Diante da previsão de escassez de água no mundo, torna-se necessário desenvolver tecnologias que permitem o reaproveitamento de águas salinas.A hidroponia é uma técnica de cultivo sem solo que permite obter produtos de alta qualidade, maior produção por área, menor gasto de água e insumos agrícolas, contribuindo com a preservação dos recursos naturais e do ambiente. A alface (Lactuca sativa) é a hortaliça mais importante produzida no sistema hidropônico (NFT). O uso de água salina na produção de hortaliças constitui no momento atividade essencial, tendo em vista o aumento da demanda de água doce, tanto pela atividade agrícola quanto pelo abastecimento urbano e industrial. Dessa forma os objetivos do trabalho são: i) avaliar o crescimento, a produção e qualidade de duas variedades cultivadas de alface (Verônica e Pira Roxa) em sistema hidropônico NFT (Fluxo Laminar de Nutrientes) com a utilização de águas salinas no preparo da solução nutritiva e na reposição da lâmina diária evapotranspirada ao longo do ciclo de cultivo; ii) avaliar a qualidade, os parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos (teor de nitrato, clorofila e prolina). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido localizado na área experimental do Setor de Irrigação e Drenagem do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba-SP. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso. Avaliaram-se cinco níveis de salinidade obtidos com a adição de NaCl, que resultaram em diferentes condutividades elétricas da água: 0,42, 1,53, 3,52, 5,55 e 7,43 (dS.m-1) e duas variedades cultivadas de alface Verônica e Pira Roxa. Os resultados revelaram que a salinidade da água reduziu o crescimento e a produção de forma linear decrescente. A tolerância à salinidade de alface variedade cultivada Verônica foi superior em relação à variedade cultivada Pira Roxa. A salinidade alterou o teor de nitrato, prolina e clorofila, sendo o efeito superior na cv. Pira Roxa, denotando ser um mecanismo de defesa à salinidade. Com relação à produtividade comercial, obteve-se uma perda de 69% e 64% para as variedades cultivadas Pira Roxa e Verônica, respectivamente, quando se utilizou água mais salina (7,43 dS.m-1). Os resultados obtidos em sistema de cultivo NFT podem indicar a possibilidade do uso da água salina como alternativa para produção de hortaliças para produtores que tem disponibilidade de água salina e restrita disponibilidade de água doce. / Before the forescast of shortage of water in the world, becomes necessary to develop technologies that allow the reuse of saline waters. The NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) is a cultivation technique soil less that allows to obtain products of high quality, larger production for area, minor expense of water and agricultural inputs, contributing with the preservation of the natural resources and environment. A lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is the most important vegetable produced in the hydroponic system (NFT). The use of saline water in the production of vegetables constitutes in the moment essential activity, tends in view the increase of the demand of fresh water, so much for the agricultural activity as for the urban and industrial supplying. The objectives of the work were: i) to evaluate the growth, the production and quality of two cultivates of lettuce (Verônica and Pira Roxa) cultivated in hydroponic system NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) with the use of saline waters in the preparation of the nutrient solution and replacement of the evapotranspiration along the cultivation cycle; ii) to evaluate quality, the physiologic and biochemical parameters (nitrate, chlorophyll and prolina content). The experiments were carried out in atmosphere protected on the experimental area of the Irrigation and Drainage Section of the University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks. It were evaluated five salinity levels obtained with the addition of NaCl that resulted in different electrical conductivities of the water (0.42, 1.53, 3.52, 5.55 and 7.43 dS.m-1); and two cultivated variety of lettuce Verônica and Pira Roxa. The results revealed that the salinity of the water reduced the growth and production in a decreasing lineal. The tolerance to salinity of the lettuce cultivated variety Verônica was superior in relation cultivated variety Pira Roxa. The salinity altered the contents of nitrate, prolina and chlorophyll, being the superior effect in the cv. Pira Roxa, denoting to be a defense mechanism the salinity. The commercial productivity was obtained a loss of 69% and 64% for cultivated variety Pira Roxa and Verônica, respectively, when more saline water was used (7,43 dS.m-1). The results obtained in cultivation system NFT they can indicate the possibility of the use of the saline water as alternative for production of vegetables for producers that has availability of saline water and restricted of fresh water.

Depois que a agricultura brasileira passou a ser destacada no cenário de das pesquisas científicas, o grande desafio passou a ser a padronização de produtividade em todo território nacional. Um dos principais focos vem sendo a região semi-árida pela sua escassez de água, tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa, por ser uma região com baixo índice de precipitação e por suas águas subterrâneas normalmente serem águas salobras. Com este desafio nacional, vem se destacando a hidroponia em alguns Estados, pelo uso da água racionalmente. Com este aumento do uso da hidroponia vem aparecendo algumas dificuldades devido à falta de informações sobre este sistema. Contudo, estudos a ser realizados visando aumentar informações sobre uso de águas salobras em hidroponia, e também buscando informação sobre os níveis de resposta das culturas à salinidade, são de fundamental importância para aperfeiçoar os investimentos em produções hidropônicas, principalmente na região Nordeste do Brasil. Tendo em vista a falta de informação para a cultura do agrião hidropônico, o objetivo deste trabalho foi: averiguar a resposta à salinidade da cultura do agrião, em hidroponia e em solo; propor um manejo para a melhor utilização do sistema, com águas salinas. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior Luiz de Queiroz ESALQ-USP, em uma casa de vegetação do tipo arco simples. Utilizou-se um sistema de hidroponia composta por 32 unidades experimentais, que já se encontravam instaladas. Cada sistema hidropônico representou uma parcela independente. Para averiguar a resposta aos sais pelo agrião em sistema hidropônico NFT e no solo, foram avaliados oito níveis de salinidade da solução nutritiva produzidos com NaCl, sendo a solução nutritiva e mais sete níveis de salinidade da água. Foi observado, que o níveis menores de sais, o agrião se desenvolveu melhor em relação aos níveis maiores. Foi observado também que a resposta da cultura à salinidade foi melhor nos sistemas hidropônicos. Notou-se também que os principais sintomas da salinidade foram o nanismo, coloração escura das folhas e suas folhas ficaram coriáceas. Após o experimento, conclui-se que os tratamentos salinos influenciaram significativamente todos os parâmetros de rendimento da cultura, tanto na hidroponia quanto no solo; houve melhor desenvolvimento das plantas sob salinidade na hidroponia, quando confrontado ao solo; o consumo de água palas plantas na hidroponia foi influenciado pela salinidade. / After the Brazilian agriculture started to be outstanding in the scenery of the scientific researches, the great challenge started to be the productivity standardization in whole national territory. One of the main focus is being the semi-arid area for its water scarcity, so much quantitative as qualitative, for being an area with low annual precipitation and for their underground waters be usually salty waters. With this national challenge, it been spreading the soilless in some States, to improve the water use. With this increase soilless use it is appearing some difficulties due the lack of the information on this system. However, studies to be accomplished seeking to increase information on use of salty waters in soilless, and also looking for information on the answer salinity levels crop, are of fundamental importance to improve the investments in productions hydroponics, mainly in the Northeast of Brazil. Tends in view of the information lack for the hydroponic watercress crop, the objective of this work was: determine the threshold salinity of the crop watercress, in soilless and in soil; to propose a handling for the best system use, with saline waters. The experiment was developed in the Department of Rural Engineering of the Superior School \'Luiz of Queiroz\' ESALQ-USP, in a greenhouse of the type simple arch. A soilless system was used composed by 32 experimental units, that already installed previously. Each system hydroponics represented an independent portion. To discover the answer to the salts for the watercress in system hydroponics NFT and in the soil, they were evaluated eight salinity levels of the nutritious solution produced with NaCl, being the solution nutritious and more seven salinity levels of the water. It was observed, that in smaller levels of salts, the watercress grew better in relation to the larger levels. It was also observed that the answer crop to the salinity was better in the systems hydroponics. It was also noticed that the main symptoms of the salinity were the nanism, dark coloration leaves and their leaves were coriaceous. After the experiment, it is concluded that the saline treatments influenced significantly all income parameters crop, both in soilless and in soil; there was better development of the plants under salinity in the soilless, compared to the soil; the water consumption peaks plants in the soilless was influenced by the salinity.

The use of planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios to reconstruct past sea surface temperatures (SST) is prevalent in the literature. The perceived simplicity of the underlying chemistry and ease of measurements are alluring. Canonically, temperature is thought to be the primary control on the shell Mg/Ca values. Additionally, an appeal of this proxy is that it can be combined with shell ä18O values to reconstruct changes in the local ä18O of seawater, a proxy for salinity. However, we have identified a salinity effect on the Mg/Ca signal recorded in planktonic foraminifera influencing samples from open ocean locations. This effect causes excess Mg incorporation, higher than predicted by theory, in high salinity regions for the planktonic foraminiferal species, Globigerinoides ruber (white). The shell "excess Mg/Ca" resides within the primary calcite lattice of the shell itself and may be related to the observed cyclic banding of high and low Mg/Ca calcite with the foraminiferal shells. We derive new equations which describe the relationship between shell Mg/Ca, ocean sea surface temperature, salinity, and bottom water ÄCO32-. We also define new equations for ocean temperature and salinity using shell Mg/Ca, ä18O, and bottom water ÄCO32-, which take advantage of the dual sensitivity of shell Mg/Ca and ä18O to temperature and salinity. We apply these results downcore at several locations to assess the influence on paleo-reconstructions. These results are widely applicable to paleoceanographic studies and should allow more accurate reconstructions of both temperature and salinity. Below are brief outlines of the dissertation chapters: 1) A poor correlation between Mg/Ca derived and observed (WOA05) SST was found for 64 coretops in the (sub)tropical Atlantic. Shell-derived SST values from the subtropical gyres were overestimated and the residual "excess Mg/Ca" was well correlated with surface salinity. In this chapter, new calibration equations are developed for the Atlantic Ocean using paired Mg/Ca and ä18O measurements, along with the bottom water ÄCO32-, to predict temperature and salinity. These equations are validated using published coretop data and yield accurate estimates for SST and salinity. 2) The ITCZ is clearly identified in the oceans as the region where temperatures are the highest and salinities are the lowest. These oceanographic fingerprints can be used to track ITCZ variability over the ocean through time. Both canonical equations and the new equations from chapter 1 are used here to reconstruct SST and ä18Oseawater/Salinity gradients since the LGM in the equatorial Atlantic. The marine Atlantic ITCZ migrated in excess of 10° latitude away from its modern position, during both the LGM and early Holocene, supporting climate model results as well as coastal and terrestrial paleohydrological records that document the sensitivity of ITCZ position to both high- and low-latitude forcing. 3) The nature of the excess shell Mg/Ca and the mechanism for incorporation is poorly understood. We investigated excess Mg/Ca using SEM, flow through ICP-MS (FT-ICP-MS) and electron microprobe analyses. SEM and FT-ICP-MS results suggest the excess shell Mg resides within the primary structure of the calcite lattice. Electron microprobe maps of shell Mg/Ca confirm that the excess Mg/Ca lies within the shell itself, likely within the high Mg/Ca calcite bands. These findings suggest the incorporation of shell "excess Mg/Ca" first identified in chapter 1 is not related to post-depositional diagenetic alteration. These results will help elucidate the mechanism responsible for enhanced Mg uptake in high salinity settings. 4) Currently there exist no globally applicable calibration equations relating oceanographic parameters to foraminiferal shell Mg/Ca. In this chapter, we develop new, global calibration equations for G. ruber (white) following the methods of chapter 1. We find that the relationship between shell Mg/Ca and salinity is non-linear, with a threshold value near a salinity of 35, below which there is little influence of salinity on shell Mg/Ca. These equations were validated with published data and appear to be robust. By accounting for the additional influence, alkenone and foraminiferal Mg-Ca derived SST records may be reconciled in for some locations, particularly where there were likely to have been large variations of salinity in the past. These results represent a significant advance for the paleoceanographic community.

Leung Ling Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-138). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / List of Abbreviation --- p.vii / List of Figures and Tables --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The effect of salinity on pentose phosphate pathway activity and red blood cells resistance to oxidative stress in silver seabream (Sparus sarba) --- p.4 / Abstract --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The effect of dietary carbohydrate level on pentose phosphate pathway activity and red blood cells resistance to oxidative stress in of silver seabream (Sparus sarba) --- p.65 / Abstract --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- Literature review --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Summary --- p.113 / References --- p.117

The present study provided information for the role of the RAS in seabream osmoregulatory responses. The structure of angiotensinogen suggested that flounder type Ang II was the prevalent form in seabream. However, HPLC analysis suggested that different forms of angiotensins were present in seabream adapted to different salinities. The status of RAS was revealed in seabream adapted to different salinities and a higher status was found in hypersaline environment. Local renal RAS was identified and it may be activated in hyposmotic media and associated with an increase in glomerular and tubular function to excrete excess water. In general, the RAS in seabream displays differential status, both at systemic and local levels, which modulates osmoregulatory functions under acute and chronic salinity perturbation. / The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the control of body fluid homeostasis in silver seabream. Seabream angiotensinogen was cloned and sequenced in the present study. The sequence alignment showed that the angiotensinogen of seabream is most similar to that of pufferfish. Differential status of RAS was found among different salinities, with relatively higher RAS activity among hyperosmotic adapted seabream. Circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) was higher in hyperosmotic adapted seabream, with the highest value observed in seabream adapted to double-strength seawater. Although the level of immunoreactive angiotensins in freshwater adapted seabream was higher than that of brackish-water, Ang III, but not Ang II, was the prevalent circulating form in freshwater adapted seabream according to HPLC analysis. Hepatic angiotensinogen expression, however, did not show any statistical difference among different salinities. A positive feedback control for angiotensinogen by Ang II is present in the hepatic tissue of seabream as Ang II increased the expression of angiotensinogen in isolated hepatocyte but captopril lowered the angiotensinogen expression in intact fish. Branchial Na-K-ATPase activities were elevated by Ang II and the activities among different salinities showed a pattern similar to that of circulating angiotensins. However, upon abrupt hyposmotic transfer, branchial Na-K-ATPase elevated along with a decrease in circulating Ang II, an observation implying that the relationship between Na-K-ATPase and Ang II may only be causal. Captopril blockade not only lowered not only circulating Ang II levels but also that of cortisol, indicating RAS activity may limit cortisol secretion. An elevation in the circulating cortisol may be related to the increase in branchial Na-K-ATPase activities after abrupt hyposmotic transfer. The stimulatory effect on branchial Na-K-ATPase activity and the vasopressor effect of Ang II were more potent in hyposmotic than hyperosmotic adapted seabream, which indicates hyposmotic adapted seabream is more sensitive to RAS activation. The renal RAS in silver seabream functions independently from the systemic RAS as the pattern of renal angiotensins was dissimilar to that of systemic angiotensins. The renal RAS was activated in brackish water conditions and abrupt hyposmotic transfer significantly increased renal RAS activities. Kidney morphometrics also indicated that hyposmotic adaptation increase the filtering capacity of seabream nephrons. The number and diameter of glomeruli increase significantly in freshwater adapted seabream, which may vastly increase the filtering surface of the nephrons. Collecting tubules were more prevalent in the kidney of hyposmotic adapted seabream, with higher number, diameter and thickness, suggesting a lower water permeability of collecting tubules is essential for the formation of copious and diluted urine in hyposmotic environment. / Wong Kwok Shing. / "December 2005." / Adviser: Norman Y. S. Woo. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6144. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-145). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T13:26:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Santana da Silva Mendes.pdf: 278190 bytes, checksum: 84256faeb53cc4ef34d9d1f3f9fa7787 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T13:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Santana da Silva Mendes.pdf: 278190 bytes, checksum: 84256faeb53cc4ef34d9d1f3f9fa7787 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The ornamental species are standing out in the brazilian agribusiness and among them is the Ananas porteanus, the ornamental pineapple. The brazilian northwest, a region with a tendency to salinization, is a large producer of ornamental tropical plants. Studies on these plants' tolerance under saline conditions are important to usage on already salinized areas or in process of salinization. A. porteanus plants were cultivated during 90 days in sand washed and irrigated with a nutritive solution with 80,0 mM of NaCl or without this salt, constituting two treatments. Growth variables, Na+, Cl- and K+ levels, total soluble proteins, total soluble carbohydrates, proline, total phenols, peroxidase activity and cellular membrane damage were observed. The saline treatment reduced biomass production that was associated with increase in Cl- (230%) and Na+ (39%) levels and to reduction in K+ (38%) levels in the shoot. In parallel it was observed a reduction in soluble carbohydrate levels while the proline levels were six times higher than control. In saline conditions the peroxidase activity (POD) was doubled and the phenols levels, which are oxidized by POD, decreased. These factors associated to proline increase were important for not allowing the membrane to reach 20% damage. The levels of chlorophyll increased 15% pointing to a photosynthetic apparatus protector role. / As espécies ornamentais vêm se destacando no agronegócio brasileiro e entre elas enquadra-se a Ananas porteanus, o abacaxi ornamental. O Nordeste brasileiro, região com área propensa à salinização, é um grande produtor de plantas ornamentais tropicais. Estudos sobre a tolerância dessas plantas em condições salinas são importantes para o aproveitamento de áreas já salinizadas ou em vias de salinização. Plantas de A. porteanus foram cultivadas durante 90 dias em areia lavada e irrigadas com solução nutritiva com 80,0 mM de NaCl ou sem este sal, constituindo dois tratamentos. Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, teores de Na+, Cl- e K+, proteínas solúveis totais, carboidratos solúveis totais, prolina, fenóis totais, atividade da peroxidase e danos na membrana celular. O tratamento salino reduziu a produção de biomassa que esteve associada ao aumento nos teores de Cl- (230%) e Na+ (39%) e à redução no teor de K+ (38%) na parte aérea. Paralelamente observou-se redução no teor de carboidratos solúveis enquanto que o teor da prolina foi seis vezes superior ao controle. Em condições de salinidade a atividade da peroxidase (POD) foi duplicada e o teor de fenóis, que são oxidados pela POD, diminuiu. Esses fatores associados ao incremento de prolina foram importantes para que a percentagem de dano de membrana não alcançasse 20%. Os teores de clorofila “a” aumentaram em 15% sugerindo um papel protetor ao aparato fotossintético.

Salinity stress is one of the main challenges for crop growth and production. The estimated loss of crop yield due to salinity stress is up to 20% worldwide each year. Plants have evolved an array of mechanisms to defend themselves against salinity stress. A key aspect of plant responses to salinity stress is the engagement of a nitrosative burst that results in nitric oxide (NO) accumulation. A major mechanism for the transfer of NO bioactivity is S-nitrosylation which is a modification of the reactive thiol group of a rare but highly active cysteine residue within a protein through the addition of a NO moiety to generate an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). S-nitrosylation can result in altered structure, function and cellular localisation of a protein. Our findings suggest that S-nitrosylation is a key regulator of plant responses to salinity stress. Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide cellular antioxidant, is S-nitrosylated to form S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), which functions as a stable store of NO bioactivity. Cellular GSNO levels are directly controlled by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), thereby, regulating global SNO levels indirectly. The absence of this gene results in high levels of SNOs. In Arabidopsis, previous research has shown that loss-of-function mutation in GSNOR1 results in pathogen susceptibility (Feechan et al., 2005). In our study, we investigated salt tolerance in gsnor1-3 plants. We have found that this line is salt sensitive at various stages of their life cycle. Interestingly, classical salt stress signalling pathways are fully functional in gsnor1-3 plants. We have also explored non-classical pathways involved in salt tolerance. Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process which is involved in the recycling and degradation of unwanted cellular materials under stressed and non-stressed conditions. We have demonstrated that gsnor1-3 plants have impaired autophagy during salt stress. An accumulation of the autophagy marker NBR1 supports the lack of autophagosome formation. We hypothesised that S-nitrosylation might regulate upstream nodes of autophagosome formation. Our study demonstrated that at least one key player involved in autophagosome biogenesis is regulated by S-nitrosylation. ATG7, an E1-like activating enzyme, which regulates ATG8-PE and ATG12-ATG5 ubiquitin like conjugation systems, is S-nitrosylated in vitro and in vivo. S-nitrosylation of ATG7 impairs its function in vitro. We showed that S-nitrosylation of ATG7 is mediated by GSNO. Interestingly, ATG7 is also transnitrosylated by thioredoxin (TRX), another important redox regulatory enzyme. We suggest that similar mechanisms might exist in planta. Finally, work in this study revealed that S-nitrosylation of Cys558 and Cys637 cause the inhibition of ATG7 function. In aggregate, this study revealed a novel mechanism for the redox-based regulation of autophagy during salt stress.

Sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions from the low latitudes indicate the tropics/subtropics warmed significantly before glacial-interglacial decreases in global ice volume, suggesting the importance of tropical and subtropical climate in driving glacial terminations. ODP Site 625, drilled at a water depth of 889 m near De Soto Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), provides continuous records of marine isotope stages (MIS) 1-6 sampled at a mean temporal resolution of 400 years. Age control is based on 8 AMS radiocarbon dates, marine isotope stratigraphy, and Foraminifera datum levels. Results from Globigerinoides ruber (white variety) Mg/Ca-SST indicate a rise of 4.4 °C from last glacial maximum to modern conditions and a 3.2 °C rise from the penultimate glaciation to the last interglaciation. However, model results suggest reduced thermohaline circulation (THC) causes salt and heat build-up in the Atlantic Warm Pool. Paired G. ruber Mg/Ca-SST and δ18O provide evidence of sub-millennial scale variability in GOM SST and SSS that is probably influenced by the strength of NADW production, as also observed in the Western Caribbean Sea. We test the idea that widespread abrupt climate change during the last glaciation caused by millennial scale fluctuations in the intensity of THC was modulated by Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) meltwater routed to the North Atlantic. To understand LIS melting dynamics and test the Meltwater Routing Hypothesis, we investigate the phasing of GOM SST and LIS freshwater events in relationship to high latitude climate. Estimated salinities from our multi-proxy approach suggest three freshwater events with a major freshwater influx from that occurred during Heinrich Event 2. This result confirms previous studies that suggested LIS summer melting during warmings in Antarctica. We also find a climate reversal during termination II from 130.4-128.4 ka. The initial rise in GOM SST at 132.1 ka of 2.9 °C is followed by a cold reversal of 1.5 °C at 130.4 ka for 2 ky and final increase to full interglacial warmth. The reversal in GOM SST is consonant with a pause in sea level rise and reduced NADW, suggesting a reduction in THC may have caused a global two-step deglaciation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate response times of a salinity sensor and a soil psychrometer. Influences of pressure, temperature and molar concentration changes were to be measured. Salinity sensor response times ranged from 50 to 130 minutes during solution adsorption while desorption response times were perhaps ten times as long. Temperature affected both response times and equilibrium values, but pressure did not affect either. Soil psychrometer response times ranged from from 40 to 80 minutes for either adsorption or desorption of solution. However, other factors probably related to indirectness of measurement made the soil psychrometer fail to reflect osmotic potential. Both pressure and temperature effects were significant. Comparisons between hypothetical soil water infiltration times and sensor response times together with soil psychrometer failure led to the conclusion that the salinity sensor may be useful while the soil psychrometer would probably not be useful for the return-flow water quality control.

Production functions were generated for dry matter and grain yields of corn, A continuous variable plot design replicated four times was established in the spring of 1974 in Vernal, Utah. Each replication included ten salt treatments and twenty irrigation levels. The salt treatments resulted in an average root zone salinity ranging from 2 . 7 to 14.9 mmho s/cm. Irrigation levels ranged from 4.2 to 45.0cm of water applied. Dry matter (Kg/ha) yield showed an 83 percent reduction over the range of salt applied and a 52 percent reduction over the range of water applied. Grain yield declined 96 and 64 percent over the range of salt and water applied, respectively . Salinity sensors produced results corresponding closely to measurements taken from the saturation extract of soil samples . Thermocouple psychrometers and a four probe resistivity meter produced results inconsistant with those of the soil samples.