This thesis is an analysis of J.D. Salinger’s “A Perfect Day for Bananafish” from both mythic-archetypal and gender-oriented perspectives. It looks specifically at the way a gender-oriented reading allows one to interpret “Bananafish” as a radical reassessment of Carl Jung’s ideas about the process of individuation, as well as Joseph Campbell’s conception of what he describes as the monomyth in his The Hero with a Thousand Faces. The reader is asked to look at how patriarchal values have greatly limited the development of these characters’ identities over time, and the complex archetypal and mythic implications of this limitation.

This thesis explores the use of language in J.D. Salinger’s “For Esmé—With Love and Squalor,” “A Perfect Day for Bananafish,” and Raise High the Roofbeam, Carpenters. It establishes a narrative pattern in which sensitive individuals such as Seymour Glass and Sergeant X are isolated by the insensitivity of the superficial modern world, attempt to communicate their concerns to others through an exchange of language in material forms, and ultimately find relief in silence. By analyzing various examples of linguistic artifacts and the impact they have on both sender and receiver, this thesis identifies criteria for successful communication as well as reasons for the failure of language which may be useful for the study of these and other works by Salinger. This thesis also considers the intersection of binaries such as silence and noise, and the ways Salinger presents them both thematically and formally.

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The Master's Thesis deals with the theme of coming-of-age in American literature. The aim of the theoretical part is to provide theoretical framework and the subsequent examination of common narrative strategies and themes characteristic of this specific genre. We will focus more closely on the three key themes of identity, sexuality and death. In the practical part of this thesis these main themes and their use will be examined in selected novels of American literature; Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar and Jeffrey Eugenides The Virgin Suicides.

Mad Pursuits: Therapeutic Narration in Postwar American Fiction examines three mid-century American novels—J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951), Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952), and Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar (1963)—in relation to the rise and popularization of psychoanalytic theory in America. The study historicizes these landmark novels as representing and interrogating postwar America’s confidence in the therapeutic capacity of narrative to redress psychological problems. Drawing on key concepts from narrative theory and the multidisciplinary field of narrative and identity studies, I argue that these texts develop a multi-layered, formal problematization of therapeutic narration: the narrativization of the self through modes of interpretation based on character action and development. The study, thus, investigates how the texts both critique the purported effectiveness of being healed through narrative means, as well as how they problematize their society’s investment in this method. I propose that the novels ultimately explore submerged possibilities for realizing what I call fugitive selves by creating self-representations that negotiate and exceed the confines of the paradigmatic models of plot and character of the period. In Chapter One, I argue that the ego and pop psychological movements during the postwar era encouraged the American public to define and realize psychological health, success and happiness through narrativized means. I show in Chapter Two how careful differentiation between narrative levels of interpretation in The Bell Jar reveals the novel’s complication of the self created in narrative, with and against the socio-cultural scripts and therapeutic assumptions of the period. Chapter Three concentrates on The Catcher in the Rye’s various methods of de-composing the narrative identity of the subject created through developmental and therapeutic narration. In the final chapter, I read Invisible Man as a satire of postwar psychoanalytic theory and method specifically concerning racialized narrative identities, and as a reflection on a method of enduring psychological illness. The Conclusion brings together several argumentative strands running throughout the dissertation regarding what the novels contrastively reveal about the perils, and even the possibilities, inherent in the narrativizing of the self in early postwar America.

Création Dans le roman Sous la Tiffany, Mikaël Langevin, le personnage principal, vit une pénible remise en question. Dans les derniers mois, il a délibérément sabordé son couple, sa vie sociale et même sa santé en misant tout sur sa réussite professionnelle en tant qu'enseignant. Tout pour une carrière où, selon sa perception, il ne réussit pas comme il l'aurait souhaité. Une nuit de la fin d'août, attablé devant des dizaines de cahiers noircis de sa main, il revisite un journal tenu chaque soir de l'été qui s'achève, un été pendant lequel de nombreuses fenêtres sur le passé auront été ouvertes, puis refermées. Le jour poindra dans quelques heures, il le sait bien. Mais nul éclairage ne le sert mieux que celui de la vieille Tiffany. Réflexion La deuxième partie, une réflexion d'ordre narratologique sur la dynamique de l'écart et ses procédés (analepse, prolepse, sommaire, scène, pause, ellipse, digression), vise à expliciter ce qui m'a tant séduit dans Hotaru, d'Aki Shimazaki, et dans L'Attrape-coeurs, de Jerome David Salinger, deux romans primés1 où les procédés d'écart sont habilement exploités. J'indiquerai aussi où, comment et pourquoi j'ai utilisé ces procédés dans Sous la Tiffany. Le but, au final, est de montrer comment la dynamique de l'écart contribue à accrocher le lecteur et à enrichir le récit, à conférer au texte le caractère évocateur si présent dans les oeuvres littéraires de Shimazaki et de Salinger.

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Cette thèse porte sur une étude comparative entre le roman L'Attrape-Coeurs (1951) de J. D. Salinger et le film Rushmore de Wes Anderson. (1998). Les deux récits dialoguent avec la tradition du genre romanesque connu sous le nom Bildungsroman (roman de formation ou roman d'apprentissage). En dépit du fait que les romans d'apprentissage ont continué d’être écrits, la forme a subi de nombreux changements pendant et après la période historique appelée modernisme. Parmi les principaux caractéristiques il y a les faits racontés dans un court laps de temps et la surligne sur le narrateur en première personne. Nous appelons ce genre de narration « fiction de la formation » parce qu’elle peut s'adresser au récit de cinéma et au récit écrit, selon le concept de "fiction" traité par Robert Stam. Nous avons découvert le terme «ère audiovisuelle » après avoir lu un article écrit en 1966 par le critique littéraire et historien austro-brésilien Otto Maria Carpeaux (1900-1978). Carpeaux avait supposé que la peinture (spécialement l’abstraite) dépasserait la littérature de l'importance dans la vie culturelle. Le plus important c’est qu’il a réalisé que les nouveaux médias audiovisuels (cinéma et télévision) sont vennus a être considérés et étudiés (ou rejetées) par les universitaires et les critiques. Ce phénomène avait déjà été décrit par Umberto Eco en Italie. Dans l’Ére Audiovisuelle et Après Modernisme c’est impossible d'écrire le développement d'un personnage de la manière habituelle, car les effets de la vie urbaine et la perception de la nouvelle imagerie ont été ressentis par l'écrivain et par le public. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer la persistance du thème de la maturité dans la fiction de nos jours. Les résultats ont indiqué Salinger comme un diviseur dans ce genre de littérature et Wes Anderson et Owen Wilson des scénaristes importants d'un genre nouveau, "le cinéma de la formation". / Esta tese é um estudo comparativo sobre O apanhador no campo de centeio (1951), de J. D. Salinger, e o filme Rushmore (1998), de Wes Anderson. Ambas as narrativas dialogam com a tradição do gênero de romance conhecido como Bildungsroman (romance de formação ou romance de aprendizagem). Ainda que romances de aprendizagem continuassem a serem escritos, a forma sofreu muitas mudanças através do e após o período histórico chamado Modernismo. Entre as principais características estão os fatos narrados em um curto espaço de tempo e o destaque sobre o narrador em primeira pessoa. Chamamos esse tipo de narração de "ficção de formação" por que pode abordar tanto o filme como a literatura, de acordo com o conceito de "ficção" como tratado por Robert Stam. O termo "era audiovisual" foi cunhado depois de lermos um artigo escrito em 1966 pelo historiador e crítico literário austro-brasileiro Otto Maria Carpeaux (1900-1978). Carpeaux defende que a pintura (especialmente a abstrata) ultrapassaria a literatura em importância na vida cultural. O mais importante é que ele percebeu que os novos meios audiovisuais (cinema e televisão) passaram a ser considerados e estudados (ou rejeitados) por professores universitários e críticos. Esse fenômeno já havia sido descrito por Umberto Eco, na Itália. Na Era Audiovisual e Após Modernismo é impossível escrever o desenvolvimento de um personagem da forma habitual, porque os efeitos da vida urbana e da percepção do novo imaginário foram sentidos tanto pelo escritor como pelo público. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a permanência do tema do amadurecimento na ficção dos dias atuais. As conclusões indicam Salinger como um divisor de águas nesse tipo de literatura e Wes Anderson e Owen Wilson como importantes realizadores de um gênero cinematográfico, o "cinema de formação". / This thesis is a comparative study on J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951) and Wes Anderson’s movie Rushmore (1998). Both narratives dialogue with the tradition of the novel genre known as Bildungsroman (novel of formation or novel of apprenticeship). In spite of the fact that novels of apprenticeship kept on being written, the form suffered many changes through and after the historical period called Modernism. Among the main features are the narrated facts in a short amount of time and the highlight on the first person narrator. We call that kind of narration “fiction of formation” for the reason it may approach both movie narrative and written narrative, according to the concept of “fiction” as treated by Robert Stam. We coined the term “audiovisual era” after reading an article written in 1966 by the Austro-Brazilian historian and literary critic Otto Maria Carpeaux (1900-1978). Carpeaux supposed that painting (specially the abstract one) would surpass literature in importance in cultural life. The most important thing is that he realized that the new audiovisual media (cinema and television) came to be considered and studied (or rejected) by the academics and the critics. That phenomenon had already been described by Umberto Eco in Italy. In an Audiovisual and After Modernism era is impossible to write the developing of a character in the usual way because the effects of the urban life and the perception of the new imagery were felt by both, writer and public. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the continuance of the theme of coming of age in fiction in the current days. The results indicated Salinger as a watershed in that kind of literature and Owen Wilson as an important screen writer of a new movie genre, the “cinema of formation”.

Cette thèse porte sur une étude comparative entre le roman L'Attrape-Coeurs (1951) de J. D. Salinger et le film Rushmore de Wes Anderson. (1998). Les deux récits dialoguent avec la tradition du genre romanesque connu sous le nom Bildungsroman (roman de formation ou roman d'apprentissage). En dépit du fait que les romans d'apprentissage ont continué d’être écrits, la forme a subi de nombreux changements pendant et après la période historique appelée modernisme. Parmi les principaux caractéristiques il y a les faits racontés dans un court laps de temps et la surligne sur le narrateur en première personne. Nous appelons ce genre de narration « fiction de la formation » parce qu’elle peut s'adresser au récit de cinéma et au récit écrit, selon le concept de "fiction" traité par Robert Stam. Nous avons découvert le terme «ère audiovisuelle » après avoir lu un article écrit en 1966 par le critique littéraire et historien austro-brésilien Otto Maria Carpeaux (1900-1978). Carpeaux avait supposé que la peinture (spécialement l’abstraite) dépasserait la littérature de l'importance dans la vie culturelle. Le plus important c’est qu’il a réalisé que les nouveaux médias audiovisuels (cinéma et télévision) sont vennus a être considérés et étudiés (ou rejetées) par les universitaires et les critiques. Ce phénomène avait déjà été décrit par Umberto Eco en Italie. Dans l’Ére Audiovisuelle et Après Modernisme c’est impossible d'écrire le développement d'un personnage de la manière habituelle, car les effets de la vie urbaine et la perception de la nouvelle imagerie ont été ressentis par l'écrivain et par le public. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer la persistance du thème de la maturité dans la fiction de nos jours. Les résultats ont indiqué Salinger comme un diviseur dans ce genre de littérature et Wes Anderson et Owen Wilson des scénaristes importants d'un genre nouveau, "le cinéma de la formation". / Esta tese é um estudo comparativo sobre O apanhador no campo de centeio (1951), de J. D. Salinger, e o filme Rushmore (1998), de Wes Anderson. Ambas as narrativas dialogam com a tradição do gênero de romance conhecido como Bildungsroman (romance de formação ou romance de aprendizagem). Ainda que romances de aprendizagem continuassem a serem escritos, a forma sofreu muitas mudanças através do e após o período histórico chamado Modernismo. Entre as principais características estão os fatos narrados em um curto espaço de tempo e o destaque sobre o narrador em primeira pessoa. Chamamos esse tipo de narração de "ficção de formação" por que pode abordar tanto o filme como a literatura, de acordo com o conceito de "ficção" como tratado por Robert Stam. O termo "era audiovisual" foi cunhado depois de lermos um artigo escrito em 1966 pelo historiador e crítico literário austro-brasileiro Otto Maria Carpeaux (1900-1978). Carpeaux defende que a pintura (especialmente a abstrata) ultrapassaria a literatura em importância na vida cultural. O mais importante é que ele percebeu que os novos meios audiovisuais (cinema e televisão) passaram a ser considerados e estudados (ou rejeitados) por professores universitários e críticos. Esse fenômeno já havia sido descrito por Umberto Eco, na Itália. Na Era Audiovisual e Após Modernismo é impossível escrever o desenvolvimento de um personagem da forma habitual, porque os efeitos da vida urbana e da percepção do novo imaginário foram sentidos tanto pelo escritor como pelo público. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a permanência do tema do amadurecimento na ficção dos dias atuais. As conclusões indicam Salinger como um divisor de águas nesse tipo de literatura e Wes Anderson e Owen Wilson como importantes realizadores de um gênero cinematográfico, o "cinema de formação". / This thesis is a comparative study on J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951) and Wes Anderson’s movie Rushmore (1998). Both narratives dialogue with the tradition of the novel genre known as Bildungsroman (novel of formation or novel of apprenticeship). In spite of the fact that novels of apprenticeship kept on being written, the form suffered many changes through and after the historical period called Modernism. Among the main features are the narrated facts in a short amount of time and the highlight on the first person narrator. We call that kind of narration “fiction of formation” for the reason it may approach both movie narrative and written narrative, according to the concept of “fiction” as treated by Robert Stam. We coined the term “audiovisual era” after reading an article written in 1966 by the Austro-Brazilian historian and literary critic Otto Maria Carpeaux (1900-1978). Carpeaux supposed that painting (specially the abstract one) would surpass literature in importance in cultural life. The most important thing is that he realized that the new audiovisual media (cinema and television) came to be considered and studied (or rejected) by the academics and the critics. That phenomenon had already been described by Umberto Eco in Italy. In an Audiovisual and After Modernism era is impossible to write the developing of a character in the usual way because the effects of the urban life and the perception of the new imagery were felt by both, writer and public. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the continuance of the theme of coming of age in fiction in the current days. The results indicated Salinger as a watershed in that kind of literature and Owen Wilson as an important screen writer of a new movie genre, the “cinema of formation”.