Safety climate provides an indication of the perceptions of employees with regard to safety management in an organisation. Although there have been many studies on safety climate, a common platform to measure safety climate has not yet been agreed upon. This makes it difficult to compare climate performance across industries and organisations. This study endeavors to identify the common thread that flows through all safety climate studies through extensive literature review and develop safety climate measurement tool in the form a 65 question survey. The survey was validated using confirmatory factor analysis and expert review. The study further looks at the elements of safety climate that affect the behavioral safety management and determines how an organisation performs on those identified elements through descriptive statistic models.100 employees of a large petrochemical organisation based in South Africa participated in the survey. The results required that several of the questions in the survey be reevaluated and therefore the survey will need to be re tested. The results also demonstrated that the sample organisation had considered and implemented the elements of safety climate that are required for a behavioral safety program. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lmgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to explore Zohar’s Multi-Climate Framework for Occupational Safety to determine the effects of staff nurse perceptions of safety priorities in their organization (safety climate) and their work ownership climate (Magnet Hospital designation) on safety citizenship behaviors viewed as in role or extra role. Safety citizenship behaviors are described as behaviors that go beyond the job description to ensure safety. Participants from a convenience sample of three Magnet designated community hospitals in New England completed three scales (Zohar’s Safety Climate Questionnaire, Essentials of Magnetism II and the Safety Citizenship Role Definitions Scale) representing the study variables via an online survey platform. Multivariate analysis of covariance informed the results. Findings include a positive unadjusted relationship between safety climate and work ownership climate (rs=.492, pF (1, 86) = 8.4, p=.005, N=92), controlling for work ownership climate and hospital. Implications include support for a continued focus on better understanding the importance of a positive nursing work environment, a characteristic shared by Magnet designated hospitals, on the presence of safety citizenship behaviors in the acute care environment. A professional work environment should be considered as an important factor in reducing errors in the acute care setting.

Kommuner har en unik position i säkerhetsarbetet genom att vara nära både medborgarna och de olyckor och skador som drabbar befolkningen. Trots långtgående framsteg inom teknologi och ett etablerat välfärdssamhälle utgör personskador till följd av olyckor ett betydande folkhälsoproblem i Sverige liksom i övriga nordiska länder. De svenska kommunerna har ålagts ett vidsträckt ansvar och förväntas vidta åtgärder inom flera samhällsområden för att värna människornas trygghet och säkerhet. De senaste två decennierna har utvecklingen i allt högre grad inneburit olika former av systematiskt och tvärsektoriellt säkerhetsarbete i kommunerna. I detta arbete används olika verktyg och metoder som hjälpmedel och stöd. Vissa verktyg är obligatoriska att använda enligt lagstiftning medan andra är frivilliga. Denna uppsats syftar till att kartlägga kommunernas användning av några av dessa säkerhetsverktyg, samt att för ett av verktygen – olycksutredning – undersöka i vilken utsträckning några särskilda utredningsmetoder förmår stödja den samlade praktiska hantering som en olycksutredning innebär. Uppsatsen bygger på två delarbeten, varav det ena är publicerat i en internationell vetenskaplig tidskrift och det andra är inskickat för bedömning till en annan tidskrift. Artikel I bygger på en enkätstudie till 1283 tjänstemän i 73 kommuner. En fråga handlade om användningen av 16 olika säkerhetsverktyg. Denna fråga besvarades av 50 % av de tillfrågade personerna. Resultaten tyder på att verktygen skyddsrond, riskanalys och riskinventering hade utbredd användning i samtliga sektorer medan övriga verktyg användes begränsat inom vissa sektorer eller nästan inte alls. Artikel II studerar hur olika olycksutredningsmetoder stödjer den praktiska utredningsprocessen. Analysen grundas i en processmodell särskilt framtagen för utvärdering av metoderna. Slutsatserna stöds av data från 114 tester av sådana metoder i kursen Kvalificerad olycksutredningsmetodik vid Karlstads universitet. Över 170 kursdeltagare från olika branscher har medverkat i testerna, som en del i undervisningen. Resultaten visar att bland de bedömda metoderna så är det endast metoderna Avvikelseutredning och STEP som ger ett bra stöd i hela utredningsprocessen. Övriga metoder stödjer huvudsakligen endast själva analysdelen i en olycksutredning. De sammanfattande slutsatserna visar att kommunerna använder sig av verktyg i sitt säkerhetsarbete, men att endast ett fåtal av verktygen används brett i alla kommunsektorer. Bland de undersökta metoderna för verktyget olycksutredning konstateras att det finns stora skillnader i hur dessa stödjer utredningsprocessen. Flera metoder borde kanske snarare benämnas olycksanalysmetoder, istället för olycksutredningsmetoder, då de främst ger stöd för själva analysdelen i utredningsarbetet. / Municipalities have a unique position in safety work by being close to both the citizens and the accidents and injuries that affect the population. Despite far-reaching advances in technology and an established welfare state, injuries resulting from accidents constitute a significant public health problem in Sweden as well as in other Nordic countries. Swedish municipalities are subjected to wide-ranging responsibilities and are expected to take action in a number of societal areas to safeguard people's safety and security. The last two decades are increasingly characterized by systematic and cross-sectorial safety work of various forms in municipalities. In this endeavor a variety of tools and methods intended to aid and support safety work have been introduced. Some tools are required by law while others are optional. This thesis aims to identify to what extent local authorities utilize a number of these safety tools, and secondly to examine whether a set of particular methods aimed to guide one of the tools – accident investigation – are actually supportive to the entire practical investigative process. The thesis is based on two papers, the first of which has been published in an international scientific journal, and the second has been submitted to another journal. Article I is based on a survey targeting 1283 officials in 73 municipalities. One question was about the use of 16 different safety tools. This question was answered by 50 % of the officials. The results show that safety round, risk analysis and risk inventory were reported to be used frequently in all sectors while other tools were used only in certain sectors or virtually not at all. Article II analyzes how different accident investigation methods support the practical investigative process. The evaluation is based on a process model intended to illustrate this process. The analysis comprises data from 114 tests of nine selected methods taught in a recurrent course entitled Advanced Accident Investigation Methodology at Karlstad University. More than 170 participants representing various industries and sectors were involved in the tests. The results show that among the nine assessed methods, only Deviation Analysis and STEP gives good support throughout the entire investigative process. Other methods provide support primarily during the analysis phase of an accident investigation. In summary, our findings show that local authorities make use of safety tools, but only a few of the tools are broadly used across all municipal sectors. Regarding the assessed methods of the tool accident investigation it can be concluded that there are major differences in their way to support throughout the investigative process. It is suggested that several methods should rather be described as accident analysis methods instead of accident investigation methods since they provide support mainly for the analysis step.

This compilation thesis investigates risk and safety management at the Swedish local governmentallevel. It sets special focus on municipal implementation of overall international and nationalstrategies and objectives regarding holistic, cross-sectorial and multi-strategic risk and safetywork, and the prevention of accidents and injuries. The overall aim for this thesis have been to empirically map and provide an overview of theadministrative structures for, and the prevailing management perspectives applied in the societalrisk and safety management in Sweden, as well as to study the diffusion of strategic intentions forthis area down to the municipal level. Three different sources constitute the thesis empirical base: two different set of official planningdocuments, written by Swedish municipal officials on commission of the local politiciansand one set of data from a survey investigation with municipal officials representing differentdepartments/functions. The documents were investigated using content analysis, while datafrom the survey were analyzed using statistical measures. This thesis provides through its empirical works an outlook on the general characteristics andarchetypical features of the Swedish local level’s administrative structures and managementperspective on risk and safety management; and proposes a municipal typology and a set of valuecharacters for allocation and institutionalization of risk and safety-tasks. This thesis also suggestsa conceptual framework for overviewing risk and safety management’s systemic steering elementsin its framework report. Based on the findings made, it seems as if the local level’s compliance tothe strategic level’s ambitions for the risk and safety area is hindered by practical implementationdifficulties and that much work remains in order to reach stated strategic objectives regardingholistic, inter-sectorial and multi-strategic management approaches, and preventive risk andsafety work. / Baksidestext The compilation thesis investigates Societal Risk and Safety Management (SRSM) at the Swedish local governmental level. It sets special focus on municipal implementation of overall international and national strategies and objectives regarding holistic, cross-sectorial and multi-strategic risk and safety work, and prevention of accidents/injuries and promotion of safety. Three different sources constitute the thesis empirical bases: two different sets of official governmental planning documents, written by Swedish municipal officials on commission of the local politicians and one set of data from a survey investigation with municipal officials (n=1283), representing different administrative departments/functions within different municipalities. The official documents were investigated using content analysis methodology, while data from the survey were analyzed using various statistical investigations. This thesis suggests a conceptual and systemic model for SRSM’s contextual and analytical elements, and provides through its empirical works an overview of management perspectives and administrative structures applied, and it proposes a municipal typology and a set of value characters for allocation and institutionalization of SRSM-tasks locally.

Abstract The key purpose of this study was to understand and create a model of "safety leadership as a line supervisor's task" based on a wide range of theoretical material. At the same time, an integrated development project examined safety in a target organisation using action-analysis research methods, and this provided new knowledge about the role of the line supervisor as a safety leader. The present study is a scientific report covering the whole research project. The theoretical part of the research examined the background of a zero-accident program and sought to confirm whether it was possible to affect the actions of general management through a systematic and integrated safety program. The conclusion of this study is that the application of the concept of intangible assets is an effective strategy for achieving this end. From this point of view, the zero-accident program can be considered as a project that accumulates intangible assets. In this study special attention was paid to the communication skills of the line supervisor in handling safety management. The theoretical part of the research posited a development model of total safety management, according to which the safety program was carried out in the form of a three-part project. The model also facilitated effective and authentic communication among the whole staff at the target organisation from the very beginning of the project. Furthermore, the model provided a basis for analysing and interpreting the results that were achieved. The development project focused on improving the level of communication regarding safety so as to support the work of the line supervisor. The basic element of safety management as a line manager's task was crystallised in the communication model created at the beginning of the research process. This model was a vital instrument of communication, committing all managers in the target organisation to a shared vision of the safety program. The empirical part of the research provided a context bound, in-depth description of the process of realising a zero-accident program in a large organisation (900 employees). On the basis of the traditional lost time injury frequency rate (LTIF) it could be shown that the development project achieved its challenging goal. At the same time, it showed that thoroughly attending to the improvement of safety matters brings about results. On the basis of other ways of measuring safety performance (process-based performance indicators), there was a positive improvement in almost every case, but it was not usually possible to achieve the strict numerical goals. This study offers new knowledge about the implementation of a long-term development project focused on total safety management, carried out on the basis of a uniquely tailored model. New knowledge was also provided regarding the role of the line supervisor in developing and implementing safety culture. The communication model gathers the basic elements of safety management for which the line supervisor is responsible (risk assessment of one's own work, advanced accident and near-accident investigation, shop floor safety meetings and advanced safety inspection) in a new way. The model clarifies the role of the line supervisor as a safety leader, and at the same time it functions as a concrete tool for enhancing the quality of the line manager's leadership regarding safety. / Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöskirjatutkimuksen keskeisin tavoite oli lisätä ymmärrystä ja mallintaa ilmiötä "turvallisuuden johtaminen esimiestyönä" laajan teoreettisen aineiston pohjalta. Samalla analysoitiin toiminta-analyyttisen tutkimusotteen keinoin kohdeorganisaatiossa toteutettua kokonaisvaltaista turvallisuuden kehittämishanketta ja tuotettiin uutta tietoa esimiehen turvallisuusroolista turvallisuuden johtamisessa. Tämä väitöskirja on koko tutkimushankkeen tieteellinen raportti. Teoriaosassa haettiin syvempää ymmärrystä nolla-tapaturmaohjelman toteuttamisen taustaksi sekä vahvistusta käsitykselle, että systemaattisella ja kokonaisvaltaisella turvallisuusohjelmalla voidaan parhaimmillaan edistää muutakin johtamistoimintaa. Tarkastelussa päädyttiin soveltamaan aineettoman pääoman -käsitettä, jonka näkökulmasta nolla-tapaturmaohjelmaa voidaan selvästi pitää myös yrityksen aineettoman pääoman kartuttamishankkeena. Tässä tarkastelussa korostui erityisesti kommunikatiivisen osaamisen merkitys esimiehen turvallisuuden johtamisessa. Teoriaosan kautta luotiin Turvallisuuden johtamisen kehittämismalli, minkä mukaisesti turvallisuusohjelma toteutettiin kolmena toisiaan läheisesti tukevana osaprojekteina. Malli mahdollisti myös ohjelman tehokkaan ja uskottavan viestinnän koko kohdetehtaan henkilöstölle heti kehittämishankkeen käynnistysvaiheesta lähtien. Lisäksi mallin avulla myöhemmin arvioitiin ja tulkittiin toteutuneita tuloksia. Kehittämishankkeessa keskityttiin siis erityisesti esimiestoimintaa tukevaan turvallisuuskommunikoinnin tehostamiseen. Asia kiteytettiin tutkimusprosessin alkuvaiheen aikana turvallisuuden johtamisen esimiestyön peruselementeistä muodostettuun Kommunikointimalliin. Tämä malli toimi kehittämishankkeen tärkeimpänä kommunikaatiovälineenä, jonka avulla turvallisuusohjelman visioon pystyttiin sitouttamaan koko kohdetehtaan esimieskunta. Empiirinen osa tuotti kontekstisidonnaisen, syvällisen prosessikuvauksen yhden varsin laajan tehtaan (noin 900 henkilöä) nolla-tapaturmaohjelman toteuttamisesta ja siihen liittyvästä analyysistä. Perinteisen tapaturmataajuusmittarin perusteella voidaan todeta kehittämishankeen onnistuneen saavuttaessaan sille asetetun varsin haasteellisen tavoitteen ja samalla osoittaneen, että perusteellinen paneutuminen turvallisuustoiminnan parantamiseen tuottaa tulosta. Muiden mittareiden osalta kehitystä myönteiseen suuntaan tapahtui lähes kaikkien prosessi- ja johtamisjärjestelmäpohjaisten mittareiden osalta, mutta varsinaiset numeraaliset tavoitteet niissä jäivät yleensä saavuttamatta. Tutkimuksen avulla saatiin uutta tietoa turvallisuuden johtamisen kehittämisen pitkäkestoisen kehittämishankkeen läpiviennistä, johon kehitettiin turvallisuuden johtamisen kehittämismalli. Uutta tietoa saatiin myös esimiehen roolista ja toiminnasta turvallisuuskulttuurin kehittämisessä ja kehittämisprosessin läpiviennissä. Kommunikointimalliin koottiin turvallisuuden johtamisen esimiestyön peruselementit (oman työn riskien arviointi, vaaratilanteiden ja tapaturmien tutkiminen, turvallisuustuokioiden pitämien sekä kehittynyt työpaikkatarkastustoiminta) uudella tavalla. Malli selkeyttää linjaesimiehen roolia turvallisuustyössä ja se toimii samalla konkreettisena työkaluna linjaesimiesten johtajuuden ja turvallisuusjohtajuuden tarkastelussa.

This thesis analyzes the issue of safety in civil aviation, focusing primarily on its management. In the work is discussed and solved recently prepared document Annex 19 and its Czech version L19. The new document is evaluated in terms of the impact on existing regulations, too. The thesis explores the impact of that the preparing document to interested organizations and proposes possible procedure in its implementation.

Process Safety Management (PSM) is concerned with the safe handling of products, safe production of products and the safe operation of the process as confirmed by Thrower (2013). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2012) promulgated the PSM standard in 1992, which incorporated fourteen elements, to decrease the occurrence of process safety incidents. Walt and Frank (2007) described the cracks in the implementation of PSM programs, emanating from major process safety incidents and compliance audits. This was confirmed by the decaying process safety performance observed in recent years. It was thus proposed that an analysis into the diverse process safety incident causes and its comparison against the implemented OSHA PSM program, would suggest its associated shortcomings. The aim of the study was to determine the most effective approach to implement and sustain PSM in an organisation to prevent and manage the occurrence of major industrial catastrophes. A semi-qualitative study was conducted through the employment of a survey questionnaire and published incident investigation reports. A total of fifty random process safety incidents were interpreted from published and accredited secondary literature. Most of the secondary literature was obtained from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and Centre for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) databases. From the study findings, Mechanical Integrity (MI) failures were found to significantly and consistently contribute to process safety incidents. Further analysis specifically concluded that equipment or control failure was the significant cause. Employee Participation (EP) was found to statistically correlate with the other elements. The researcher found that literature agreed with the aforementioned findings and this study verified that the EP element was instrumental in the implementation of the other elements. The researcher used literature to confirm that safety culture and leadership commitment was crucial to effective and sustainable PSM programs. The case study analysis validated this observation. Therefore the most effective approach to implement and sustain PSM was to adopt the DuPont, Centre for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), Risk Based PSM framework or Energy Institute (EI) models. To conclude, this study was effective as all the objectives and the aim was achieved. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Process Safety Management (PSM) is concerned with the safe handling of products, safe production of products and the safe operation of the process as confirmed by Thrower (2013). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2012) promulgated the PSM standard in 1992, which incorporated fourteen elements, to decrease the occurrence of process safety incidents. Walt and Frank (2007) described the cracks in the implementation of PSM programs, emanating from major process safety incidents and compliance audits. This was confirmed by the decaying process safety performance observed in recent years. It was thus proposed that an analysis into the diverse process safety incident causes and its comparison against the implemented OSHA PSM program, would suggest its associated shortcomings. The aim of the study was to determine the most effective approach to implement and sustain PSM in an organisation to prevent and manage the occurrence of major industrial catastrophes. A semi-qualitative study was conducted through the employment of a survey questionnaire and published incident investigation reports. A total of fifty random process safety incidents were interpreted from published and accredited secondary literature. Most of the secondary literature was obtained from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and Centre for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) databases. From the study findings, Mechanical Integrity (MI) failures were found to significantly and consistently contribute to process safety incidents. Further analysis specifically concluded that equipment or control failure was the significant cause. Employee Participation (EP) was found to statistically correlate with the other elements. The researcher found that literature agreed with the aforementioned findings and this study verified that the EP element was instrumental in the implementation of the other elements. The researcher used literature to confirm that safety culture and leadership commitment was crucial to effective and sustainable PSM programs. The case study analysis validated this observation. Therefore the most effective approach to implement and sustain PSM was to adopt the DuPont, Centre for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), Risk Based PSM framework or Energy Institute (EI) models. To conclude, this study was effective as all the objectives and the aim was achieved. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global competitiveness has highlighted the need for good occupational health, but this need can also act as a trade barrier in certain instances. However, generally, occupational health is starting to take its place amongst the other critical success factors as a matter of sound corporate governance. Certain beliefs on the part of management and workers in South Africa make the occupational health services' goals far more difficult to attain. For occupational health goals to be achieved, there firstly needs to be a conducive environment, and secondly an organisational structure that integrates occupational health into the organisation, rather than relegates it to a support function. Thirdly, the business practices within the occupational health service need to manage a complex set of functions so that the health and organisational goals are met. Occupational health consists mostly of a series of one-off functions and so the principles of project management are seemingly useful to its management. As an initial study to investigate that, the project management skill areas chosen for assessmentare: cost, time, quality, scopeand matrix management. Due to its complexity, there is a large body of knowledge concerning occupational health. However, there is very little research into managing it efficiently or integrating it into the organisation. This study serves to increase the knowledge of the occupational health field and, by means of surveys, to investigate and analyse the perceptions, views and opinions of occupational health nurses in relation to the deliverables of project management, (cost, scope, time and quality) and matrix management. It then makes proposals for increasing the efficiency of the occupational health services and integrating them more fully into organisational management, through the application of the principles of project management. The results of the surveys showed general agreement with all the positive statements made regarding project management as applied to occupational health principles. However, it was tempered with much ambivalence. The area that needs the most attention is matrix management, while the area of scope is perceived as being the best managed area. It is possiblethat the lack of matrix management is what is damaging the other areas. Occupational health nurses need to be made aware of project management principles and the value of applying them as a way of managing. Through the application of project management, greater efficiencies and the achievement of both health and organisational goals can be achieved. There also needs to be more researchto allow both fields to grow and develop in relation to each other. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globale kompetisie het die noodsaaklikheid van goeie beroepsgesondheid beklemtoon, maar, hierdie noodsaaklikheid kan ook in sekere omstandighede as 'n belemmering inwerk op handel. Oor die algemeen egter, begin beroepsgesondheid sy regmatige plek in neem saam met ander kritiese suksesfaktore as dit kom by gesonde kooperatiewe bestuur. Sekere oortuigings, hetsy deur bestuur of werkers in Suid-Afrika maak die bereiking van die doelstellings van beroepsgesondheid moeiliker. Ten einde te slaag met die doelstellings van beroepsgesondheid, moet daar eerstens 'n ondersteunende omgewing wees, tweedens 'n organisatoriese struktuur wat beroepsgesondheid integreer in die organisasie eerder as dit te beskou as slegs 'n ondersteuningsfunksie. Derdens, moet die besigheidspraktyke binne die beroepsgesondheiddiens 'n komplekse stel funksies bestuur ten einde die gesondheids- en organisatoriese doelstellings te verwesentlik. Beroepsgesondheid bestaan uit 'n hele aantal eenmalige funksies en dus is die beginsels van projekbestuur skynbaar nuttig daarvoor. As 'n aanvanklike studie om dit te ondersoek is die projekbestuur vaardigheidsareas wat vir die waardering gekies is, die volgende: koste, tyd, kwaliteit, omvang en matriksbestuur. Vanweë die kompleksiteit daarvan, is daar 'n groot poel van kennis oor beroepsgesondheid. Daar is egter baie min navorsingswerk oor die effektiewe bestuur daarvan en die integrasie daarvan met 'n organisasie. Hierdie studie dien dus om die kennis in hierdie veld uit te brei, en deur middel van ondersoeke 'n analise te maak van die persepsies, beskouings en opinies van die beroepsgesondheid verpleërs met betrekking tot die aflewerbare aspekte van projekbestuur, dit wil sê koste, omvang, tyd en kwaliteit asook matriksbestuur. Daarna word ook voorstelle gemaak vir die verhoging van die effektiwiteit van beroepsgesondheidsdienste en die voller integrasie daarvan by organisatoriese bestuur, deur die toepassing van die beginsels van projekbestuur. Die resultate het 'n algemene ooreenkoms getoon tussen die positiewe stellings gemaak aangaande beroepsveiligheid, soos toegepas op projekbestuurbeginsels. Dit is egter, met dubbelsinnigheid getemper. Die area wat die meeste aandag verg is matriksbestuur, terwyl die area van omvangbepaling beskou word as die bes bestuurde gebied. Dit is ook moontlik dat die gebrek aan matriksbestuur ander areas benadeel. Beroepsgesondheidspraktisyns moet bewus gemaak word van projekbestuur en die waarde daarvan om dit in bestuur toe te pas. Deur die gebruik van projekbestuur, sal groter effektiwiteit in beide gesondheid- en organisatoriese doelstellings bereik word. Daar moet ook meer navorsing wees om beide hierdie gebiede te help groei en ontwikkel met betrekking tot mekaar.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / The South African mining sector remains a cornerstone of the South African economy in terms of employment and investment opportunities. The exports of the minerals also result in foreign exchange earnings. The mining industry is known to be a high-risk environment where the employees are constantly exposed to potential hazards. It is also a rewarding industry that is ploughing back millions of rand into society and the local economy each year. Apart from being recognised as an industry that is highly unionised and creating employment opportunities, it is also being plagued by re-occurring fatalities. Considering the negative impact that any accident can have on a mine, for example increased costs, loss of operating income, negative publicity and weakened investor relations, one wants to avoid it at all cost. It builds a strong argument that safety, health and the environment (SHE) are not things that are managed once an accident has occurred and it does not have a single point of impact. It is something that needs to be understood, especially the interaction between the individuals and the systems that exists, and then be pro-actively managed. By introducing an integrated approach, key concepts will be introduced into the organisation, transferred between employees, improved on and kept alive that will help to improve SHE results. By improving the knowledge and skills of employees to manage SHE pro-actively, these principles can be applied across the business resulting in achieving benefits across the business. The aim of this research report is to determine, based on literature review, what the latest trends in managing safety, health and the environment (SHE) are that can yield positive results. In chapter two, an extensive literature review was conducted, identifying two methods of managing SHE in high risk environments such as the mining industry. The integrated approach, as presented by Mulder (2010) is considered to be the most applicable and appropriate due to the fact that it proposes an approach that cuts across business functions. This approach identifies five “pillars” that must be in place to ensure that the fundamentals of SHE is in place. The fundamentals of this approach can also be applied in any other area of the organisation and will yield positive business results throughout the organisation and not only to improve SHE. Although this integrated approach is the most comprehensive, it does not include aspects of managing knowledge, which is a key ingredient in this approach. The methodology followed in this research report to supplement this shortcoming and to develop a set of practical business recommendations is described in Chapter three. The crux of the methodology followed was to conduct an extensive literature review to identify current trends and best practices. The methodology used in during this report also yielded “hidden” opportunities based on the findings from the literature review and the focus group that was held as a result of these findings. The aim of the focus group was to supplement the approach as presented by Mulder (2010) with knowledge management principles that was identified by a group of well-trained and experienced employees. The employees are all members of the management team responsible for implementing and managing SHE within the organisation where the study was conducted. The detail of how the focus group was conducted, the development of the knowledge management approach and how the different knowledge maps evolved, resulted in the final agreed upon knowledge map, which is described in detail in Appendix C. In Chapter four, a comparison is made between what is presented based on the integrated approach by Mulder, and knowledge management principles. These results are also compared to the current SHE approach of a mining company. The analyses conducted are set out in detail in Chapter 4 of this report. Based on the findings and the gaps identified in Chapter 4, a set of business recommendations were made that could be considered to improve on the current SHE results as achieved by the mining organisation where the study was conducted. These results are practical and business orientated, based on the findings of the literature review and the focus group that was established to investigate ways of improving SHE at the mining operation. The results were presented in diagramme form, indicating how knowledge management principles should be included as a sixth leg into the approach suggested by Mulder. There were also a set of detail actions to be implemented to ensure that knowledge management is established and sustained in the organisation with specific focus on SHE and the SHE department. These recommendations were set out and clarified in Chapter five. In Chapter six a conclusion was drawn. Throughout the literature analysed, it was well argued that SHE is a very important focus area for any mining operation. This point was emphasised by the involvement from the stakeholders and the DMR that is currently stopping mining operations after serious accidents occur, resulting in millions of Rand lost in terms of revenue. It is also well established that managing SHE should be the core focus of any mining operation to ensure that they stay operational and maintain good public and investor image. To ensure that the required SHE results are achieved and maintained, the focus should be to reduce the risk right at the source. In the mining environment, this means managing SHE right at the coal face, (also referred to as the working face). It was also well argued that there are several ways of doing so and that as time has passed, methods of doing so has evolved through trial and error and through learning from the errors that were made. One crucial point to take note of is that this learning and improvement were not always captured because knowledge and knowledge management principles were never seen or used in the South African coal mining industry to improve on SHE results. Therefore, this research reports focuses on improving SHE by using the most recent and relevant approaches. These approaches were identified by conducting an in depth literature review identifying the most recent trends to manage SHE in high risk organisations. In the literature review, knowledge management principles were also identified as a key enabler of managing SHE. Combining knowledge management principles, with the other identified methods lead to the development of an integrated approach. The reasons why this is approached is supported by the author is that it is an approach that is practical and focussed. The principles can be applied within any business function and throughout the organisation and can lead to improved business results, not only in the SHE function. The integrated approach, as presented in this research report, is presented as a set of action plans that can be implemented throughout the organisation and across business functions.