Previous epidemiological studies have shown that the diabetic population has a poor oral status compared to healthy subjects. While changes of the local microcirculation observed during diabetes can somehow explain periodontal pathologies this hypothesis does not stand for the carious decay. We propose the hypothesis that the increase of carious incidence might be linked to changes in the salivary composition, such as an increase of salivary glucose concentrations.The amount of glucose in saliva has been widely discussed in various scientific articles. Subsequently, we performed an initial study that allowed us to confirm that the concentration and excretion of glucose in the saliva were higher in diabetic patients compared to normal patients. In diabetic patients, the relative increase in salivary glucose concentration is even comparable to the rise of blood glucose.We conducted experimental studies in animals in order to investigate the presence and the level of expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, SGLT1) in rat parotid glands. Through immunohistochemical labeling techniques, gene expression studies and protein expression studies, we demonstrated that GLUT1, GLUT4 and SGLT1 were found in rat parotid glands of normal and diabetic rats. Functional studies targeting the activity and the flux through those glucose transporters strengthened our hypothesis on the potential role of glucose transporter in salivary glucose.This original work introduce for the first time the hypothesis of a secretion mechanism of glucose by the salivary glands through GLUT1 & SGLT1 transporters, the first one being located on the apical and baso-lateral membranes of acinar cells, while the second one is located on the baso-lateral membrane. Secretion of glucose by the parotid gland is no longer at any doubt even though further studies must now specify the specific mechanisms. / Doctorat en Sciences dentaires / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are neuropeptides with diverse effects on social behavior, cognition and stress responses. Recent studies suggest that OT facilitates and responds to affiliative forms of human-animal interaction (HAI). However, previous studies measuring OT and AVP in dogs have been limited to measures from blood or urine, which present concerns related to the invasiveness of sample collection, the potential for matrix interference in immunoassays, and whether samples can be collected at precise time points to assess event-linked endocrine responses. Previous studies from our laboratory validated salivary measures of OT and AVP in dogs, however, it is currently unknown whether these measures respond dynamically to aspects of HAI. Here, we investigated the effects of affiliative forms of HAI on both plasma and salivary OT and AVP in dogs. We employed a within-and between-subjects design with a group of Labrador retrievers and Labrador retriever x golden retriever crosses (23 females, 15 males). Half of the dogs engaged in 10 min of free-form friendly interaction with a human experimenter (HAI condition), and the other half rested quietly in the same environment, without human interaction (control condition). We collected blood and saliva samples before, and immediately following both experimental conditions, and all samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) following previously validated protocols. Dogs participating in HAI exhibited a significant increase in both salivary OT (+ 39%) and plasma OT (+ 5.7%) whereas dogs in the control group did not. Salivary AVP showed no change in the HAI group but increased significantly (+ 33%) in the control group. Plasma AVP decreased significantly following HAI (13%) but did not change across time in the control condition. Within the dogs exposed to HAI, increases in salivary OT, and decreases in plasma AVP, were predicted by the extent of affiliative behavior between the dog and human (indexed by scores from a principal components analysis of social behaviors between the dog and human). Collectively our results suggest that measures of salivary OT and AVP provide useful biomarkers in studies of HAI, and afford a flexible and non-invasive toolkit than can be employed in diverse research contexts.

The activity and specificity of salivary glycoproteins (agglutinins) aggregating various human indigenous microorganisms were studied in vitro. The agglutinin reacting with a serotype c strain of Streptococcus mutans was isolated and chemically characterized. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Saliva contains agglutinins against predominant oral microorganisms but also against some of the predominant intestinal bacteria. Agglutinin from one individual was active against microorganisms both from this individual and other individuals. 2. Saliva-induced agglutination of S. sanguis was inhibited by antisera to IgA, IgG, IgM, and secretory component while S. mutans agglutination was inhibited only by albumin and antisera to IgA. The differences in inhibition indicate the presence of different agglutinins for the two strains. 3. The agglutinin for an S. mutans serotype c strain was sensitive to a reduction in pH and to treatment with Concanavalin A while an S. mitior agglutinin was not. The tested S. mitior strain, however, adsorbed the S. mutans agglutinin without being agglutinated. 4. The agglutinin reacting with an S. mutans serotype c strain could be desorbed from the microorganisms in a neutral phosphate buffer. Calcium in the order of 10 million molecules per bacteria was needed to restore agglutination induced by the isolated agglutinin. 5. The agglutinin in parotid saliva responsible for aggregation of an S. mutans serotype c strain was characterized as a non-immunoglobulin glycoprotein with no blood group activity. The agglutinin was a polymer with a molecular weight exceeding 5 000 kdaltons while the monomeric agglutinin had a molecular weight of 440 kdaltons. The concentration of the agglutinin in parotid saliva was as low as 0.5 per cent of total protein but because 0.1 ug of the agglutinin caused rapid aggregation of as many as 100 million bacteria the agglutinin is considered highly active. The results indicate the presence in saliva of different agglutinins with specificity for different bacterial species. High molecular weight glycoproteins seem to play a major role in saliva-induced agglutination of microorganisms and in mechanisms related to clearance and retention of oral microorganisms. / digitalisering@umu.se

Abstract Secretory carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3- + H+). Low concentrations of salivary CA VI are associated with high decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) index scores and a high incidence of acid injury in the upper gastrointestinal tract plus lowered taste and smell perception. Two mechanisms of action for CA VI have been proposed: acid neutralisation and growth factor function. In the present study the distribution and catalytic properties of CA VI have been examined in order to further clarify its mechanisms of action and biological significance. CA VI was found to be present and secreted by the alveolar epithelium of the mammary gland, serous acinar cells of lingual von Ebner’s glands, serous demilune cells of posterior lingual mucous glands and serous cells of submucosal tracheobronchial glands. CA VI was also found in the serous cells in the tracheobronchial mucosal epithelium, taste pore, taste bud, base of the tracheobronchial cilia, bronchiolar Clara cells and enamel pellicle. An immunofluorometric assay showed that the mean concentration of CA VI in colostral milk was eight times higher than that in mature milk (35 mg/l vs. 4.5 mg/l). Stopped-flow spectroscopy measurements revealed that the dehydration activity of CA VI is moderate (maximum kcat = 3.0 × 105 · s-1). The finding that CA VI is a potent catalyst of acid neutralisation emphasizes the possible role of the pellicle bound CA VI in local neutralisation of the acidic metabolic products of dental biofilm. The function of CA VI in von Ebner’s glands’ saliva is likely taste stimuli modification via CA activity although other functions may exist. Its role in milk or respiratory tract mucus remains open, however, as these secretions do not have significant acid predispositions that would need enzymatic catalysis for removal.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The shift towards minimally invasive dentistry has meant that dental practitioners are now undertaking procedures that are conservative and preserve as much of the existing tooth structure as possible. Repairing composite is a more conservative way of managing damaged restorations when compared to their replacement. A number of different protocols for repairing composite restorations exist but there is little information as to which is the most effective method. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the following treatment procedures have on the shear bond strength of repaired composite: i. Five different repair protocols, ii. Two different types of repair composite materials and iii. Aging in artificial saliva prior to repairing. Materials and methods: Two hundred and forty composite cylinders of 5mm diameter and 5mm height made from Filtek Supreme XTE (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared with the aid of a silicon matrix. They were then divided into two groups: a hundred and twenty of these cylinders were aged in a solution of artificial saliva for 28 days and the remaining samples were left unchanged with no aging. All the aged and non-aged composite cylinders were then randomly allocated to six groups of twenty each corresponding to the repair protocol applied. The first group from both of the aged and non-aged samples was treated by roughening the top surface with a diamond bur followed by an application of Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The second group received a surface roughening with a diamond bur,etching with 35% phosphoric acid and application of Scotchbond 1XT. The third group received an application of Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and the fourth one had a single application of Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) on its top surface. The fifth group was treated by blasting with COJET Sand (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) particles together with an application of Scotchbond Universal. The final group was used as the control where no surface treatment was done. After the surface treatments, each of the composite samples was repaired by the addition of fresh composite in the shape of cylinders measuring 3mm in diameter and 4mm in height. This was done with the aid of a silicon matrix. Within each treatment sub-group (n=20), 10 cylinders were repaired using either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram. All two hundred and forty repaired samples were then subjected to shear bond strength testing on a Universal testing machine. Data analysis: The results of the shear bond strength tests expressed in megapascals (MPa) were recorded and analysed for the effect of three different factors under consideration. The effectiveness of the repair protocols, type of composite and aging in artificial saliva were compared using the analysis of variance. Differences within the groups were identified using a post hoc analysis. Results: The mean highest repair shear bond strength was observed when COJET Sand in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal was used to repair the aged composite blocks. There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength observed when either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram was used as the repair composites. Aging in artificial saliva led to a mean reduction of 18.08% in the repair bond strength across the six treatment groups. Conclusions: The application of a surface treatment and intermediate adhesive is crucial in improving bond strength in the composite repair interface. Repair with Filtek Supreme XTE and Tetric N-Ceram was equally effective. Aging in artificial saliva produced significantly reduced bond strength.

M.Tech. / Cat allergy can be defined as an abnormal immune response by the body to cat dander or cat saliva, which is considered to be a harmless environmental agent. In individuals who display a hypersensitivity to cats, exposure can manifest in a complex of symptoms which can negatively influence their normal day to day functioning. Conventional treatment for cat allergy comprises of antihistamines and decongestants, which have many adverse effects and in many patients prolonged use can result in the development of a tolerance to that particular drug. To date no research has been conducted on the homoeopathic complex of Cat saliva 9cH and Histaminum 9cH for treating the symptoms of cat allergy. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Cat saliva 9cH and Histaminum 9cH in treating the symptoms of cat allergy, by use of an allergy skin prick test and a symptom score card. The complex of Cat saliva 9cH and Histaminum 9cH was prepared according to homoeopathic principles and prescribed according to isopathic principles. Thirty participants between the ages of 18 and 45 both male and female, who all had a positive test result for an allergy skin prick test specifically to cat allergen, were selected for this four week, double blind, placebo-controlled study. During the conduction of the skin prick test the wheal diameter, flare reaction and degree of itchiness were measured at the beginning of the study (week 1) and at the end of the study (week 4). The participants were randomly divided into the experimental and control group. The control group received the placebo and the experimental group received the homoeopathic complex of Cat saliva 9cH and Histaminum 9cH. Participants were asked to take two tablets sublingually in the morning and two tablets at night for the duration of the study period (4 weeks). Each participant received a score card which rated the severity, frequency and duration of their symptoms and was completed at the end of each week. The results were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney U Test, the Friedman-K Related Samples Test, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, Independent-Samples T-Test and descriptive statistics. The results showed that the iv homoeopathic complex of Cat saliva 9cH and Histaminum 9cH had improved all symptoms in the experimental group, however when compared to the control group was only found to be statistically significant in improving the severity of the symptom “runny itchy stuffy nose”, the frequency of the symptoms “red itchy eyes”, “runny itchy stuffy nose” and “sneezing”, as well as improving the duration of the symptom “runny itchy stuffy nose”.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-14T14:19:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 190718 bytes, checksum: eb78f6e6de0276e831dec5e331f62e3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T14:19:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 190718 bytes, checksum: eb78f6e6de0276e831dec5e331f62e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho foi realizado com base em dois experimentos: No primeiro, avaliou-se os consumos e as digestibilidades aparentes totais de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não- fibrosos (CNF), o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e a produção de proteína microbiana para as diferentes dietas. Avaliou-se também o pH e as concentrações de amônia da digesta ruminal, as excreções de uréia para as diferentes dietas e as degradabilidades in situ dos alimentos. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos 1⁄2 sangue Holandês-Zebu, fistulados no rúmen e esôfago, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 185,4 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco períodos, cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dietas á base de capim- elefante picado, de média maturidade (CE); pré-secado de capim-tifton 85 (PS); feno de capim-braquiária (FB); feno de capim-braquiária e concentrado a 0,5% PV (FB:C1) e feno de capim-braquiária com concentrado a 1,0% PV (FB:C2). Cada período experimental teve duração de 10 dias, dos quais, os sete primeiros foram destinados à adaptação dos animais às dietas e três dias para coletas de amostras. O pré-secado de capim-tifton 85 apresentou maior valor nutritivo em relação aos demais volumosos utilizados, caracterizado pelos valores superiores (P<0,05) de consumo, digestibilidade e melhores parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal. A adição de concentrado ao feno de capim-braquiária aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo e a digestibilidade do volumoso. O maior consumo do concentrado C2 (1,0%PV) resultou em melhorias nos consumos de MS e NDT do feno de capim-braquiária. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se determinar a contaminação da extrusa pela saliva nos teores de proteína bruta (PB), compostos nitrogenados não protéicos na forma de proteína bruta (NNP-PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), cinzas, cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), potássio (K) e sódio (Na), dos alimentos avaliados. Os animais e as dietas utilizadas durante o período de adaptação foram descritos no primeiro experimento. Durante a coleta de extrusa foram fornecidos outros volumosos além daqueles para os quais os animais haviam sido adaptados. Realizou-se cinco períodos experimentais, que tiveram duração máxima de 13 dias sendo 10 dias para adaptação e os três últimos para a coleta de extrusa. No primeiro período as extrusas foram obtidas, nos três últimos dias, do CE e dos capim-elefante (CES) e capim-braquiária (CBS) coletados em pastejo simulado. No segundo período, a extrusa do PS foi obtida em duas repetições nos dias 11 e 12. No terceiro, foi coletada a extrusa do feno de capim- braquiária (FB1) nos dias 11 e 12 e no 13 o dia foi oferecido e efetuada a coleta de extrusa do feno de capim-tifton 85 (FT). No quarto e quinto períodos experimentais as extrusas do FB:C1 (FB2) e do FB:C2 (FB3) foram obtidas em duplicatas nos dias 11 e 12 de cada período. O teor de PB da extrusa apresentou pequenas alterações em relação à MS ingerida. Os NNP-PB foram alterados pelo nitrogênio salivar (P<0,05) e superestimados na extrusa em 1,73 pontos percentuais ou 135%. Os níveis de FDN tenderam ser subestimados 2,44 pontos percentuais ou 3,45% porém, com grande variação. Os níveis de FDA e LIG foram superestimados (P<0,05), em amostras de extrusa, em média 3,95 e 2,91 pontos percentuais ou 11,0 e 44%, respectivamente. A contaminação por minerais foi significativa (P<0,05) para cinzas, P e Na, ocorrendo uma superestimativa dos níveis verdadeiramente ingeridos em 2,45 0,21 e 1,30 pontos percentuais ou 31,25; 116,7 e 3250%, respectivamente. / This work was carried out according to two experiments: in the first, the intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC); the total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake; and the microbial protein production of different diets were evaluated. The pH and ammonia concentrations in the ruminal digesta, urea excretions of different diets and in situ degradability of feeds were also evaluated. Five 1⁄2 Holstein-Zebu steers, fistulated in the rumen and esophagus, with average initial live weight (LW) of 185.4 kg, were used. A completely randomized experimental design, with five periods, five treatments and five replicates, was used. The treatments were constituted of chopped elephantgrass based diets, of medium maturity (CE); Tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage (PS); brachiaria decumbens hay (FB); brachiaria decumbens hay and concentrate at 0.5% LW (FB:C1); and brachiaria decumbens hay and concentrate at 1.0% LW (FB:C2). Each experimental period lasted 10 days, where the first seven days corresponded to the adaptation period and the last three days, to the collection samples. Tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage showed higher nutritional value in relation to other roughages, characterized by higher values (P<0.05) of intake and digestibility and by better parameters of ruminal degradability. The addition of concentrate to the brachiaria decumbens hay ixincreased (P<0.05) the roughage intake and digestibility. The highest concentrate C2 intake (1.0% LW) increased DM and TDN intake of brachiaria decumbens hay. The second experiment aimed to determine the saliva contamination in the extrusa on the contents of crude protein (CP), non-protein nitrogen compounds in the form of crude protein (NNP-CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (LIG), ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) of the evaluated feeds. The animals and the diets used during the adaptation period were described in the first experiment. During the extrusa collection, other roughages, beyond those of the adaptation period, were fed. Five experimental periods, that lasted 13 days in the maximum, where 10 days corresponded to the adaptation period and the last three to the extrusa collection, were carried out. In the first period, extrusa samples were obtained from CE and elephantgrass (CES) and brachiaria decumbens (CBS) grass collected under simulated pasture technique, in the last three days. In the second period, the PS extrusa was obtained with two replicates, at the 11 th and 12 th day. In the third period, the extrusa of brachiaria decumbens hay treatment was collected (FB1) at the 11 th and 12 th day, and at the 13 th day Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (FT) was offered and the extrusa collection was performed. In the fourth and fifth experimental periods, FB:C1 (FB2) and FB:C2 (FB3) extrusa were obtained in replicates at the 11 th and 12 th day of each period. The extrusa CP contents showed small changes in relation to the ingested DM. NNP-CP were altered by nitrogen in the saliva (P<0.05) and was overestimated in the extrusa in 1.73 percent points or 135%. The NDF levels tended to be underestimated 2.44 percent points or 3.45%, however, with great variation. The ADF and LIG levels were overestimated (P<0.05) in extrusa samples, on average 3.95 and 2.91 percent points or 11.0 and 44%, respectively. The mineral contamination was significant (P<0.05) for ash, P and Na, and the real ingested levels were overestimated in 2.45, 0.21 and 1.30 percent points or 31.25, 116.7 and 3250%, respectively.

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Rosalen / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T03:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruenis_AnaPaulaDelBortolo_M.pdf: 4603920 bytes, checksum: ec036cbccd06868ed14d2a76af715b84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Mestrado

<div> <div> <div> <p>Saliva influences chemical and textural sensations, yet details on sources of individual variability for these phenomena are still lacking. In this project, we investigated fatty sensations, dietary habits, and saliva’s emulsifying properties. Through a remote tasting and spitting protocol, participants were asked to rate sensory properties of fatty candies with varying concentrations of added linoleic acid (LA) as well as discriminate among fatty candies with/without LA and high/low fat ranch dressings. Additionally, participants swished and expectorated an oil/water mixture, and the expectorated emulsion was visually analyzed. Dietary habits were also assessed by 3-day dietary recalls. </p> <p>Linear mixed model was used to analyze sensory response, diet, and spit data. Sensory ratings of fatty candies indicate differences based on successful completion of either discrimination tasks. People who passed either discrimination tests (N=26 passed LA; N=22 passed high/low fat tests) rated higher “Fattiness” for the highest LA concentration. In contrast, people who failed the tests (N=36 failed LA; N=40 failed high/low fat tests) rated higher “Bitterness” with the highest LA concentration. Importantly, only 7 individuals overlapped in these two groups who passed the discrimination tasks. Lower total fat intake and larger expectorated fat layer were associated with higher “Bitterness,” particularly among those who passed the LA discrimination test and those who failed the high/low fat test. Moreover, lower protein and greater carbohydrate intake seemed to associate with the greater formation and stability of oral emulsions, particularly in individuals who failed the high/low fat discrimination task. Other factors such as total fat intake, medication usage, and BMI were mixed. In conclusion, sensory experience of fatty candies may vary based on the ability of an individual to sense the LA or fat content, and saliva’s ability to emulsify fat into water may vary with diet. </p> </div> </div> </div>

We have previously reported a high prevalence of H. pylori DNA in saliva. In this study, the cytotoxin genotypes of H. pylori strains from both stomach and saliva were compared in 31 patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer. The cagA, vacA m1, vacA m2, and vacA s1 genotypes were analyzed by PCR. The 417 bp PCR products from three patients were also subjected to DNA sequencing analysis. There was 95% agreement between stomach H. pylori isolates and their corresponding saliva DNA in at least one cytotoxin genotype; 86% agreement with two cytotoxin genotypes; 59% agreement with three cytotoxin genotypes; and 27% agreement with all four cytotoxin genotypes studied. DNA sequencing from three patients showed 78.0%, 64.0%, and 66.9% homology of H. pylori from both sources, respectively. The data suggest that more than one H. pylori strain may exist in the stomach and saliva in the same patient.