Master of Science / Department of Biology / Keith B. Gido / Recognizing habitat needs of fishes across space and time is increasingly important for managing altered stream networks, such as in the Colorado River basin. Recent work on warm-water fishes suggest they might benefit from access to tributaries and their confluences. Fish movements or distributions within tributaries relative to distance from mainstem confluences in two streams with different network types (linear versus dendritic) were investigated in the San Juan River basin, USA. Upstream distance from the San Juan River resulted in species declines (Chaco Wash, linear network) or turnover (McElmo Creek, dendritic network). McElmo Creek movement patterns were likely attributed to spring spawning migrations of flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), spawning aggregations of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), foraging or refuge seeking by Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), and monsoon-related movements for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and razorback sucker. Razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow dominated movements at Chaco Wash, suggesting this backwater-like tributary supplied thermal or current refuge, foraging habitat, or both. Within McElmo Creek, a second study explored the importance of confluences by characterizing habitat use and movements of fishes at the junction of McElmo and Yellow Jacket creeks. Native fish dominated the confluence community composition. The reach downstream of the confluence had consistently higher abundances, species richness, and more frequent detections of tagged fishes relative to upstream reaches. Movement behaviors inferred by detection frequency of tagged fish among reaches surrounding the confluence differed among species. Small flannelmouth sucker (< 300 mm) and roundtail chub (Gila robusta) were commonly detected in Yellow Jacket Creek whereas large flannelmouth sucker (> 300 mm), bluehead sucker (C. discobolus), and channel catfish used McElmo Creek reaches. Monsoons increased McElmo Creek discharge which triggered upstream movements of channel catfish and displaced large flannelmouth sucker and bluehead sucker. Monsoons increased movements between McElmo and Yellow Jacket creeks by roundtail chub, small flannelmouth sucker, and black bullhead (Ameiurus melas). Combined, these two field studies emphasized using links between patterns and processes of tributary fish communities. Conservation, rehabilitation, and maintenance of connectivity and habitat heterogeneity at confluence zones likely can be a localized management strategy with expansive ecosystem effects.

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Historical events are framed by the actors of the time and then re-framed by subsequent historians and the public. This thesis examines the historiography of the San Juan Island Dispute, 1853-1871, known colloquially in the twentieth century as the “Pig War.” In 1859, after an American settler on San Juan shot a pig owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company, the American military and the British Royal Navy met in a tense stand-off resulting in a twelve year joint-military occupation of the island. This conflict was the last border dispute between the two nations. Following World War II, a message of peace became the dominant trope of histories written about the “Pig War.” The term itself has come to represent this overarching theme. With documents from the dispute, such as colonial despatches, official correspondence and newspaper editorials, this thesis considers how the event was framed at the time; and employing semiotics as a technique for discourse analysis, it examines how the “war” was re-framed in the twentieth century. The thesis follows Alfred Young’s research on antebellum America’s commemoration of the “Boston Tea Party,” with its message appropriated by politicians, merging history and myth. The “Pig War” occupies similar terrain as the reconceptualization of the event embodies its own message of a unique identity for the Pacific Northwest, associated with the 49th parallel as the world’s longest, most peaceful, “undefended” border. / Graduate / 0578 / 0334 / 0337 / lyallg@uvic.ca

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Teotihuacan was founded in a side valley of the Basin of Mexico during the first centuries of the common era and at its height reached a size of approximately 20 square kilometers. During A. D. 400-700, the Middle Classic period, architecture and portable artifacts in the Teotihuacan style are distributed throughout Mesoamerica. The distribution of Teotihuacan style material culture is often cited as evidence that Teotihuacan had the social and political complexity characteristic of early expansionistic states, and was in fact the first empire of highland Mexico. This study traces patterns of Teotihuacan influence in Gulf Coast ceramic assemblages in order to reconstruct relationships between Teotihuacan and various Classic period Gulf Coast polities. Here influence is defined as all archaeological indications of contact between two culturally or ethnically distinct populations. Variation in the timing and patterning of influence indicates variation in the nature of the relationships sustained between the two populations. To control for temporal and geographic variation, ceramic sequences and assemblage descriptions currently in use both at Teotihuacan and on the Gulf Coast are discussed and evaluated. Patterns of Teotihuacan influence in the ceramic assemblages of the Gulf Coast are shown to vary considerably from area to area and reflect clear differences in the timing and duration of Teotihuacan contact. Variation also occurs in the fidelity with which local imitations adhere to Teotihuacan stylistic conventions, the depositional context in which Teotihuacan imitations occur, and the range and types of Teotihuacan ceramic artifacts copied. The resulting patterns are interpreted to be meaningful in terms of past relationships between Teotihuacan and various Gulf Coast polities. The existence of Teotihuacan imperial control over part of the Gulf Coast is suggested.

Fens are abundant in the San Juan Mountains. By exploring the geomorphology and geochemistry of fen wetlands, the functions that fens serve can be better understood. In this research, two main studies were conducted involving the geomorphology and geochemistry of fens. The first study involved a complex investigation of the geomorphology of five fen sites in the San Juan Mountains near Silverton, Colorado. Geomorphic maps were constructed for each fen site at a scale of ~1:3,000. A geomorphic classification scheme was then made based on fen location, and fens were placed in one of three categories: 1) valley-bottom, 2) valley-side, and 3) terrace. Fen circularity and elongation values were calculated for thirty fens to determine morphometry. A pattern for elongation of fens emerged between the three types of alpine fens with valley-bottom fens having an average elongation value of 1.7, valley-side 2.4, and terrace 1.9. Valley-side fens are more elongated than valley-bottom and terrace fens, which exhibit similar elongation values. In addition, sediment samples at each site were sectioned along visual breaks in the sediment column and were sieved. Mean phi values were calculated for each section and at each site. The mean phi values at California Gulch, Glacial Lake Ironton, Howardsville, Red Mountain Pass North, and Red Mountain Pass South, are 0.2112, 0.9045, 1.6028, 0.0178, and 1.0516, respectively. Overall, coarse-grained particles are associated with valley-side fens, and medium-grained particles are associated with valley-bottom and terrace fens. The second part of the study involved investigating the geochemistry of fen sediment. The geochemistry portion of this research focused on concentration and isotopic ratios of Pb and the amount of 137Cs in fen sediment to better understand variations of Pb with depth and calculate approximate sedimentation rates. Based on isotopic ratios of Pb, binary mixing was determined with the presence of ore mineralized Pb and non-ore mineralized. Binary mixing of two types of ore-mineralized Pb is present at the Howardsville fen and both ore-mineralized and non-ore mineralized Pb is present at the Red Mountain Pass North fen. Based on 137Cs in fen sediment at Howardsville, an average rate of deposition of sediment is approximately 0.16 cm/yr, with a visible change in sedimentation rates pre- and post-1960s.

Determina el nivel del desarrollo psicomotor en los niños de 4 años en un sector rural y urbano marginal. Realiza un estudio transversal y descriptivo de tipo observacional. Utiliza una población de 32 niños de 4 años de la I.E.I N° 248 del centro poblado de Carguayoc ubicado en el distrito de San Marcos, departamento de Ancash, perteneciente al sector rural y 30 niños de 4 años del Centro Educativo Rinconada del sector urbano marginal del distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, departamento de Lima. Aplica el Test de desarrollo psicomotor (TEPSI) de Haeussler & Marchant (2009). Los resultados son analizados mediante estadísticas descriptivas y para establecer las diferencias de los resultados del área rural y urbano marginal se emplea la prueba Chi-cuadrado. Encuentra que los resultados mostraron que el sector rural presenta un 25% de riesgo y un 15,6% en retraso y el sector urbano marginal, un 17% en riesgo y un 40% en retraso en su desarrollo psicomotor. Concluye que el nivel de desarrollo psicomotor predominante es normal, tanto para el sector rural como para el urbano marginal. / Tesis

La familia se constituye en el pilar fundamental para el desarrollo psicomotor del niño, ya que es esencial en la transmisión de conocimientos, valores, actitudes y hábitos que son necesarios e importantes para la supervivencia. Una familia fuerte, cariñosa y protectora es el entorno idóneo para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y niñas y es el mejor comienzo para garantizar la plena satisfacción de los derechos de su infancia. En razón de ello el presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre la calidad del ambiente familiar y el desarrollo psicomotor de los niños de 3 y 4 años. Es descriptivo correlacional de tipo transversal. Participaron 47 madres con sus niños de 3 y 4 años de edad, de la jurisdicción del Centro de Salud de José Carlos Mariátegui. Los instrumentos usados fueron el Test Home Modificado y el Test de Desarrollo Psicomotor, los cuales se aplicaron a través de visitas al hogar de los niños. La hipótesis de estudio plantea que la calidad del ambiente familiar se relaciona significativamente con el desarrollo psicomotor del niño de 3 y 4 años. Del análisis de los resultados y comprobación de la hipótesis a través de la correlación de Pearson se concluye en que existe una relación significativa entre la calidad del ambiente familiar y el desarrollo psicomotor de los niños, siendo la interacción madre-hijo la herramienta más utilizada por las madres favoreciéndose, sobre todo, el área de la coordinación y motricidad. Las dimensiones de aceptación de la conducta, organización del medio ambiente y materiales de estimulación tienen menor presencia en la calidad del ambiente familiar. El desarrollo psicomotor es normal en la mayoría de los niños; siendo el área de lenguaje donde la tercera parte de los niños presentan niveles de riesgo y retraso. Palabras claves: Calidad del ambiente familiar, desarrollo psicomotor, familia. / The family is the fundamental prop for the psychomotor development of the child, since it is essential in the knowledge, values, attitudes and habits that are necessary and important for the survival. A strong, warm and protective family is the suitable environment for the growth and development of the children and girls and is the best beginning to guarantee the full satisfaction of the rights of the infancy. The study has as aim determined the relation between the quality of the familiar environment and the psychomotor development of the 3 and 4-year-old children. It is a descriptive correlacional of transverse type. 47 mothers took part with his 3 and 4-year-old children, of the Center of Health of Jose Carlos Mariátegui. The instruments were the Test Home and the Test of Psychomotor Development (TEPSI), which were applied with visits to the home of the children. The hypothesis set out that the quality of the familiar environment relates significantly to the psychomotor development of the 3 and 4-year-old child. Checking the analysis of the results and the hypothesis across Pearson's correlation, it concludes that a significant relation exists between the quality of the familiar environment and the psychomotor development of the children, being the interaction mother - son the tool most used by the mothers, being favored, especially, the area of the coordination, , and motor functions. The dimensions of acceptance of the child’s behavior, organization of the environment and materials of stimulation for the learning have minor presence in the quality of the familiar environment. The psychomotor development is normal but it has attends the levels of risk and delay, especially, in the area of language. Key words: Quality of the familiar environment, psychomotor development, family.

La segregación socio-espacial se entiende como la acción y efecto de separar a la población en el espacio urbano de acuerdo a sus diferencias socioeconómicas. Este evento se viene produciendo en Lima desde comienzos del siglo XX mediante el mecanismo de distanciamiento. Sin embargo, en la actualidad las distancias entre poblaciones de los estratos altos y bajos, como en el caso de los distritos de Santiago de Surco y San Juan de Miraflores, se acortan, generando la construcción de muros o cercas con el fin de distanciarlos, constituyendo así nuevas formas de segregación socio-espacial. La presencia de cercas o muros en la ciudad son parte del paisaje urbano limeño y obedece principalmente a razones de seguridad ciudadana. Sin embargo, la presente tesis descubre muros cuyo objetivo no es sólo la seguridad; sino ser la línea demarcatoria entre ricos y pobres, característica que la hace diferente de otros procesos. Explicar este hecho en un caso como el que viven los barrios limítrofes de San Juan de Miraflores y Santiago de Surco nos ha llevado a presentar el estudio en tres capítulos.