L'estimation des abondances de population est essentielle pour comprendre les dynamiques de population, les interactions entre espèces et estimer les risques de transmission d'agents pathogènes dans les populations. Plusieurs méthodes d'échantillonnages, basées sur des hypothèses spécifiques permettent d'estimer ces abondances : les méthodes par comptages uniques, par « distance sampling », par échantillonnages successifs ou par capture marquage recapture. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'abondance des tiques Ixodes ricinus, vecteurs de nombreux agents pathogènes. Cette abondance est classiquement estimée par le nombre de tiques capturées lors d'échantillonnages uniques réalisés sur différentes unités d'observation. Cependant, de nombreuses études remettent en cause cette hypothèse forte et suggèrent que le taux d'échantillonnage est variable selon les conditions d'échantillonnage (type de végétation,…) mais ne prennent pas en compte ce taux d'échantillonnage pour autant. A partir d'une méthode d'échantillonnage par « removal sampling » (RS), (i) nous avons montré que les conditions environnementales influençaient le taux d'échantillonnage et l'indicateur d'abondance usuel i.e. le nombre de tiques capturées lors d'un seul échantillonnage (ii) nous avons proposé une méthode pour détecter l'indicateur d'abondance, basés sur le nombre cumulé de capture, le moins soumis aux variations du taux ; (iii) par une approche Bayésienne hiérarchique, nous avons estimé simultanément l'abondance de tiques des unités d'observation et la valeur du taux d'échantillonnage en fonction du type de végétation et de l'heure d'échantillonnage. Nous avons montré que le taux d'échantillonnage sur des arbustes (entre 33,9 % et 47,4%) était significativement inférieur au taux d'échantillonnage sur des feuilles mortes (entre 53,6 % et 66,7%). De plus, nous avons montré que le modèle RS tend vers un modèle de Poisson iid lorsque la taille de la population N0 tend vers l'infini ce qui pose des problèmes d'indétermination pour estimer les paramètres N0 et τ, le taux d'échantillonnage. Nous avons également montré que (i) les estimateurs Bayésiens divergent lorsque les lois a priori sont des lois vagues ; (ii) les lois a priori β(a, b) avec a > 2 sur τ conduisaient à des estimateurs Bayésien convergents. Enfin, nous avons proposé des recommandations quant au choix des lois a priori pour τ afin d'obtenir de bonnes estimations pour N0 ou pour τ. Nous discutons de la pertinence des méthodes RS pour les tiques et des perspectives envisageables pour (i) estimer le risque acarologique représenté par la population de tiques potentiellement actives sur une unité d'observation, (ii) estimer un risque à l'échelle d'une parcelle, à savoir comment répartir l'effort d'échantillonnage entre le nombre d'unités d'observation et le nombre d'échantillonnages successifs par unités d'observation. / The estimation of animal abundance is essential to understand population dynamics, species interactions and disease patterns in populations and to estimate the risk of pathogens transmission. Several sampling methods such as single counts, distance sampling, removal sampling or capture mark recapture could be used to estimate abundance. In this study, we are investigated the abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks, which are involved in the transmission of many pathogens. Tick abundance is commonly estimated by the number of nymphs captured during a single observation (a cloth dragged on a given surface). In this case, analyses of abundance patterns assumes that the probability of detecting a tick, hence the sampling rate, remains constant across the observations. In practice, however, this assumption is often not satisfied as the sampling rate may fluctuate between observation plots. The variation of sampling rate is never taken into account in estimations of tick abundance. Using a removal sampling design (RS), (i) we showed that the sampling rate and the usual abundance indicator (based on a single drag observation per spot) were both influenced by environmental conditions ; (ii) we proposed a method to determine the abundance indicator the least influenced by sampling rate variations ; (iii) using a hierarchical Bayesian model, we estimated simultaneously the abundance and the sampling rate according the type of vegetation, and the time of sampling. The sampling rate varied between 33,9 % and 47,4 % for shrubs and 53,6 % and 66,7 % for dead leaves. In addition, we show that the RS model tends to Poisson iid model when the population size N0 tends to infinite. This result conduct to infinite estimations for N0. We show that (i) Bayesian estimators were divergent for vague prior ; (ii) β(a, b) prior for a > 2 on τ conduct to convergent estimators. Then, we proposed recommendations for prior choice for τ parameter to give good estimations of N0 or τ. We discuss the relevance of RS for ticks and the possible perspectives to (i) estimate the acarologic risk associated to all potential active ticks for given spot, (ii) estimate the risk at the larger scale, i.e. how to distribute the sampling effort between number of spot and number of consecutive sampling by spot.

A number of studies have investigated the relationship between surface electromyogram (EMG) and torque exerted about a joint. The standard deviation of the recorded EMG signal is defined as the EMG amplitude. The EMG amplitude estimation technique varies with the study from conventional type of processing (i.e. rectification followed by low pass filtering) to further addition of different noise rejection and signal-to-noise ratio improvement stages. Advanced EMG amplitude processors developed recently that incorporate signal whitening and multiple-channel combination have been shown to significantly improve amplitude estimation. The main contribution of this research is a comparison of the performance of EMG-torque estimators with and without these advanced EMG amplitude processors. The experimental data are taken from fifteen subjects that produced constant-posture, non-fatiguing, force-varying contractions about the elbow while torque and biceps/triceps EMG were recorded. Utilizing system identification techniques, EMG amplitude was related to torque through a zeros-only (finite impulse response, FIR) model. The incorporation of whitening and multiple-channel combination separately reduced EMG-torque errors and their combination provided a cumulative improvement. A 15th-order linear FIR model provided an average estimation error of 6% of maximum voluntary contraction (or 90% of variance accounted for) when EMG amplitudes were obtained using a four-channel, whitened processor. The equivalent single-channel, unwhitened (conventional) processor produced an average error of 8% of maximum voluntary contraction (variance accounted for of 68%). This study also describes the occurrence of spurious peaks in estimated torque when the torque model is created from data with a sampling rate well above the bandwidth of the torque. This problem is anticipated when the torque data are sampled at the same rate as the EMG data. The problem is resolved by decimating the EMG amplitude prior to relating it to joint torque, in this case to an effective sampling rate of 40.96 Hz.

This thesis explores the clock and data recovery (CDR) for the high-speed blind-sampling ADC-based receivers. This exploration results in two new CDR architectures that reduce the receiver complexity and save the ADC power and area compared to the previous work. The two proposed CDR architectures constitute the primary contributions of this thesis. The first proposed architecture, a 2x feed-forward CDR architecture, eliminates the interpolating feedback loop, used in the previously reported CDRs, in order to reduce the CDR circuit complexity. Instead of the feedback loop, the proposed architecture uses a feed-forward topology to recover the phase and data directly from the blind digital samples of the received signal. The 2x feed-forward CDR architecture was implemented and characterized in a 5 Gb/s receiver test-chip in 65 nm CMOS. The test-chip measurements confirm that the CDR successfully recovers the data with bit error rate (BER) < 10e-12 in the presence of jitter. The second proposed architecture, a fractional-sampling-rate (FSR) CDR architecture, reduces the receiver sampling rate from the typical integer rate of 2x the baud rate to a fractional rate between 2x and 1x in order to reduce the ADC power and area. This architecture employs the feed-forward topology of the first contribution of this thesis to recover the phase and data from the fractionally-spaced digital samples of the signal. To verify the proposed FSR CDR architecture, a 1.45x receiver test-chip was implemented and characterized in 65 nm CMOS. This test-chip recovers 6.875 Gb/s data from the ADC samples taken at 10 GS/s. The measurements confirm a successful data recovery in the presence of jitter with BER < 10e-12. With sampling at 1.45x, the FSR CDR architecture reduces the ADC power and area by 27.3% compared to the 2x feed-forward CDR architecture, while the overall receiver power and area are reduced by 12.5%.

This thesis explores the clock and data recovery (CDR) for the high-speed blind-sampling ADC-based receivers. This exploration results in two new CDR architectures that reduce the receiver complexity and save the ADC power and area compared to the previous work. The two proposed CDR architectures constitute the primary contributions of this thesis. The first proposed architecture, a 2x feed-forward CDR architecture, eliminates the interpolating feedback loop, used in the previously reported CDRs, in order to reduce the CDR circuit complexity. Instead of the feedback loop, the proposed architecture uses a feed-forward topology to recover the phase and data directly from the blind digital samples of the received signal. The 2x feed-forward CDR architecture was implemented and characterized in a 5 Gb/s receiver test-chip in 65 nm CMOS. The test-chip measurements confirm that the CDR successfully recovers the data with bit error rate (BER) < 10e-12 in the presence of jitter. The second proposed architecture, a fractional-sampling-rate (FSR) CDR architecture, reduces the receiver sampling rate from the typical integer rate of 2x the baud rate to a fractional rate between 2x and 1x in order to reduce the ADC power and area. This architecture employs the feed-forward topology of the first contribution of this thesis to recover the phase and data from the fractionally-spaced digital samples of the signal. To verify the proposed FSR CDR architecture, a 1.45x receiver test-chip was implemented and characterized in 65 nm CMOS. This test-chip recovers 6.875 Gb/s data from the ADC samples taken at 10 GS/s. The measurements confirm a successful data recovery in the presence of jitter with BER < 10e-12. With sampling at 1.45x, the FSR CDR architecture reduces the ADC power and area by 27.3% compared to the 2x feed-forward CDR architecture, while the overall receiver power and area are reduced by 12.5%.

The master´s thesis deals with a design and layout of wireless doorbell with digital voice transmission. It also includes the nRF9E5 circuit analysis. In the beginning of the document there is characterization of the problem in general. Next part describes a layout example for the application schematic, a layout of printed circuit board and a layout of software. nRF9E5 is a true single chip system with fully integrated RF transceiver, 8051 compatible microcontroller and a four input 10 bit AD converter. Despite of all studies of available literature I have found only very little particular information related to this matter. In general, the main aim of this work is to make the wireless doorbell with digital voice transmission. Further, ilustrated schematics are enclosed as a attachement of this thesis.

Multivariate control charts are used to monitor a process when more than one quality variable associated with the process is being observed. The multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) control chart is one of the most commonly recommended tools for multivariate process monitoring. The standard practice, when using the MEWMA control chart, is to take samples of fixed size at regular sampling intervals for each variable. In the first part of this dissertation, MEWMA control charts based on sequential sampling schemes with two possible stages are investigated. When sequential sampling with two possible stages is used, observations at a sampling point are taken in two groups, and the number of groups actually taken is a random variable that depends on the data. The basic idea is that sampling starts with a small initial group of observations, and no additional sampling is done at this point if there is no indication of a problem with the process. But if there is some indication of a problem with the process then an additional group of observations is taken at this sampling point. The performance of the sequential sampling (SS) MEWMA control chart is compared to the performance of standard control charts. It is shown that that the SS MEWMA chart is substantially more efficient in detecting changes in the process mean vector than standard control charts that do not use sequential sampling. Also the situation is considered where different variables may have different measurement costs. MEWMA control charts with unequal sample sizes based on differing measurement costs are investigated in order to improve the performance of process monitoring. Sequential sampling plans are applied to MEWMA control charts with unequal sample sizes and compared to the standard MEWMA control charts with a fixed sample size. The steady-state average time to signal (SSATS) is computed using simulation and compared for some selected sets of sample sizes. When different variables have significantly different measurement costs, using unequal sample sizes can be more cost effective than using the same fixed sample size for each variable. In the second part of this dissertation, control chart methods are proposed for process monitoring when the quality of a process or product is characterized by a linear function. In the historical analysis of Phase I data, methods including the use of a bivariate <i>T</i>² chart to check for stability of the regression coefficients in conjunction with a univariate Shewhart chart to check for stability of the variation about the regression line are recommended. The use of three univariate control charts in Phase II is recommended. These three charts are used to monitor the <i>Y</i>-intercept, the slope, and the variance of the deviations about the regression line, respectively. A simulation study shows that this type of Phase II method can detect sustained shifts in the parameters better than competing methods in terms of average run length (ARL) performance. The monitoring of linear profiles is also related to the control charting of regression-adjusted variables and other methods. / Ph. D.

Préserver les ressources en eau est l’une des problématiques environnementales majeures du 21è siècle. Pour faire face à cette nécessité, il est essentiel de mettre en place une surveillance réglementée de la qualité des eaux et des rejets se déversant dans le milieu aquatique et de développer de nouveaux outils d’échantillonnage. L’échantillonnage ponctuel est la technique la plus facile à mettre en œuvre. Toutefois, elle n’est pas toujours représentative d’un milieu hétérogène parfois soumis à des variabilités spatiales et temporelles importantes. L’échantillonnage passif, notamment avec l’outil POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler), est une approche complémentaire aux techniques traditionnelles, qui permet de concentrer des molécules organiques semi-polaires directement sur site. La pertinence du résultat obtenu (la concentration moyennée sur la durée d’exposition), couplée à la simplicité de sa mise en œuvre en font a priori un outil de choix pour suivre des hydrosystèmes complexes.Dans ce contexte, des familles des composés diversifiées ont été sélectionnées : pesticides, composés pharmaceutiques, hormones stéroïdiennes et composés perfluorés. Au sein de chaque famille, plusieurs composés traceurs, présents dans l’environnement, comportant des propriétés physico-chimiques variées et aux statuts règlementaires différents (Directive Cadre sur l’Eau notamment), ont été choisis.Des essais d’optimisation de design du POCIS (quantité et nature de phase réceptrice, nature de la membrane) ont été conduits, menant à la validation de la configuration classique dans le cas général. L’influence de différents paramètres environnementaux pertinents : débit, température, matrice, présence de biofilm et dispositif de déploiement a été évaluée lors de calibrations de l’outil réalisées dans des systèmes de complexité croissante : au laboratoire, sur pilote et sur site.Les différents déploiements sur site (effluent de STEP et rivière) ont permis de valider l’utilisation de cet outil de prélèvement passif dans le cadre d’un suivi environnemental. Le potentiel du POCIS a été pleinement confirmé, tant en termes de logistique que de résultats (justesse par rapport aux concentrations mesurées par des techniques classiques, intégration d’événements ponctuels, limite de quantification…). / The protection of water resources is one of the major environmental stakes of 21st century. Regulation concerning water quality and effluents is therefore definitely needed, as well as new approaches regarding water sampling. Spot sampling is the easiest strategy. However, it may not be representative of a heterogeneous matrix, with sometimes important spatial and temporal variability. Passive sampling, including POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) is a complementary approach, which enables an on-site pre-concentration of semi-polar organic compounds. The relevance of the result (time-weighted average concentrations) and the ease to implement POCIS make it an appropriate tool to monitor complex hydrosystems.Within this work, various compound classes were selected: pesticides, pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and perfluorinated compounds. Among each family, several tracer molecules, widely encountered in the environment, with different physic-chemical properties and regulatory status (particularly in the Water Framework Directive), were chosen.POCIS design optimization (amount and nature of sorbent, nature of membrane) was carried out, leading to the validation of the standard configuration for general purposes. The impact of different relevant environmental parameters (flow-rate, temperature, matrix, biofouling and deployment device), was assessed during calibrations of POCIS conducted in systems of increasing complexity: in the laboratory, at pilot-scale and on-site.All on-site deployments (WWTP effluent and river) enabled to validate the use of this passive sampling tool in the framework of an environmental monitoring. The potential of this tool was fully confirmed, both logistically and in terms of results (trueness compared to concentrations measured with traditional techniques, integration of punctual events, quantification limit…).

Les matériaux actuellement utilisés comme capteurs passifs de polluants atmosphériques, la mousse de polyuréthane et la résine XAD®-2, ne sont optimisés ni pour l'adsorption de composés polaires ni pour le captage de particules. Pour remédier à ces limitations, la mousse de carbure de silicium (SiC) est proposée comme alternative. Plusieurs campagnes de mesures ont été mises en place pour comparer SiC et XAD®-2. Les composés recherchés étaient des HAP, des PCB et des pesticides.Une méthode d'analyse combinant ASE, SPE et SPME a été développée et optimisée pour ces polluants. Celle-ci permet d'atteindre de faibles limites de détection et quantification pour les composés recherchés.Les campagnes réalisées montrent que la mousse de SiC est toujours plus efficace que la résine XAD®-2 pour le piégeage de composés particulaires et polaires. De plus, la SiC peut être greffée avec du carbone ou des nanotubes de carbone pour augmenter sa surface spécifique, ce qui la rend également plus performante pour l'adsorption de composés volatils. Les débits d'échantillonnage moyens de la mousse ont été calculés et sont comparable aux valeurs rapportées dans la littérature pour la résine XAD®-2. / Materials currently used as passive samplers for atmospheric pollutants, polyurethane foam and XAD®-2 resin, are not suited ta trapping polar compounds nor particles. Ta overcome these limitations, silicon carbide (SiC) foam is presented as an alternative. Several sampling campaigns monitoring PAH, PCB and pesticides were done ta compare SiC and XAD®-2. An analytical method coupling ASE, SPE and SPME was developed and optimised for these pollutants. lt allowed low limits of detection and quantification ta be reached for all compounds of interest.Sampling campaigns showed that SiC foam is consistently more efficient than XAD®-2 resin at trapping particulate and polar compounds. Moreover, SiC foam can be grafted with carbon or carbon nanotubes ta increase its specific surface area, which also makes it better at adsorbing volatile compounds. Average sampling rates were calculated for SiC foam and they are comparable ta the values reported in the literature for XAD®-2 resin.

The efficiency of wastewater treatment systems is commonly measured by the reductions of parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) and/or reductions in levels of selected macro compounds (e.g. long-chained hydrocarbons and inorganic compounds). Less attention has generally been paid to micropollutants with high potential toxic effects, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dibenzothiophenes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), human pharmaceuticals and by-products formed during the treatment process. These organic micropollutants occur in wastewaters at trace and ultra-trace levels, therefore their detection requires advanced, costly analyses and large sample volumes. Furthermore, concentrations of micropollutants can fluctuate widely both diurnally and between days. Thus, in order to understand the fate of micropollutants in wastewaters there is a need to develop sampling techniques that allow representative samples to be readily collected. In the work underlying this thesis two types of diffusive passive samplers, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs), were used to monitor non-polar and polar organic micropollutants in wastewaters subjected to various treatment processes. The pollutants sequestered in these samplers represent micropollutants in the dissolved phase that are available for aquatic organisms. Further, since they collect pollutants in an integrative manner, i.e. they sample continuously during the selected exposure time (usually approx. one to ca. three weeks), the results provide time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations. In addition, the effects of various environmental factors on the uptake of analyzed micropollutants in POCISs and SPMDs were investigated using laboratory calibration and in situ calibration with performance reference compounds (PRCs). The results confirm that SPMDs are good sampling tools for investigating the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes for removing non-polar PACs and PCBs, and the effects of varying the process settings. In addition, analyses of process streams in municipal sewage treatment plants demonstrated that conventional sewage treatment processes are not optimized for removing dissolved four-ringed PAHs, some of the five-ringed PAHs, and tri- to hexa-chlorinated biphenyls. The removal of bioavailable PACs was enhanced by adding sorbents with high sorption capacities to the sludge used in the activated sludge treatment step, and a biologically activated carbon system was designed that robustly removed bioavailable PACs, with removal efficiencies of 96.9-99.7 percent across the tested ranges of five varied process parameters. In situ SPMD calibration data acquired show that uptake of PACs, described by SPMD sampling rates (Rs), were four to eight times higher than published laboratory calibrated Rs values, mainly due to strong (bio)fouling and turbulence effects. In addition, the laboratory calibration study demonstrated that temperature affects the POCIS uptake of pharmaceuticals. The uptake of four pharmaceuticals was higher, by 10-56 percent, at 18 °C compared to 5 °C. For two of the pharmaceuticals our data indicate that the uptake was lower by 18-25 percent at 18 °C. Our results also indicate that uptake of the studied pharmaceuticals was in the linear phase throughout the 35 day exposure period at both temperatures. Finally, calibration studies enabled aqueous concentrations of micropollutants to be more accurately estimated from amounts collected in the passive samplers.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are global environmental contaminants and a need for monitoring levels has arisen due to their persistency and their ability to bioaccumulate. One relatively novel method of monitoring for both long and short time intervals and generating time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations is passive sampling for which no power, maintenance and supervision is required. The polar organic compound integrative sampler (POCIS) with a weak anion exchange (WAX) sorbent and the POCIS with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) adsorbent were calibrated for PFASs in a laboratory uptake experiment, and applied at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Stockholm, Sweden.   In the calibration study, all of the 14 studied PFASs were taken up by both passive samplers. Two and three out of the 14 studied PFASs had reached equilibrium after 28 days using POCIS WAX (PFBA and PFTeDA) and POCIS HLB (PFBA, PFPeA and PFTeDA), respectively. The sampling rate (Rs), which is the extracted water in liters per day, ranged between 0.003 and 0.10 L day-1 for the POCIS WAX and between 0.00052 and 0.13 L day-1 for the POCIS HLB. In general, Rs increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain-length (C4 to C8) and for a perfluorocarbon chain-length longer than C8, Rs decreased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain-length (C8 to C13) for both passive samplers. FOSA had the highest Rs-value (0.10 and 0.13 L day-1) for both POCIS WAX and POCIS HLB, respectively. The POCIS WAX had a higher uptake for the short-chained PFASs PFBA (134 ng after 28 days), PFPeA (410 ng) and PFHxA (834 ng), compared to the POCIS HLB (0.5 ng, 58 ng, and 373 ng, respectively). For all other compounds, the accumulated amounts in the POCIS HLB were in the same range as in the POCIS WAX.   The application of the passive samplers at the DWTP showed that both passive samplers could detect ultra-trace (pg to ng L-1) levels of PFASs. A comparison of the TWA concentration showed that the two passive samplers had a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.63), but the TWA concentrations derived by POCIS WAX was approximately 40% higher compared to POCIS HLB. A comparison between the passive samplers and the grab samples did not show a correlation (R2 = 0.24 for POCIS WAX and R2 = 0.10 for POCIS HLB). The application also included a comparison of the removal efficiency in the conventional DWTP and a pilot plant with additional treatments steps of granulated activated carbon (GAC) and nanofiltration (NF). For the full-scale DWTP the average removal efficiency was 32% and high removal efficiency was observed for PFBA (81%). For the pilot plant, the removal efficiency was 100% for all the detected PFASs in the raw water. / Perfluoroalkylsubstanser (PFAS) har blivit uppmärksammade som globala miljöföroreningar, och ett behov av att övervaka dessa ämnens förekomst i miljön har uppkommit på grund av hög persistens i kombination med hög förmåga att bioackumulera. En relativt ny metod för tidsintegrerad provtagning är så kallad passiv provtagning. En adsorbent placeras i fält och ackumulerar PFAS från vattnet. Tillgång till elektricitet behövs inte, och behov av övervakning och underhåll är minimalt. I denna studie kalibrerades en så kallad ’polar organic compound integrative sampler’ (POCIS) för mätning av PFAS genom upptagsexperiment med två olika adsorbenter: en svag anjons adsorbent (WAX) och en hydrofil-lipofil balanserad adsorbent (HLB). Metodiken tillämpades sedan på vatten från ett dricksvattenverk i Stockholm, Sverige.   Upptagsexperimenten utfördes med 14 PFAS och samtliga togs upp av båda adsorbenterna. Två respektive tre av de studerade PFAS uppnådde jämvikt efter 28 dagar för WAX (PFBS och PFTeDA) samt HLB (PFBA, PFPeA och PFTeDA). Upptagshastigheten (Rs), det vill säga den volym som extraheras per dag, varierade mellan 0,003 och 0,1 L dag-1 för WAX och mellan 0,00052 och 0,13 L dag-1 för HLB. Generellt ökade Rs med en ökande längd på kedjan av perfluorerade kol upp till C8, för att sedan avta med ökande kedjelängd. FOSA hade det högsta Rs-värdet (0,10 och 0,13 L dag-1) för både WAX och HLB. WAX hade ett högre upptag (upp till 134, 410 och 834 ng) för PFAS med kort perfluorerad kolkedja (PFBA, PFPeA respektive PFHxA) jämfört med HLB (upp till 0,5, 58, och 373 ng). Den ackumulerade mängden för alla andra PFAS överensstämde väl mellan de båda provtagarna.   Mätning av PFAS halter i dricksvattenverket med hjälp av POCIS WAX och POCIS HLB visade att även PFAS kunde detekteras även vid miljörelevanta halter. En jämförelse mellan de båda passiva provtagarna visade på ett linjärt samband (R2 = 0,63), men där POCIS WAX hade en tendens att överskatta koncentrationen med ca 40%. En jämförelse mellan de passiva provtagarna och traditionell uppsamlingsprovtagning visade på låg överrensstämmelse (R2 = 0.24 för POCIS WAX och 0.10 för POCIS HLB). Vid tillämpningen gjordes även en beräkning för reningseffektiviteten av PFAS i dricksvattenverket och i en pilotanläggning där ytterligare rening med granulerat aktivt kol (GAC) och nanofiltration (NF) används. I dricksvattenverket var den genomsnittliga reningen 32%, med den högsta reningseffektiviteten för PFBA (81%). I pilotanläggningen var reningen 100% för alla upptäckta PFAS i råvattnet.