Denna litteraturstudie behandlar Safety Managment System (SMS), ett relativt nytt begrepp och arbetssätt inom flygindustrin för att arbeta med flygsäkerhet och som initierades av det som idag är International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ett organ inom Förenta Nationen (FN). SMS utvecklades eftersom det i flygsäkerhetsarbetet har blivit allt svårare att utpeka enskilda faktorer som orsakar olyckor, utan är i större grad en kedja av faktorer när en olycka inträffat. SMS är en systematisk metod för att hantera säkerhet, inklusive de nödvändiga organisatoriska strukturer, ansvarsområden, riktlinjer och rutiner. SMS omfattar säkerhetspolicy och mål, riskhantering, säkerhetsförsäkran samt säkerhetsfrämjande. Transportstyrelsen publicerade 2013 ett svenskt State Safety Program (SSP) med krav på SMS inom andra verksamhetsområden inom flyget. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) publicerade 2013 ett förslag där SMS skulle krävas hos flygunderhållorganisationer (Part-145), vilket ej än har fastställts och publicerats. Syftet var att tydliggöra hur implementeringsarbetet fortgår för SMS inom svenska Part-145 organisationer, vilka faktorer som kan försvåra arbetet, samt att belysa möjligheter och utmaningar vid implementering av SMS. Även att få en förståelse i skillnaden mellan dagens säkerhetsarbete i förhållande till vid implementerat SMS inom flygunderhåll. Arbetet begränsades till SMS i Svenska flygindustrin och inom flygunderhåll Part-145 och arbetet baseras på källor från ICAO, EASA, Transportstyrelsen, relevant litteratur och forskning samt en kvalitativ intervju med representant på Transportstyrelsen. Slutsatsen är att det finns i dagsläget starka indicier på att EASA kommer att publicera ett lagförslag sommaren 2018 som gäller för underhålls-organisationer (Part-145) och att dessa organisationer då kommer att ha en tvåårsperiod för implementering. Vidare krav på rapportering, riskbedömning och tydligt krav på dokumentering är viktiga skillnader mellan dagens krav och de nya kraven i och med SMS. Vidare kan man konstatera att risken vid implementering av SMS är att man överkomplicerar implementeringen, inte anpassar systemet till egna organisationen, att rutiner sedan inte används alternativt otillräckligt med resurser eller att man efter implementering inte kontinuerligt arbetar med SMS. Vi kan även slå fast att framgångsfaktorer för att erhålla ett fungerande SMS inkluderar utbildning och engagerad ledning samt att SMS anpassas för organisationens verksamhet och blir väl integrerat i de dagliga aktiviteterna. / This literature study covers the Safety Management System (SMS), a relatively new concept and working method within the aviation industry to work with flight safety and initiated by what is now the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a United Nation (UN) specialized agency. SMS was developed since work with flight safety has become increasingly difficult to identify individual factors that cause accidents, but to a greater extent a chain of factors when an accident occurred. SMS is a systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, responsibilities, policies and procedures. SMS includes safety policy and objectives, risk management, safety assurance and safety promotion. The Swedish Transport Agency published in 2013 a Swedish State Safety Program (SSP) with requirements for SMS in other areas in aviation. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) published in 2013, a proposal with requirements of SMS to the maintenance organizations (Part-145), which has not yet been established and published. The objective was to clarify how the implementation work continues for SMS in Swedish Part-145 organizations, the factors that can complicate the work, as well as highlighting opportunities and challenges in the implementation of the SMS. Also to get an understanding of the difference between today's safety work in relation to the implemented SMS in aviation maintenance. The work was limited to SMS within Swedish aviation industry and maintenance Part-145 and the work is based on sources from ICAO, EASA, Swedish Transport Agency, relevant literature and research as well as a qualitative interview with a representative of the Swedish Transport Agency. The conclusion is that there is at today strong indications that EASA will publish a legislative proposal the summer of 2018, which applies to maintenance organizations (Part-145), and that these organizations will then have two years to implement the new requirements. Further reporting requirements, risk assessment and clear demands on documentation are important differences between today's requirements and the new requirements of the SMS. Furthermore, it can be stated that the risk in the implementation of SMS is that it complicates implementation more than needed, do not customize the system to their own organization, the routines then will not be use alternative insufficient resources, or that after the implementation the organization do not continuously work with the SMS. We can also conclude that the success factors to obtain effective SMS includes education and management commitment and that the SMS adapts to the organization's operations and is well integrated in the daily activities.

The purpose of the Thesis is to acquaint reader with Safety management system in the aviation. In the beggining Thesis describes the begining of safety management, why was the system created and how it developed in the past. The main part of the Thesis is focused on identification of software tools for easier implementation of Safety management system in the training organizations. Another part of the Thesis is focused on aplication of selected software tools on small training organization (ATO) with complex disposition.

The purpose of the Thesis is to acquaint reader with Safety management system in the aviation. In the beggining Thesis describes the begining of safety management, why was the system created and how it developed in the past. The main part of the Thesis is focused on identification of software tools for easier implementation of Safety management system in the training organizations. Another part of the Thesis is focused on aplication of selected software tools on small training organization (ATO) with complex disposition.

The safety literature describes senior managers as crucially influencing organisational safety. Yet, it is not fully understood, what contributes to their influence. This thesis investigated senior managers’ characteristics in relation to their impact on safety in air traffic management organisations. A review of the safety literature indicated research in this area would benefit from the introduction of a research model as a theoretical basis. The skills-based leadership model by Mumford and colleagues was proposed as a suitable model for senior managers’ influence on organisational safety. A safety–specific version of the model was devised, consisting of traits (Big Fives, regulatory focus), skills (problem solving, social competence) and safety knowledge as antecedents of safety commitment and organisational safety outcomes. Study 1 explored the relevance of these characteristics for senior managers’ work on safety using semi-structured interviews with senior managers (N = 9). Responses were coded into the characteristics with sufficient reliability using qualitative content analysis. The characteristics were found to be relevant for senior managers’ influence on safety and their content was refined based on the findings. Safety knowledge and social competence were frequently indicated. Interpersonal leadership emerged as additionally relevant. Study 2 investigated the characteristics’ relevance for safety managers’ and CEOs’ influence on safety with questionnaires consisting of open questions (N = 49). Responses were coded using qualitative content analysis with acceptable reliability. The results re-confirmed the relevance of the characteristics. As in the previous study, interpersonal leadership emerged. Furthermore, problem-solving, leadership and safety knowledge were found more frequently for CEOs than for safety managers, whereas personality was more frequently indicated for safety managers than for CEOs. Finally, Study 3 tested the characteristics’ influence on safety commitment, which was conceptualised as indicated through behaviours that reflect a positive attitude towards safety. Interview questions, scenarios and questionnaires were used to measure characteristics and safety commitment in a sample of senior managers (N = 60). Interview and scenario responses were quantified with acceptable reliability. The results indicated that not all characteristics that were previously found to be relevant for senior managers’ influence on organisational safety were also related to safety commitment. Mainly, problem solving was shown to influence safety commitment, with the ability to understand problems, to identify useful information-sources and to generate ideas that relate to changes in the organisation’s culture as most influential. The findings can inform guidance and training for senior managers. Future research in this area could benefit from a focus on the conceptualisation of safety commitment, the role of interpersonal leadership style, as well as safety knowledge and the skills included in the research model.

Introdução - No período de agosto de 2009 a setembro de 2015, doze trabalhadores morreram atropelados por trem durante exercício do labor. Pelas análises dos acidentes realizadas pela empresa de transporte ferroviário de passageiros, todas as vítimas descumpriram os normas e os procedimentos de segurança. Para solucionar o problema, a empresa propôs que os trabalhadores atendam integralmente a todos os procedimentos e normas. Objetivos - Mediar o processo de análise do trabalho feito pelos próprios trabalhadores de uma empresa pública de transporte ferroviário de passageiros, de modo a compreender e desvelar situações críticas do cotidiano de trabalho dos operadores que podem estar relacionadas às causas dos atropelamentos de trabalhadores em via férrea. Método - Análise Coletiva do Trabalho - ACT, foram realizadas duas reuniões. Resultados - A organização do trabalho está baseada em princípios da administração científica de Taylor. Pela percepção dos maquinistas e dos técnicos de manutenção de superestrutura, eles são excluídos do processo de formulação do procedimentos, o que implica no distanciamento e na fragilização da confiança entre quem planeja e executa. Conclusão - O método da ACT permitiu desvelar as dimensões da dominação burocrática presente no cotidiano dos ferroviários. / Introduction - Between August 2009 and September 2015, twelve workers were killed by train during their work. From the analysis of the accidents carried out by the passenger rail company, all victims failed to comply with safety standards and procedures. To solve the problem, the company proposed that employees comply fully with all procedures and standards. Objectives - To mediate the process of analyzing the work done by the employees of a public railway transport company, in order to understand and uncover critical situations in the daily work of the operators that may be related to the causes of trampling of workers on the railroad . Method - Collective Labor Analysis, two meetings were held. Results - The organization of the work is based on principles of Taylor\'s scientific management. By the perception of the machinists and superstructure maintenance technicians, they are excluded from the process of formulating the procedures, which implies distancing and weakening trust between planners and executives. Conclusion - The ACT method allowed to reveal the dimensions of the bureaucratic domination present in the everyday life of the railway workers.

Introdução - No período de agosto de 2009 a setembro de 2015, doze trabalhadores morreram atropelados por trem durante exercício do labor. Pelas análises dos acidentes realizadas pela empresa de transporte ferroviário de passageiros, todas as vítimas descumpriram os normas e os procedimentos de segurança. Para solucionar o problema, a empresa propôs que os trabalhadores atendam integralmente a todos os procedimentos e normas. Objetivos - Mediar o processo de análise do trabalho feito pelos próprios trabalhadores de uma empresa pública de transporte ferroviário de passageiros, de modo a compreender e desvelar situações críticas do cotidiano de trabalho dos operadores que podem estar relacionadas às causas dos atropelamentos de trabalhadores em via férrea. Método - Análise Coletiva do Trabalho - ACT, foram realizadas duas reuniões. Resultados - A organização do trabalho está baseada em princípios da administração científica de Taylor. Pela percepção dos maquinistas e dos técnicos de manutenção de superestrutura, eles são excluídos do processo de formulação do procedimentos, o que implica no distanciamento e na fragilização da confiança entre quem planeja e executa. Conclusão - O método da ACT permitiu desvelar as dimensões da dominação burocrática presente no cotidiano dos ferroviários. / Introduction - Between August 2009 and September 2015, twelve workers were killed by train during their work. From the analysis of the accidents carried out by the passenger rail company, all victims failed to comply with safety standards and procedures. To solve the problem, the company proposed that employees comply fully with all procedures and standards. Objectives - To mediate the process of analyzing the work done by the employees of a public railway transport company, in order to understand and uncover critical situations in the daily work of the operators that may be related to the causes of trampling of workers on the railroad . Method - Collective Labor Analysis, two meetings were held. Results - The organization of the work is based on principles of Taylor\'s scientific management. By the perception of the machinists and superstructure maintenance technicians, they are excluded from the process of formulating the procedures, which implies distancing and weakening trust between planners and executives. Conclusion - The ACT method allowed to reveal the dimensions of the bureaucratic domination present in the everyday life of the railway workers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-117).

In this thesis, methods used at present in occupational health and safety management are analyzed and a model safety management system is developed. History, development and recent occupational safety regulations in the United States of America and European Union are introduced to give a sight on this subject in developed countries. The suggested model is evaluated with work accident data taken from a company and hazard and risk analysis methods are used to investigate these accidents. Preventive measures to eliminate and reduce the consequences of these accidents are recommended. Finally a model safety management system which can be used in all types of industry is developed.

No description available.

The established approach to safety management has failed to handle socio-technical systems that have become more complex. The main argument is this approach is based on assumptions that systems are protected against accidents by barriers (well-trained people, redundant mechanisms and safety devices, and procedures and safe systems of work). Complex systems, such as maintenance, are actually labour intensive; maintenance staff often works under pressure to finish tasks as rapidly as possible. They continuously adapt and make adjustments using available resources, time, knowledge, and competence to achieve success. Thus, they are accidents prone. Human factors inherent to maintenance accidents are most times difficult to identify. Research in this area in the oil and gas industry in maintenance management is limited in comparison to the aviation and nuclear sectors. Therefore, it has been suggested to overcome this lack by exploring the maintenance system and identifying appropriate methods and tools that lead a system to safety excellence. Resilience engineering (RE) approach has been found the suitable solution. Moreover, four system abilities (cornerstones of RE: ability to respond, to monitor, to anticipate, and to learn) have been identified to characterise the resilience of a system; if these abilities are known and increased, it will make the system As High Resilient As Possible (AHRAP). However, there is a need to bridge between RE theory and practice. Particularly, a tool that measures these abilities lacks in the oil and gas industry, specifically within the maintenance system. In doing so, a framework based on a Gap Analysis (GA) was outlined. A tool, the MAintenance System Resilience Assessment Tool- MASRAT, was developed to assess current system resilience and identify strategies for improvement to achieve safety excellence. The maintenance system of SONATRACH was explored by the analysis of the system documentation and processes, interviews with maintenance staff, questionnaires, field observations, storytelling, and functional analysis. MASRAT has been validated by means of congruency and principal components analysis, PCA (content validity), and Cronbach’s alpha (reliability). An expert panel testing was carried out to test its usability. The exploration of the system came up with a snapshot of daily activities as well as a better understanding of the maintenance system. The study identified the most significant human factors (resources, time pressure, and supervision/coordination) and their probable impact on plant safety. The elements of the system were found tightly coupled, hence the system complex. Stories describing the continuous adaptations of people to achieve assigned objectives were collected. On the other hand, MASRAT was validated. All items were rated above 0.75 in congruency test. The results of PCA for the three selected factors confirmed the items may be clustered after extraction into four components which interpretation represents the four cornerstones of RE. The analysis showed MASRAT is reproducible. Cronbach’s alpha results were found higher than what is required (0.7). MASRAT was found usable by maintenance expert panel. It was used to measure the maintenance department resilience. Strategies that may lead the system from current maturity level to excellence were identified. Eventually, recommendations were made to management to be implemented both at corporate and department levels. For the first time, the maintenance department resilience of petroleum assets was measured to fill in the gap between RE theory and practice. Besides, this can be of benefit to the petroleum industry by a better knowledge of the maintenance working environment and human factors impact on safety and by profiles determination and improvement strategies identification.