sistema de análise por injeção em batelada com detecção por voltametria de onda quadrada (BIA-SWV) para determinação simultânea de Zn e nafazolina (NAF) e do sistema análise por injeção em batelada com detecção por amperometria de múltiplos pulsos (BIA-MPA) para determinação simultânea de NAF e feniramina (FEN) ou NAF e clorfeniramina (CLO). Em ambos os métodos, diamante dopado com boro (BDD) foi usado como eletrodo de trabalho. Para determinação simultânea de Zn e NAF empregando BIA-SWV, as seguintes condições foram otimizadas: eletrólito de suporte: tampão acetato 0,05 mol L-1 (pH = 4,7), volume de injeção: 100 μL, tempo de deposição (Zn): 5 s, potencial de deposição (Zn): -1,5 V, : 100 s-1, a: 60 mV, ΔEs: 6 mV. Nestas condições, o método apresentou faixa linear de resposta entre 10 e 60 μmol L-1 para Zn (r = 0,992) e entre 3,0 e 21 μmol L-1 para NAF (r = 0,999), frequência analítica de 70 injeções h-1 e limites de detecção de 0,126 μmol L-1e 0,04 μmol L-1 para Zn e NAF, respectivamente. No estudo de repetibilidade (n = 20), os DPRs foram calculados 0,98% e 0,97% para Zn e NAF, respectivamente. A determinação simultânea de NAF e FEN ou NAF e CLO por BIA-MPA foi realizada através da aplicação de dois pulsos de potenciais em função do tempo ao eletrodo de BDD usando tampão BR 0,12 mol L-1 (pH = 10) como eletrólito suporte. Em +1,1 V/50 ms, FEN ou CLO foram oxidadas livre da interferência de NAF. Em +1,3 V/50ms, ambos os compostos (NAF + FEN ou NAF + CLO) foram oxidados. A corrente proveniente da oxidação da NAF foi obtida pela subtração entre as correntes detectadas em ambos os pulsos de potenciais com auxílio de um fator de correção (FC). O método proposto apresentou boa estabilidade (DPR = 1,7 e 3,95% para FEN e NAF; 2,1 e 3,6% para CLO e NAF, respectivamente; n=20), alta frequência analítica (110 injeções h-1), faixa linear de resposta entre 16 e 100 μmol L-1 para FEN e CLO (r > 0,996) e entre 2 e 15 μmol L-1 para NAF (r > 0,997). Os limites de detecção foram de 0,367, 0,361 e 0,148 μmol L-1 para FEN, CLO e NAF, respectivamente. Os métodos propostos foram usados na determinação destes compostos em formulações farmacêuticas. Os resultados obtidos com os métodos propostos foram estatisticamente similares aos obtidos por HPLC (NAF, FEN e CLO) ou absorção atômica (Zn). / Mestre em Química