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Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de comparer les indices géométriques de résistance osseuse de la hanche chez des sujets avec ou sans sarcopénie, de définir l’influence d’indices de force musculaire maximale sur plusieurs paramètres osseux et d’explorer les effets de trois programmes d’entraînement simultané physique et cognitif [Force (F) + Fonctions Exécutives (FE) ; Locomotion (L) + FE et L + F + FE) sur des paramètres biométriques variés. Cinq études ont été menées. Deux études préliminaires ont montré que la sarcopénie influence négativement la Densité Minérale Osseuse (DMO) de la hanche et les indices de résistance osseuse de la hanche. Deux autres ont montré que la force maximale est un déterminant positif de la DMO et des indices géométriques de résistance osseuse de la hanche. Une étude longitudinale a ensuite montré que le groupe F + FE présente les meilleurs gains au niveau de la : masse maigre, force maximale, paramètres osseux et qualité de vie. Le groupe d’entrainement de L + F + FE présente les meilleurs gains au niveau : des FE, du risque de chute et des paramètres aérobies. Le groupe d’entrainement de L + FE présente les pertes les plus importantes en masse grasse. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’entrainement de F + FE est le meilleur moyen d’adaptation ostéogénique et d’amélioration de la qualité de vie. Cependant, il est intéressant de choisir parmi les trois modalités d’entrainement celle la plus adaptée aux besoins de la personne au regard des effets prévisibles. / The aims of this thesis were to compare hip structure analysis variables in elderly subjects with and without sarcopenia, to define the relations between muscular maximal strength indices and multiple bone parameters, and to explore the effects of three different types of simultaneously physical and cognitive training [Resistance (R) + Executive Function (EF), Endurance (E) + EF and R + E + EF] on different biometric parameters in healthy elderly subjects. Five main studies have been conducted. Two cross-sectional studies have shown that sarcopenia negatively affects hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and hip bone strength indices. Two additional cross-sectional studies have shown that muscular maximal strength indices are positive determinants of BMD and hip geometry indices. A subsequent longitudinal study has shown that R + EF training had the higher effects on lean mass, muscular maximal strength, bone parameters and quality of life. R + E + EF training had the higher effects on EF, risk of falling and aerobic performance. E + EF training had the higher effects on fat mass. These results suggest that the R + EF training ensures better osteogenic adaptation and improvement of quality of life in healthy elderly subjects. However, implementation of training program in elderly should consider individual needs and frailty.

Submitted by PPG Gerontologia Biom?dica (geronbio@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-20T12:10:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Margutti_Karen_Mello_de_Mattos_ tese.pdf: 6049377 bytes, checksum: 724239d57250b5e008279fb0a6c837db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-08T17:17:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Margutti_Karen_Mello_de_Mattos_ tese.pdf: 6049377 bytes, checksum: 724239d57250b5e008279fb0a6c837db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T17:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Margutti_Karen_Mello_de_Mattos_ tese.pdf: 6049377 bytes, checksum: 724239d57250b5e008279fb0a6c837db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Sarcopenia is defined as the presence of low muscle mass associated with low muscle strength and/or low physical performance. The outset and evolution of sarcopenia is marked by Inflammation. Studies have shown that supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may modulate the inflammatory response, thereby aiding protein synthesis and muscle anabolism. Four articles are presented in this thesis, one a systematic literature review and three original articles (cross-sectional design, involving 400 elderly participants of community social groups). The first article, INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, sought to understand the relationship between inflammatory markers and sarcopenia and their diagnostic criteria in the elderly. Four of the 154 pre-selected articles were included. An association was found between the inflammatory markers only and the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia. The second article, SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN THE ELDERLY: DESCRIPTION OF FREQUENCY AND ASSOCIATION WITH GENDER, AGE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, described the frequency of sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria, and analyzed its association with gender, age, nutritional status and level of physical activity. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 27.8%, found more frequently in men (50.0%-P<0.001) and those ?80 years (46.3%-P=0.005). Low muscle mass was more common in men, while low muscle strength and low physical performance were more frequent in the elderly ?80 years. No association was found between sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria with nutritional status and level of physical activity. The third article, POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE COMMUNITY ELDERLY: DESCRIPTION OF SERUM CONCENTRATIONS AND DIETARY INTAKE, AND ASSOCIATION WITH SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA, detailed the serum concentrations and dietary intake of PUFAs, and analyzed their association with sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria. Serum PUFA concentrations were not associated with sarcopenia. Higher concentrations of dihomo-gamma-linolenic and adrenal acids were associated with low muscle strength and low physical performance, respectively. A lower consumption of PUFA was observed in relation to the recommended and lower omega 6/omega 3 ratio among people with sarcopenia. No association was found between PUFA consumption and diagnostic criteria. The fourth article, INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS, SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN THE SOCIALLY ACTIVE ELDERLY, described the serum concentrations of inflammatory markers and evaluated their association with sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria. Sarcopenia was associated with lower concentrations of adiponectina. Low muscle mass and low muscle strength were associated with lower adiponectin concentrations and higher hs-CRP, respectively. Low physical performance was associated with lower concentrations of IL-10 and adiponectin, and higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-?. Women and the overweight elderly with sarcopenia presented lower concentrations of adiponectin. In conclusion, a high prevalence of sarcopenia was observed in the socially active elderly. The lower food intake of PUFA highlights the need for nutritional interventions. The relationship between sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria with serum polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and inflammatory markers indicates the need to develop new research in order to clarify the mechanisms involved. Further studies are suggested to advance the investigation of PUFA and inflammatory marker interactions in sarcopenia. / A sarcopenia ? definida como a presen?a de baixa massa muscular associada ? baixa for?a muscular e/ou baixo desempenho f?sico. Na g?nese e evolu??o da sarcopenia, encontra-se a inflama??o. Estudos t?m demonstrado que a suplementa??o de ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) pode modular a resposta inflamat?ria, auxiliando a s?ntese proteica e o anabolismo muscular. Nesta tese, s?o apresentados quatro artigos, um de revis?o sistem?tica e tr?s originais (com delineamento transversal, no qual foram avaliados 400 idosos frequentadores de grupos de conviv?ncia). No primeiro artigo, MARCADORES INFLAMAT?RIOS, SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS EM IDOSOS: UMA REVIS?O SISTEM?TICA, buscou-se conhecer a rela??o de marcadores inflamat?rios com sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos em idosos. De 154 artigos pr?-selecionados, foram inclu?dos quatro. Verificou-se associa??o de marcadores inflamat?rios somente com os crit?rios diagn?sticos de sarcopenia. No segundo artigo, SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS EM IDOSOS: DESCRI??O DA FREQU?NCIA E ASSOCIA??O COM SEXO, IDADE, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E N?VEL DE ATIVIDADE F?SICA, foi descrita a frequ?ncia de sarcopenia e de seus crit?rios diagn?sticos e analisada a associa??o com sexo, idade, estado nutricional e n?vel de atividade f?sica. A preval?ncia de sarcopenia foi 27,8%, sendo mais frequente nos indiv?duos masculinos (50,0%-P<0,001) e ?80 anos (46,3%-P=0,05). Baixa massa muscular foi mais frequente nos homens. Baixa for?a muscular e baixo desempenho f?sico foram mais frequentes nos idosos ? 80 anos. N?o houve associa??o de sarcopenia e seus crit?rios com estado nutricional e n?vel de atividade f?sica. No terceiro artigo, ?CIDOS GRAXOS POLI-INSATURADOS EM IDOSOS DA COMUNIDADE: DESCRI??O DAS CONCENTRA??ES S?RICAS E DO CONSUMO ALIMENTAR E ASSOCIA??O COM SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS, foram descritas as concentra??es s?ricas e o consumo alimentar de PUFA e analisou-se a sua associa??o com sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos. Concentra??es s?ricas de PUFA n?o se associaram com a sarcopenia. Maiores concentra??es dos ?cidos di-homo-gama-linol?nico e adr?nico associaram-se com baixa for?a muscular e baixo desempenho f?sico, respectivamente. Houve menor consumo de PUFA, em rela??o ao preconizado, e menor raz?o ?mega 6/?mega 3 entre sarcop?nicos. N?o houve associa??o entre consumo de PUFA e crit?rios diagn?sticos. No quarto artigo, BIOMARCADORES INFLAMAT?RIOS, SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS EM IDOSOS SOCIALMENTE ATIVOS, foram descritas as concentra??es s?ricas dos marcadores inflamat?rios e avaliada a sua associa??o com a sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos. A sarcopenia associou-se com menores concentra??es de adiponectina. Baixa massa muscular e baixa for?a muscular associaram-se com menores concentra??es de adiponectina e maiores de PCR-us, respectivamente. O baixo desempenho f?sico associou-se com menores concentra??es de IL-10 e adiponectina e maiores de IL-6 e TNF-?. Mulheres sarcop?nicas e idosos sarcop?nicos com sobrepeso apresentaram menores concentra??es de adiponectina. Concluindo, em idosos socialmente ativos, observou-se alta preval?ncia de sarcopenia. O menor consumo alimentar de PUFA salienta a necessidade de interven??es nutricionais. A rela??o entre sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos com as concentra??es s?ricas de ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados e marcadores inflamat?rios instiga o desenvolvimento de novas investiga??es a fim de elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos. Sugere-se a realiza??o de estudos adicionais para avan?ar na investiga??o da intera??o dos PUFA e marcadores inflamat?rios na sarcopenia.

Orientador: Bárbara Perez Vogt / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente, várias sociedades internacionais reconhecem a presença da sarcopenia nas doenças catabólicas, como a doença renal crônica. Sarcopenia afeta qualidade de vida e atividades diárias dos indivíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o diagnóstico, prevalência e associação de parâmetros clínicos e nutricionais com a sarcopenia em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP). MÉTODOS: Realizado busca ativa da sarcopenia em pacientes prevalentes em DP maiores de 18 anos. Avaliação da massa muscular pelo índice de massa apendicular (IMMA) e da função muscular pela força de preensão manual (FPM) foram realizadas. Diagnóstico de sarcopenia foi realizado de acordo com o European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) e sua gravidade foi avaliada por teste de velocidade de marcha (VM). Para análise estatística, foi utilizado teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, seguido de qui quadrado ou exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney ou Teste t de Student, de acordo com a distribuição dos dados. Posteriormente, foi realizada regressão logística multivariada. As variáveis com significância <0,1 na análise univariada foram incluídas no modelo de regressão. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos cinquenta indivíduos em DP, média de idade de 55,74±16,22 anos, 52% eram mulheres. A prevalência de sarcopenia em DP foi de 10% (n=5), sendo 8% (n=4) considerados com sarcopenia severa. Comparando os grupos de pacientes de acordo com a presença de sarcopenia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Currently, several international societies recognize the presence of sarcopenia in catabolic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease. Sarcopenia affects quality of life and daily activities of individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis, prevalence and association of clinical and nutritional parameters with sarcopenia in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: Screening for sarcopenia was performed in prevalent patients in PD older than 18 years. Muscle mass by appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI) and muscle function by handgrip strength (HGS) were evaluated. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and its severity was assessed by gait speed (GS). For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, followed by Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney or Student´s t Test, according to data distribution. Later, binary logistic regression was performed. Variables with significance <0.1 in the univariate analysis were included in the binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: Fifty subjects on PD were included, mean age 55.74±16.22 years, 52% female. Sarcopenia prevalence was 10% (n=5), and 8% (n=4) were classified as severe sarcopenia. Comparing the groups of patients according to the presence of sarcopenia, significant differences were found regarding body weight (55.34±7.01kg vs 70.78±15.60kg, p=0.003), body mass index (BMI) (22.75±1.45kg/m² vs 2... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-12-28T17:44:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 476879 - Texto Parcial.pdf: 476549 bytes, checksum: 84c85b786c1790f36a0e48de56f5e382 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-28T17:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 476879 - Texto Parcial.pdf: 476549 bytes, checksum: 84c85b786c1790f36a0e48de56f5e382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-20 / Introduction: The etiology of sarcopenia is not well defined; studies suggest that different factors contribute to the development of this, including hormonal changes, loss of motor neurons, physical inactivity and use of medications. Another factor that may be associated together with oxidative stress is the frequency of micronucleus. However, to date it has not been reported in the literature studies investigating the association between the frequency of micronuclei and sarcopenia. Aim: to verify the association between biochemical markers, of redox metabolism, micronuclei frequency and sarcopenia in elderly residents in Uruguaiana city, RS. Methods: descriptive, comparative and exploratory cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of elderly treated at primary health care in the municipality of Uruguaiana, RS. The variables collected and investigated were divided into sociodemographic, anthropometric, haematological, biochemical (glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein linked to cholesterol (HDL-C), hepatic function (AST and ALT), renal function (urea, total protein and creatinine), and for REDOX metabolism (enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonylation), DNA damage (micronucleis frequency test). For determination of biomarkers venous blood samples were collected. For the anthropometric measurements were used: scale, stadiometer, tape measure and caliper. The tracking of sarcopenia was determined by the Lee formula: MM = height2 x (0.00744 x arm circumference2 + 0.00088 x thigh circumference2 + 0.00441 x calf circumference2) + 2.4 x sex - 0.048 x age + race + 7.8 and IMM = MM (kg)/ height (m) 2. And a correction was made to the subtraction of subcutaneous fat using the formula Cm = Climb_?S. To evaluate the functionality were applied tests: gait speed and grip strength with Jamar dynamometer. Results: the sample consisted of 168 elderly people, 62 men and 106 women, mean age 68.41 ? 6.13 years. Of these 49 (29.2%) were considered sarcopenic. The average levels of biochemical markers among non sarcopenic and sarcopenic groups were: Glucose 107.52 ? 49.46 and 103.57 ? 45.93 mg/ dL (p = 0648), total cholesterol 197.47 ? 46.93 and 177.43 ? 30.01 mg / dL (p = 0.010), HDL-C 47.53 ? 5.82 and 46.52 ? 6.55 mg / dL (p=0.354), triglycerides 160.30 ? 127.00 and 101.17 ? 66.55 mg / dl (p = 0.46). The means of REDOX metabolism markers among non sarcopenic and sarcopenic groups were: SOD = 0.1670 ? 0.05877 and 0.0916 ? 0.04585 U/ mg protein (p = 0.001), CAT = 2.0960 ? 0.48434 and 1.9720 ? 0.68767 U / mg protein (p = 0193), GPX = 1655.57 ? 191.61 and 1463.02 ? 228.11U / mg protein (p = 0.001), TBARS = 62.4983 ?16.07 e 83.2139 ? 21.50 nmol MDA / ml plasma (p = 0.001), protein carbonylation = 1.7019? 0.52 e 1.9506?0.67 nmol carbonyl / mg protein (p = 0.014), and the frequency of micronucleis = 5.50 ? 2.66 and 6.79 ? 2.84 (%) (p = 0.009). Conclusion: sarcopenic elderly have significantly higher average micronucleus frequency of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyls, on the other hand have also significantly lower average of antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPx, CAT and total cholesterol than non sarcop?ncios elderly. / Introdu??o: A etiologia da sarcopenia ainda n?o est? bem definida, estudos sugerem que diferentes fatores contribuem para o desenvolvimento desta, incluindo altera??es hormonais, perda de neur?nios motores, inatividade f?sica e uso de medicamentos. Outro fator que pode estar associado em conjunto com o estresse oxidativo ? a frequ?ncia de micron?cleo (FM). No entanto, at? o presente momento n?o foi relatado na literatura estudos que tenham investigado a associa??o entre a FM e a sarcopenia. Objetivo: verificar a associa??o entre marcadores bioqu?micos, do metabolismo REDOX, FM e sarcopenia em idosos residentes do Munic?pio de Uruguaiana, RS. M?todos: estudo transversal descritivo, comparativo e explorat?rio. A amostra foi composta por idosos atendidos na aten??o b?sica de sa?de do Munic?pio de Uruguaiana, RS. As vari?veis coletadas e investigadas foram divididas em sociodemogr?ficas, antropom?tricas, funcionais, hematol?gicas, bioqu?micas (glicose, colesterol total, triglicer?deos, lipoprote?na de alta densidade ligada ao colesterol (HDL-c), fun??o hep?tica (TGO e TGP), fun??o renal (ur?ia, prote?nas totais e creatinina) e do metabolismo REDOX (enzima super?xido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPX), rea??o do ?cdio tiobarbit?rico (TBARS) e carbonila??o de prote?nas), dano de DNA (teste de FM). Para determina??o dos biomarcadores foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso. Na avalia??o antropom?trica foram utilizados: balan?a, estadi?metro, fita m?trica e adip?metro. O rastreio da sarcopenia foi determinado pela f?rmula de Lee: MM= estatura2 x (0,00744 x circ. bra?o2+0,00088 x circ.coxa2+0,00441 x circ.panturrilha)2 + 2,4 x sexo ? 0,048 x idade + ra?a + 7,8) e IMM= MM(kg)/Estatura (m)2. E foi realizada uma corre??o para a subtra??o da gordura subcut?nea atrav?s da f?rmula Cm = Climb_?S. Para avalia??o da funcionalidade foram aplicados os testes: velocidade da marcha e for?a de preens?o manual com o dinam?metro Jamar. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 168 idosos, 62 homens e 106 mulheres, com idade m?dia de 68,41?6,13 anos. Destes 49 (29,2%) foram considerados sarcop?nicos. A m?dia dos n?veis dos marcadores bioqu?micos, entre os grupos n?o sarcop?nico e sarcop?nico foram: glicose 107,52 ? 49,46 e 103,57 ? 45,93 mg/dL (p=0,648), colesterol total 197,47 ? 46,93 e 177,43 ? 30,01 mg/dL (p=0,010), HDL-c 47,53 ? 5,82 e 46,52 ? 6,55 mg/dL (0,354), triglicer?deos 160,30 ? 127,00 e 101,17 ? 66,55 mg/dL (p=0,46). As m?dias dos marcadores do metabolismo REDOX entre os grupos n?o sarcop?nico e sarcop?nico foram: SOD=0,1670 ? 0,05877 e 0,0916 ? 0,04585 U/mg prote?na (p=0,001), CAT= 2,0960 ? 0,48434 e 1,9720 ? 0,68767 U/mg prote?na (p=0,193), GPX= 1655,57? 191,61 e 1463,02 ? 228,11U/mg prote?na (p=0,001), TBARS= 62,4983 ?16,07 e 83,2139 ? 21,50 nmol MDA/mL plasma (p=0,001), carbonila??o de prote?nas= 1,7019 ? 0,52 e 1.9506?0.67 nmol carbonyl/mg prote?na (p=0,014), e FM = 5,50 ? 2,66 e 6,79 ? 2,84/1000 (p=0,009). Conclus?o: idosos sarcop?nicos apresentam significativamente m?dias maiores de freq??ncia de micron?cleo, de peroxida??o lip?dica (TBARS), carbonila??o de prote?nas, em contrapartida apresentam tamb?m significativamente menores m?dias das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, GPx, CAT e colesterol total do que idosos n?o sarcop?ncios.

Estudos anteriores têm relatado um decremento na capacidade de produção de força com a idade. Mudanças estruturais e funcionais nos músculos esqueléticos tal como a sarcopenia (perda de massa muscular), diminuição da ativação das unidades motoras, co-contração aumentada da musculatura antagonista, diminuição da tensão da fibra muscular e rigidez do tendão são referidos para explicar a funcionalidade motora reduzida em indivíduos idosos. Este estudo objetivou investigar as mudanças ligadas à idade na produção de torque voluntário isométrico e isocinético (TVM), como também as respostas eletromiográficas (EMG). Hipotetizamos, como conseqüências do envelhecimento: a) uma redução da capacidade de produção de TVM; b) deslocamento da curva torque-ângulo (para a esquerda) na direção de menores comprimentos musculares; c) deslocamento da curva torque-velocidade (para a esquerda) na direção de menores velocidades; d) que uma menor ativação muscular seria observada. Quarenta indivíduos saudáveis, do gênero masculino, divididos igual e randomizadamente em quatro grupos (15-30; 31-45; 46-60 e 61-75 anos), participaram neste estudo como sujeitos, aos quais foram solicitados produzir torques máximos de extensão de joelho em um dinamômetro isocinético (Byodex®) em diferentes ângulos (15º; 30º;45º; 60º; 75º; 90º e 105º) e velocidades (60º/s; 120º/s; 180º/s; 240º/s; 300º/s e 360º/s) Sinais da EMG dos músculos da coxa, como vasto lateral, reto femoral e vasto medial foram simultaneamente registrados. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado pelo IPAQforma curta (International questionnaire of physical activity ). Valores de TVM, valores RMS do sinal EMG e nível de atividade física foram usados como medidas dependentes. Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição no TVM com a idade. Particularmente, menores valores de TVM foram encontrados durante as maiores velocidades em condições isocinéticas. Nenhuma mudança foi observada nas curvas torque-ângulo e torque-velocidade e nenhuma mudança ligada à idade foram encontradas nas respostas da EMG. Concluímos que a idade afeta a produção de TVM, particularmente em maiores velocidades. Além disso, os resultados permitemnos apontar que os altos níveis de atividade física e demandas funcionais possam explicar a similaridade encontrada nas respostas EMG entre os diferentes grupos. / Previous studies have reported a decrease in force production ability with age. Structural and functional changes on the skeletal muscles such as sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), decreased ability of motor unit firing, increased co-activation of antagonist muscle, decreased muscle fiber tension and tendon’s rigidity are taken into account for the reduced motor functionality in elderly individuals. This study aimed to investigate age-related changes of maximum voluntary isometric and isokinetic torque production (MVT), as well as electromyography (EMG) responses. We hypothesized that as consequence of aging: a) a reduced ability of MVT production; b) a torque/angle curve displacement (left side) towards the lowers muscle lengths; c) a torque/velocity curve displacement (left side) towards smaller velocities; d) and decreased muscle activation will be observed. Forty healthy male individuals, evenly and randomly divided in four age groups (15–30; 31– 35; 45– 60; 60–75 years old), participated in this study as subjects. The subjects were asked to produce maximum knee extension torques on the isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex ®) in different angles (15º; 30º; 45º; 60º; 75º; 90º and 105º) and velocities (60º/s; 120º/s; 180º/s; 240º/s; 300º/s and 360º/s) EMG signals from the upper leg muscles such as, vatsus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, were simultaneously recorded. The level of physical activity was evaluated by the QIAF–short form (International questionnaire of physical activity). MVT values, RMS values from EMG signals and level of physical activity were used as dependent measures. The results showed a decrease in MVT with age. Particularly, lower values of MVT were found during higher velocities under isokinetic condition. No changes were observed for torque/angle and torque/velocity curves and no age-related changes were found on the EMG responses. We conclude that aging affects MVT production, particularly during high velocities. In addition, the results allowed us to point out that higher levels of physical activity and functional demand, showed by the older groups, could explain the similarities found on EMG responses among the different age groups.

This thesis evaluated supplementation with two components of flaxseed during exercise training on inflammation in older adults.<P>Experiment 1: This experiment assessed secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) supplementation during aerobic exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: One hundred subjects aged 50y or older were randomized to receive either SDG or placebo before completing a 6-month walking program. Fasting concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-á, glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol as well as leukocyte cell count were measured every two months while body composition, resting blood pressure, and a composite Z-score of six metabolic syndrome risk factors were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: Men on placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z-score (p<0.05). TAG increased (p=0.017) in men on placebo relative to men on SDG and men on SDG decreased (p=0.045) DBP relative to men on placebo. Conclusions: SDG had no effect on inflammation while it is effective in attenuating risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older males but not females.<p>Experiment 2: This experiment evaluated alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation during strength exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: Fifty-one healthy older adults (65.4±0.8y) were randomized to receive ALA or a placebo before completing a 12 wk strength training program. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks for TNF-á and IL-6, muscle strength, body composition, and muscle thickness. Results: Males supplementing with ALA decreased IL-6 concentration (p=0.003). The female placebo and male ALA group had a significant increase in knee flexor thickness (p<0.05). Chest and leg press strength, lean tissue mass, and muscle thickness significantly increased, while percent fat and total body mass decreased with training (p<0.05), with no difference between ALA and placebo. Conclusions: ALA lowers IL-6 in older men, but has minimal effect on muscle mass and strength during resistance training.<p>General Conclusion: A composite score of metabolic syndrome is attenuated in males supplementing with SDG. ALA reduces IL-6 in older men. Older men, but not older women, derive specific health benefits from increased consumption of components of flaxseed consumed during an exercise program.

This thesis evaluated supplementation with two components of flaxseed during exercise training on inflammation in older adults.<P>Experiment 1: This experiment assessed secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) supplementation during aerobic exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: One hundred subjects aged 50y or older were randomized to receive either SDG or placebo before completing a 6-month walking program. Fasting concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-á, glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol as well as leukocyte cell count were measured every two months while body composition, resting blood pressure, and a composite Z-score of six metabolic syndrome risk factors were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: Men on placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z-score (p<0.05). TAG increased (p=0.017) in men on placebo relative to men on SDG and men on SDG decreased (p=0.045) DBP relative to men on placebo. Conclusions: SDG had no effect on inflammation while it is effective in attenuating risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older males but not females.<p>Experiment 2: This experiment evaluated alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation during strength exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: Fifty-one healthy older adults (65.4±0.8y) were randomized to receive ALA or a placebo before completing a 12 wk strength training program. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks for TNF-á and IL-6, muscle strength, body composition, and muscle thickness. Results: Males supplementing with ALA decreased IL-6 concentration (p=0.003). The female placebo and male ALA group had a significant increase in knee flexor thickness (p<0.05). Chest and leg press strength, lean tissue mass, and muscle thickness significantly increased, while percent fat and total body mass decreased with training (p<0.05), with no difference between ALA and placebo. Conclusions: ALA lowers IL-6 in older men, but has minimal effect on muscle mass and strength during resistance training.<p>General Conclusion: A composite score of metabolic syndrome is attenuated in males supplementing with SDG. ALA reduces IL-6 in older men. Older men, but not older women, derive specific health benefits from increased consumption of components of flaxseed consumed during an exercise program.

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Senstant kūno sudėtis keičiasi: liesoji masė – pirmiausiai skersaruožių raumenų masė ir kaulų mineralų masė – mažėja, o riebalų masė didėja ir vyksta riebalų masės regioninis persiskirstymas. Maža raumenų masė ir maža raumenų jėga arba fizinė funkcija yra vadinama sarkopenija. Siekdami ištirti ir įvertinti senų žmonių kūno sudėtį ir jos sudėtinių dalių tarpusavio sąsajas esant sarkopenijai, ištyrėme šešiasdešimties metų ir vyresnio amžiaus 151 vyrą ir 203 moteris. Kūno sudėtis buvo tirta dvisrautės radioabsorbciometrijos metodu, vyrams, kuriems nustatyta senatvinė sarkopenija, atlikta skersaruožių raumenų mikrobiopsija. Mūsų tyrimas parodė, kad vyrų liesoji masė bei vyrų ir moterų kaulų mineralų masė yra mažiausios 80 metų bei vyresnio amžiaus grupėje. Moterų liesoji masė amžiaus grupėse nesiskiria. Vyrų kaulų mineralų masė teigiamai koreliuoja su liesąja mase, o moterų kaulų mineralų masė teigiamai koreliuoja su liesąja mase ir riebalų mase. Esant senatvinei sarkopenijai vyrams galūnių raumenų masė yra reikšmingiausias veiksnys, nulemiantis viso kūno, bendrą šlaunikaulio ir šlaunikaulio kaklo KMT. Riebalų masė yra reikšmingiausias veiksnys nulemiantis moterų KMT esant sarkopenijai. Nustatėme, kad vyrų miocito plotas teigiamai susijęs su viso kūno liesąja mase, kojos raumenų mase, šlaunies apimtimi ir su bendru šlaunikaulio KMT. / Body composition in elderly and its features in persons with sarcopenia The body composition is changing with age: the lean body mass – first of all the skeletal muscle mass and later the bone mineral content – reduces and the fat mass increases, also the regional re-distribution of fat mass occurs. The combination of low muscle mass and low muscle strength or physical performance is called sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the body composition in elderly and the associations of body components in age-related sarcopenia. We examined 151 male and 203 female aged 60 years and older. Body composition was investigated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In men with age-related sarcopenia, microbiopsy of skeletal muscle was performed. It was found that in men, the lowest lean mass and bone mineral content (BMC) were at the age of 80 years and older. In women, there were no differences in lean mass between age groups, and the lowest bone mineral content was found in the age group 80 years and older. Bone mineral content was associated with lean mass in both genders, and in women BMC also was associated with fat mass. In men with age-related sarcopenia, appendicular skeletal muscle mass was the most consistently associated with the total body, total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). In women, the fat mass was the most significant determinant of bone mineral density. Cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fiber was positively... [to full text]