abstract: Sleep is essential for physical and psychological health. Sleep has also been linked to the daily patterns of key stress-responsive physiological systems, specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Extant research examining sleep and diurnal patterns of cortisol, the primary end product of the HPA axis, is inconsistent. Moreover, it is not clear how specific aspects of sleep behavior (e.g., sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep variability) are related to specific components of diurnal cortisol rhythms. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been recognized as a surrogate marker of ANS activity, but limited research has explored relations between sleep and sAA diurnal rhythms. The current study utilized a modified ecological momentary assessment protocol to examine within- and between-person relations between multiple facets of sleep behavior using multiple methods (e.g., subjective report, actigraphy) and salivary cortisol and sAA. First year college students (N = 76) provided saliva samples and diary entries five times per day over the course of three days. Sleep was assessed via questionnaire, through daily diaries, and monitored objectively using actigraphy over a four day period. Between-person results revealed that shorter average sleep duration and greater sleep variability was related to lower levels of waking cortisol and flatter diurnal slopes across the day. Within-person results revealed that on nights when individuals slept for shorter durations than usual they also had lower levels of waking cortisol the next day. Sleep was not related to the cortisol awakening response (CAR) or diurnal patterns of sAA, in either between-person or within-person analyses. However, typical sleep behaviors measured via questionnaire were related to waking levels of sAA. Overall, this study provides a greater understanding of how multiple components of sleep, measured in naturalistic environments, is related to cortisol and sAA diurnal rhythms, and how day-to-day, within-person changes in sleep duration contribute to daily variations in cortisol. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2015

Orientador: Luiz Eduardo Barreto Martins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talmasky_DalilaVictoriaAyala_M.pdf: 904029 bytes, checksum: b02bca6f04727d6674fc54c7db774815 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho investigou o instrumento de perfil de humor psicológico BRAMS e traçou o perfil humoral de uma população de jovens fisicamente ativos. Analisou também as respostas das amostras da alfa-amilase salivar e verificou a possível correlação entre os dois marcadores de estresse. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi verificado se a Escala de Humor Brasileira (BRAMS) pode ser utilizada para aferir alterações de humor em resposta a diferentes cargas de treinamento e elaborada a folha de perfil de humor para a população em questão. Realizamos, inicialmente, a análise da concordância do instrumento BRAMS frente aos seis perfis de humor que ele pretende definir. Observamos ótima concordância estatística com os fatores vigor, raiva, fadiga, tensão e confusão mental. Já o fator depressão não apresentou concordância para a população estudada. Construímos, então, uma folha de perfil de humor, oriunda de 228 testes respondidos por 123 indivíduos com idade de 18±1anos (média ± desvio padrão), praticantes de 3 horas de exercício físico diário periodizado. As respostas de um subgrupo de sujeitos (n=105) foram avaliadas em dois momentos: após quatro meses de treinamento físico sistematizado diário, e após quatro dias do término de um treino intensificado de uma semana, quando foi aplicada uma sobrecarga maior em termos físicos e psíquicos. Os dados apresentados mostraram que o instrumento BRAMS foi capaz de discriminar perfis de humor alterados em função da intensificação do treino e a construção da folha de perfil de humor para uma população fisicamente ativa permite monitoramento mais acurado das variações do estado de humor em resposta ao treinamento. Na segunda parte, foram também analisadas as respostas da alfa-amilase salivar nos dois momentos e verificado se existe correlação entre o instrumento de humor e a enzima salivar. Observou-se que os fatores dos testes de humor BRAMS apresentaram na primeira aplicação, valores para os aspectos humorais considerados negativos mais baixos e apenas o fator vigor, único estado de humor considerado positivo, foi mais elevado. Nos resultados da segunda aplicação, todos os fatores negativos foram mais elevados, e apenas o fator vigor manteve-se mais baixo que na primeira aplicação. A enzima salivar alfa-amilase também teve seus valores aumentados na segunda coleta em relação à primeira, mas foi constatado que esses valores estavam dentro do valor de referência para o horário de coleta. Baseado nos resultados deste estudo foi verificado que tanto o teste psicológico, quanto a concentração da enzima salivar alfa-amilase reproduziram variações sofridas nos dois momentos, mas não possuem correlação entre si / Abstract: This study investigated the instrument profile of psychological mood BRAMS and traced the profile of mood state of a population of physically active young. Also examined the responses of samples of salivary alpha-amylase and investigated a possible correlation between the two markers of stress. In the first part of this work it was verified that the Brazilian Mood Scale (BRAMS) can be used to assess mood changes in response to different training loads and a profile sheet of humor was constructed to the population of this study. We have initially performed the analysis of the agreement of the instrument BRAMS front of six profiles of humor that it intends to set. We observed excellent agreement with the statistical factors vigor, anger, fatigue, tension and mental confusion. But the depression factor had no correlation to the population studied. Then, We built a profile sheet of humor, coming from 228 tests administered to 123 subjects aged 18 ± 1 years (mean ± standard deviation), practicing three hours of daily physical exercise periodized. The responses of a subgroup of subjects (n = 105) were evaluated in two moments: after four months of systematic daily physical training, and after four days of the end of an intensified workout a week, when it was applied to a larger overhead in terms of physical and psychic. Our data showed that the instrument was able to discriminate BRAMS profiles altered mood due to the intensification of training and construction of the profile sheet mood for a physically active population allows more accurate monitoring of changes in mood in response to training. In the second part, we also analyzed the responses of salivary alpha-amylase in two times and checked if there is a correlation between the instrument of humor and salivary enzyme. It was observed that the humoral factors of BRAMS showed at the first application, values for the humoral aspects considered negatives lower and only the factor force, the single mood considered positive was higher. The results of the second application showed that all the negative factors were higher, and only the factor force remained lower than the first application. The enzyme salivary alpha-amylase also had its values increased in the second collection from the first one, but it was found that these values were within the reference value for the time of the collection. Based on the results of this study, it was found that both the psychological test and the concentration of salivary alpha-amylase enzyme reproduced variations suffered on both occasions, but have no correlation / Mestrado / Biodinamica do Movimento Humano / Mestre em Educação Física

La restriction des apports alimentaires est une méthode couramment utilisée pour perdre du poids dans les sports à catégories de poids. La réduction des apports caloriques se traduit par une activation des systèmes physiologiques du stress, au niveau central et périphérique, visant à préserver l’homéostasie énergétique. Néanmoins, l’influence sur les paramètres physiologiques, psychologiques et physiques reste controversée et ne permet pas de définir clairement un impact négatif de la restriction alimentaire sur la santé et le niveau de performance. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’influence d’une restriction alimentaire sur les indicateurs psychophysiologiques du stress, ainsi que le niveau de performance chez des haltérophiles de haut niveau. Nos résultats ont montré que la restriction alimentaire ne modifiait pas le niveau de performance en haltérophilie, mais induisait une altération des paramètres psychologiques. La période de restriction alimentaire se traduisait par une dissociation de l’activité des systèmes physiologiques du stress, ainsi qu’une modification des réponses hormonales à une compétition simulée d’haltérophilie. Il reste à définir les répercussions à long terme de l’altération des paramètres psychophysiologiques sur la santé et la capacité de performance du sportif. Il serait également intéressant d'étudier l'influence de la restriction alimentaire sur le microbiote intestinal et les répercussions éventuelles sur l'axe intestin-cerveau. / Restricting dietary intake is a widespread method for losing weight in weight categories sports. Reduction of calorie intake results in an activation of the physiological stress systems, both at central and peripheral levels, aiming at preserving energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, the influence on physiological, psychological and physical parameters remains controversial and do not allows to clearly defining a negative impact of dietary restriction on health and performance level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a dietary restriction period on the psychophysiological indicators of stress, as well as the level of performance in high-level weightlifters. Our results showed that dietary restriction did not modify weightlifting performance level, but resulted in an alteration of the psychological parameters. The dietary restriction period resulted in a dissociation of the activity of the physiological stress systems, as well as a modification of the hormonal responses to a simulated weightlifting competition. It remains to define the long-term impacts of the alteration of psychophysiological parameters on the athlete’s health and performance capacity. It would also be interesting to evaluate the influence of dietary restriction on intestinal microbiota and the possible influence on the gut-brain axis.

The stress system comprises the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes. The two operate synergistically to regulate metabolic and biological processes, maintain homeostasis, and manage physiological responses towards various environmental challenges, known as stressors. Numerous studies have observed impaired HPA response among White breast cancer survivors followed by an eventual normalization of the HPA axis, but little is known about SAM functioning, the complementary relationship between physiological and psychological stress, and the influence of culturally related factors. This dissertation aims to address these gaps in the literature via three studies. In Study 1, we examined the diurnal and reactive patterns of salivary alpha-amylase, a SAM biomarker, in a sample of predominantly White women with and without a prior diagnosis of breast cancer. The purpose was to establish an initial understanding of SAM functioning in relation to the participants’ HPA activity as measured by cortisol responses (complementary to a previously published study in the laboratory). Results of Study 1 revealed no abnormal response to stress. Virtually identical alpha-amylase slopes were observed between breast cancer survivors and control participants, except that breast cancer survivors had elevated basal levels of alpha-amylase, thus suggesting a “heightened sympathetic tone”. In Study 2 acute and diurnal cortisol profiles and their accompanying psychological stress responses were examined in a sample of Chinese and White women with and without a prior diagnosis of breast cancer. In the same participants, we also examined chronic stress levels via hair cortisol concentrations which was the subject of Study 3. In both studies 2 and 3, we assessed the potential influences of cultural orientation and ethnocultural group membership on physiological and psychological stress patterns. For the most part, Study 2 supported previous findings from the literature and our laboratory: Breast cancer survivors displayed a blunted cortisol response and their diurnal profile was comparable to that of control participants. But contrary to our hypotheses, ethnocultural membership and cultural orientation did not influence physiological patterns of stress. However, an interaction between ethnocultural group, health status, and time (i.e., from baseline to one hour after stress induction) was observed in the subjective appraisal of an acute stressor. Specifically, White breast cancer survivors reported significantly lower levels of perceived stress than the other three groups. These results suggest that health-related stress may supersede the effects of culturally related stress and indicate the potential presence of posttraumatic growth among our sample of White breast cancer survivors only. Study 3 revealed no differences in hair cortisol concentrations between breast cancer survivors and control participants, nor between Chinese and White breast cancer survivors. However, it was observed that healthy Chinese women exhibited significantly higher levels of hair cortisol concentrations than their Western counterpart. Further analyses revealed that health status and cultural orientation did not significantly predict the observed patterns of physiological or psychological stress. Although non-significant, Study 3 results offered preliminary evidence that higher orientation towards both the dominant and non-dominant cultures is associated with higher levels of chronic physiological and psychological stress. Collectively, our studies may provide support for the long-term recovery of the HPA axis via the examination of acute, diurnal, and chronic patterns of cortisol, but further research will be required. The dissertation also highlights several important key points regarding culturally related factors, health, and stress: (1) The perception of stress is influenced by one’s degree of cultural orientation and (2) effects of health-related stress may supersede those of culturally related stress, but (3) among healthy women, ethnocultural minorities may have more stressful encounters than their Western counterpart, thus having important clinical implications for ethnocultural minorities who are newly diagnosed with a chronic condition. Together, results of the studies highlight the importance of further investigating the enduring and acute implications of psychosocial variables – particularly the influence of cultural orientation – on the experience and perception of stress.

Le suivi et la compréhension des états de stress et de récupération des sportifs est un enjeu majeur, notamment dans le cadre de périodisations complètes de l’entraînement. Un déséquilibre mal maîtrisé entre le stress et la récupération peut induire une fatigue voire un épuisement psychologique et physiologique du sportif. Il en découlera des conséquences néfastes sur le bien-être et la santé de la personne mais également sur la performance individuelle et collective. Ces conséquences sont complexes et impliquent des dimensions environnementales, sociales, psychologiques et physiologiques non-spécifiques. Enfin, ces symptômes sont soumis à des variations intra et interindividuelles importantes rendant le diagnostic d’autant plus complexe à établir. En s’appuyant sur plusieurs suivis de sportifs en pôle « Espoir », ce travail de recherche montre l’évolution de variables psychologiques et physiologiques intervenant dans la réponse au stress chez le sportif. Ces travaux permettent également de mettre en évidence des variables prédictives des états de stress et de récupération. Enfin, nous démontrons que les états de stress et de récupération des sportifs impactent les états émotionnels au niveau intra et interindividuel. / Monitoring stress and recovery states is a key issue, especially in high performance sport. An imbalance between stress and recovery can induce fatigue, psychological and physiological exhaustion. Thus, negative consequences on well-being, health and individual and collective performance can be experienced. These consequences are complex as they stem from non-specific environmental, social, psychological and physiological dimensions. These phenomena are subject to important intra-individual and inter-individual variations, which make a diagnosis hard to establish. Based on a several followings of athletes from high performance structures, this research shows the evolution of psychological and physiological variables intervening as a response to stress. From these studies, some predictive variables also showed up in predicting stress and recovery states. Finally, we made evidence of the impact of athletes’ stress and recovery states on emotional states, on the intra and inter-individual levels.

v anglickém jazyce The possible assessments of unprofessional exposures of low frequency noise Introduction: Along with technical development, the number of sources of low frequency noise increases in the human environment and the number of complaints from people exposed to noise from these sources increases as well. The statutory limit for non-professional exposure to low frequency noise has not yet been established (due to the limited amount of data on low frequency noise exposure risks) in the EU countries (USA) and no WHO recommendations have been issued in this area. For these reasons, the hygienic limit for municipal/non-professional exposure to low frequency noise was not specified in the Czech Republic. Objecticve: The present dissertation thesis was to investigate whether the short-term experimental exposure to low frequency noise with the tonic component induces significant changes in the circadian rhythm of cortisol and alpha-amylase in saliva in the experimental set of volunteers. Saliva is a biological material that allows low-invasiveness collection. The work was supposed to assess whether possible changes could be used as objective indicators of the presence of the stress response to the noise exposure. Material and metods: An experimental study was conducted on a set of 100...