A menor capacidade de consumo voluntário de alimentos das fêmeas atuais pode ser evidenciada na fase de lactação. As fêmeas são mais exigentes nutricionalmente, pois o consumo de ração durante o período de lactação pode se tornar insuficiente para atender às exigências de mantença e máxima produção de leite das porcas. Com isso, o consumo voluntário de ração deve ser estimulado para evitar mínima mobilização de reservas corporais das fêmeas, garantindo assim, maior produção de leite e menor perda de peso das fêmeas até o desmame. O uso de substâncias flavorizantes, edulcorantes e do butirato de sódio estão sendo estudados com o objetivo de estimular o consumo voluntário. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar o consumo voluntário e a performance de 14 fêmeas suínas de primeiro parto em lactação, alimentadas com ração de lactação sem o uso de aditivo (T1) e ração de lactação contendo butirato de sódio (T2), edulcorante (T3) e flavorizante (T4), além do desempenho da leitegada de cada fêmea. As dietas experimentais foram administradas a partir do dia seguinte ao parto, até o dia do desmame. Os parâmetros avaliados nas porcas foram: consumo alimentar voluntário, perda de peso durante a lactação, variação na espessura de toucinho, produção de leite e intervalo desmama-estro subseqüente. O ganho de peso dos leitões foi também analisado. Foi observado maior consumo (P<0,05), pelas fêmeas do tratamento controle (T1) quando comparado com os demais tratamentos (T2, T3, T4). Já em relação à produção de leite, não foi evidenciado efeito significativo para nenhum dos tratamentos (P>0,05), porém observa-se uma diferença numérica entre os tratamentos, favorável ao T2. Quando observado peso e espessura de toucinho na entrada da maternidade e no desmame e o intervalo desmama estro, também não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P<0,05). Quanto ao peso dos leitões não foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas. Assim, a adição de substâncias flavorizantes, edulcorante e butirato de sódio em fêmeas primíparas, nas concentrações utilizadas nesse estudo, não apresentou efeito para nenhuma das variáveis, exceto para o consumo voluntário das fêmeas, de modo que são necessários novos estudos para averiguar a interferência desta suplementação sobre o consumo voluntário de alimentos, levando em consideração as linhagens híbridas existentes no mercado. / Sows of modern genotypes have a lower feed intake, whereas nutritional requirements have increased, especially due to higher number of piglets born per sow and thus to higher milk yield. Especially during lactation, if nutritional demands of sows are not met, a high milk production can lead to a negative energy balance, and thus to both a decrease in body fat reserves and a lower body weight at weaning. An alternative to avoid excessive body reserves depletion is feed supplementation with substances which can increase voluntary feed intake, among them flavors, sweeteners and butyric acid. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of such substances towards voluntary feed intake, milk production and performance of sows, and on litters weight gain, after supplementation of sows feeding during lactation. Fourteen first-parturition sows were allocated in one of the following treatments: feeding without any supplement (T1); supplementation with either butyric acid (T2), sweeteners (T3) or flavors (T4). Experimental diets were given from the day after parturition until the weaning. The following parameters were evaluated in sows: feed intake, loss of weight during lactation, variation of backfat thickness, milk production and weaning-estrus interval. Weight gain of piglets was also recorded. Feed intake of sows allocated at T1 group was higher (P<0.05), in comparison with T2, T3 and T4 groups. There was a trend towards a higher milk production of T2 group, although results were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of primiparous sows diet with flavours, sweeteners and butyric acid, at least at levels utilized in this study, did not produced any changes on the evaluated parameters, except for the voluntary feed intake of sows. Thus, futher investigations on the effects of those additives on voluntary feed intake and satiety mechanisms of new lineages pigs must be conducted.

Ces travaux de thèse avaient pour but de formuler, de caractériser et de valider un pain élaboré à partir de farines sélectionnées pour améliorer son pouvoir satiétogène. Fort est de constater que depuis plusieurs décennies, la prévalence du surpoids et de l’obésité est croissante. Les risques liés à l’obésité ont un impact sur l’espérance de vie qui stagne dans certains pays développés. Pour lutter contre cette pandémie, la consommation de fibres alimentaires semblerait avoir un effet positif sur la diminution de la sensation de faim, sur la diminution des prises caloriques ainsi que sur la diminution du poids chez des personnes obèses. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse a d’abord consisté à formuler deux pains expérimentaux enrichis en fibres : un pain typé « pain complet » (PF1) et un pain typé « pain aux céréales ». (PF2) Afin de valider les effets de ces pains sur l’organisme, deux types d’études ont été menés : des études à court terme et des études à long terme. Deux études ont été réalisées à court terme. La première étude a montré que le pain le plus enrichi en fibres était considéré comme plus rassasiant qu’un pain de mie blanc, et les participants diminuaient les quantités consommées pour ce type de pain. La deuxième étude a montré que la réapparition de la faim était plus lente pour le pain le plus riche en fibres. Enfin, une étude à long terme menée auprès de participants normopondéraux consistait à proposer une quantité fixe et importante des pains PF1 et PF2 au petit-déjeuner. Au bout de 15 jours d’exposition, les participants déclaraient avoir moins faim suite à la consommation de ces pains enrichis en fibres. De plus, pour le pain PF1, les participants diminuaient leur prise calorique comparativement à une situation contrôle. Au final, l’ensemble de ces études a permis de cibler un pain expérimental et un paradigme à suivre pour une étude menée auprès de participants en surpoids et obèses dans le cadre d’un régime amaigrissant, pour améliorer le bien-être lié au vécu de ce régime. / This PhD project was aimed at the formulation, the characterization and the validation of one bread, processed from flour selected to increase the satiety effects on humans. For the last several decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity around the world has been increasing. The risks of obesity are responsible for a stagnation of life expectancy in some industrialized countries. In order to stop this pandemic phenomenon, dietary fibre appears to have beneficial effects on the decrease in feeling hunger, caloric intake and body weight of obese participants. The first goal of this work was to process two fibre-enriched breads: one of them was a “whole grain” bread (PF1), and the second one a “multigrain bread” (PF2). In order to validate the effects of these two breads on human metabolism, two experimental design studies have been led: short term studies, and long term studies. Two short-term studies have been led. The first study evidenced that the most fibre-enriched bread was expected to be more satiating than a white bread, and thus, participants reduced the weight of this bread eaten. The second experiment showed that hunger sensation reappeared more slowly for the most fibre-enriched bread. Finally, a long term study was conducted on average weight participants, aimed at serving a fixed and important weight of the PF1 and PF2 breads during breakfast. After two weeks of exposure to these fibre-enriched breads, participants felt less hungry. Furthermore, for the PF1 bread, participants also decreased their caloric intake in comparison to a controlled condition. In conclusion, all of these studies permitted to target one experimental bread and a paradigm to be followed, in order to lead a study examining overweight or obese participants during a weight-loss diet, with the aim of increasing the well-being experienced from the diet.

The main objective of this thesis was to examine the independent effects of sleep duration and timing on appetite, food reward and energy balance. Study 1 investigated the associations between satiety quotient (SQ) with habitual, self-reported sleep duration, quality and timing. No significant associations were noted between SQ and sleep parameters. Short-duration sleepers had a lower mean SQ vs. those with ≥7h sleep/night (P=0.04). Study 2 evaluated associations between changes in sleep duration, efficiency and timing with changes in next day food reward. Greater sleep duration and earlier wake-times were associated with greater food reward (P=0.001). However, these associations were no longer significant after controlling for elapsed time between awakening and completion of the food reward task. Study 3 examined the effects of 50% sleep restriction (SR) anchored during the first (delayed bedtime) or second (advanced wake-time) half of the night on appetite, SQ, food reward, energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). Greater appetite ratings and explicit high-fat food reward were noted following SR with an advanced wake-time vs. control and SR with a delayed bedtime (P=0.03-0.01). No difference in SQ was noted between sessions. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were greater on day 2 and over 36h in the delayed bedtime vs. control session (P=0.03). Activity EE and moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) time were greater following delayed bedtime vs. control and advanced wake-time on day 1, whereas vigorous-intensity PA time was greater following advanced wake-time vs. delayed bedtime on day 1 (P=0.01-0.04). Greater sleep quality and slow-wave sleep duration between SR sessions were associated with lower EI and increased vigorous-intensity PA time, respectively (P=0.01-0.04). Collectively, these findings suggest that appetite, SQ and food reward are influenced by sleep parameters, but these changes may not alter EI. These findings also suggest that individuals with greater sleep quality in response to SR had greater vigorous-intensity activity time and lower EI.

Children with loss of control (LOC) eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at risk for excessive weight gain. However, it is unclear whether or not these children show disturbances in hunger and satiety regulation. The goal was to examine the food intake and sense of LOC over eating as well as LOC eating-related characteristics during test meal in children with LOC eating and ADHD. Children aged 8-13 y with LOC eating (n = 33), ADHD (n = 32), and matched healthy controls (n = 33), consumed a test meal consisting of their chosen lunch food, with the instruction to eat until feeling full. Sense of LOC over eating, desire to eat, feelings of hunger, and liking of food were repeatedly assessed during test meal. Children with LOC eating and ADHD did not show a higher food intake at maximum satiety compared to control children. Sense of LOC over eating was significantly higher in children with LOC eating compared to children with ADHD and matched controls. Secondary analyses revealed that children with LOC eating ate marginally faster than control children. Both children with LOC eating and ADHD reported greater desire to eat, feelings of hunger, and liking of food during test meal than control children. Even though the results did not reveal statistical evidence to support the assumption of a disturbed food intake in children with LOC eating and ADHD, LOC eating related characteristics were significantly higher in these children compared to the control children. Sense of LOC over eating was confirmed as a specific characteristic of LOC eating. The examination of behavioral indicators of hunger and satiety dysregulation should be complemented with physiological indicators in future research.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes adições de fibra de trigo em substituição a carne e gordura sobre características tecnológicas, de aceitação sensorial e de satisfação da fome em hambúrguer bovino. A princípio, o objetivo era desenvolver hambúrgueres com diferentes adições de farelo de aveia com substituição parcial e total do teor de gordura, no entanto, os resultados em relação à aceitação sensorial foram bastante negativos. Em função disso, a proposta foi alterada para a inclusão de diferentes níveis de adição de fibra de trigo em substituição a carne e gordura. Cinco diferentes tratamentos foram processados: hambúrguer com 77,6% de carne bovina, 19,4% de toucinho, 0% de fibra de trigo e água (Controle), hambúrguer com 68,9% de carne bovina, 17,2% de gordura suína, 1,6% de fibra de trigo e 9,4% de água (1,5% de Fibra), hambúrguer com 60,1% de carne bovina, 15,0% de gordura suína, 3,1% de fibra de trigo e 18,8% de água (3% de Fibra), hambúrguer com 51,4% de carne bovina, 12,8% de gordura suína, 4,7% de fibra de trigo e 28,1 de água (4,5% de Fibra) e hambúrguer com 42,6% de carne bovina, 10,7% de gordura suína, 6,3% de fibra de trigo e 37,5% de água (6% de Fibra). Foram analisados teores de proteínas, lipídios, umidade, cinzas, pH, textura, cor, perda após cocção e redução de diâmetro. Para avaliação sensorial utilizou-se a escala hedônica de nove pontos, com 103 consumidores que avaliaram os parâmetros sabor, textura, suculência e aceitação global. A análise de saciedade foi realizada com 34 avaliadores que anotaram em uma escala visual analógica o quanto estavam sentindo de fome antes e a cada hora após o consumo, até 3 horas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey ao nível de 5%. Na análise físico-química e centesimal, quanto maior a adição de fibra de trigo menor o teor de proteína e lipídio. A umidade foi maior quando o teor de carne/gordura foi reduzido e a fibra de trigo aumentada no hambúrguer. Nas análises de cinzas, pH e perdas após cocção não houve diferença significativa (p&gt;0,05). Na redução de diâmetro quanto maior a redução de carne/gordura e maior a adição de fibra de trigo menor o diâmetro do hambúrguer. Na análise de textura, houve uma correlação negativa entre adição de fibra de trigo e dureza. Para elasticidade, a amostra Controle diferiu significativamente (p&lt;0,05) das amostras 4,5% de Fibra e 6% de Fibra. Para a mastigabilidade, quanto maior a quantidade de carne/gordura e menor a quantidade de fibra de trigo maior a energia requerida para mastigar o alimento. E, para coesividade, não houve diferença significativa (p&gt;0,05). Na análise de cor, não houve diferença significativa (p&gt;0,05) nos atributos a* e b* porém, no atributo L* todas as amostras diferiram significativamente (p&lt;0,05) da amostra Controle. Na análise sensorial, as amostras Controle, 1,5% de Fibra, 3% de Fibra e 4,5% de Fibra obtiveram os maiores valores entre 6,64 e 7,63 e, a amostra com 6% de Fibra obtive os menores valores entre 5,82 e 6,91. Na análise de saciedade verificou-se uma redução da sensação de fome logo após o consumo do hambúrguer e um aumento da sensação de fome ao longo de três horas e, ao final, a sensação de fome retornou ao patamar inicial. Assim, a fibra de trigo pode ser usada como um substituto de carne/gordura em hambúrguer bovino somente até o nível de 3% de Fibra. / The aim of this study was evaluate the different effects of adding wheat fiber to replace meat and fat on technological characteristics of sensory acceptance and hunger satisfaction in beef burger. At first, the aim was to develop burgers with different effects of adding oat bran to replace partial and total of fat, however, the results regarding the sensory acceptance were very negative. Because of this, the proposal was modified to include different levels of adding wheat fiber to replace the meat and fat. Five different treatments were processed: hamburger with 77,6% of beef, 19,4% of fat, 0% wheat fiber and water (Control), hamburger with 68,9% of beef, 17,2% of pork fat, 1,6% of wheat fiber and 9,4% of water (1,5% Fiber), hamburger with 60,1% of beef, 15,0% of pork fat, 3,1% of wheat fiber and 18,8% of water (3% Fiber), hamburger with 51,4% of beef, 12,8% of pork fat, 4,7% of wheat fiber and 28,1% of water (4,5% Fiber) and hamburger with 42,6% of beef, 10,7% of pork fat, 6,3% of wheat fiber and 37,5% of water (6% Fiber). Protein concentrations, fat, moisture, ash, pH, texture, color, loss after cooking and reduction in diameter were determined. For sensory evaluation a hedonic scale of nine points was used, with 103 consumers who evaluated the flavor, texture, juiciness and overall acceptance parameters. Satiety analysis was performed with 34 evaluators who noted down on a visual analog scale how much they were feeling hungry before and every hour after consumption, up to 3 hours. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey\'s test at 5% level. In physical-chemical and centesimal analysis, the higher the addition of low wheat fiber protein, the lower the protein and lipid content. The moisture was higher when the content of meat/fat was reduced and the wheat fiber increased in the burger. In the analyzes of ash, pH and losses after cooking there was no significant difference (p&gt;0,05). In diameter reduction, the higher the reduction of meat/fat ratio and the higher the wheat fiber addition, the lower the hamburger diameter was. In texture analysis, there was a negative correlation between addition of wheat fiber and hardness. For elasticity, the Control Fiber sample differed significantly (p&lt;0,05) from samples 4,5% Fiber and 6% Fiber. For chewability, the greater the amount of meat/fat and the lower the amount of wheat fiber, the higher the required energy to chew food. And for cohesiveness, there was no significant difference (p&gt;0,05). In color analysis, no significant difference (p&gt;0,05) in the attributes a* and b* but in the L* attribute all samples differed significantly (p&lt;0,05) from Control. In the sensory analysis, the Control, 1,5% Fiber, 3% Fiber and 4,5% Fiber samples obtained the highest values between 6,64 and 7,63 and the 6% Fiber sample got the lowest values between 5,82 and 6,91. In satiety analysis, a reduction in the feeling of hunger had been found right after the hamburger consumption, a hunger increase over a period of three hours, and at the end the feeling of hunger returned to the initial level. Thus, wheat fiber can be used as a substitute for meat/fat beef burger only until the level of 3% Fiber.

Fêmeas suínas gestantes são frequentemente submetidas a uma restrição alimentar, que pode comprometer o bem-estar e produtividade. Existe pouca informação em relação as consequências da fome nas fêmeas gestantes nas medidas de bem-estar dos leitões. Dietas ricas em fibra podem minimizar a sensação de fome e, consequentemente, melhorar o bem-estar e a produtividade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar o impacto de uma dieta alta fibra (AF) para marrãs gestantes em medidas de bem-estar e 2) avaliar as consequências da dieta contendo AF durante a gestação no comportamento agonístico e indicadores de medo nos leitões ao desmame. Vinte e oito marrãs gestantes foram alimentadas com diferentes dietas: dieta AF, contendo 12,86% de fibra bruta (n=16), ou dieta baixa fibra (BF), contendo 2,53% de fibra bruta (n=12). Investigamos o impacto da AF ou BF nos seguintes parâmetros nas marrãs gestantes: comportamento; concentração do cortisol salivar; desempenho; motivação alimentar durante um teste de consumo ad libitum. Também avaliamos medidas de comportamento e desempenho da prole de 22 fêmeas (AF=14, BF=8). Lesões de pele foram avaliadas antes e após o desmame em 156 (100 AF e 56 BF), e 142 leitões foram submetidos ao teste de campo aberto e objeto novo (87 AF e 55 BF). Houve uma interação entre tratamento e tempo de alimentação para duração e frequência do comportamento mastigação em falso, indicando que as fêmeas que receberam a dieta BF apresentaram o comportamento mastigação em falso por mais tempo e com maior frequência antes da alimentação comparada com após a alimentação. Isso não foi observado nas fêmeas alimentadas com dieta AF. Para a maioria dos comportamentos avaliados, houve um efeito do momento de alimentação na duração e frequência. Não houve diferença na concentração de cortisol salivar entre os tratamentos. Os dados de desempenho indicam que as fêmeas AF foram mais pesadas no terço final de gestação e aos 107 dias de gestação, quando elas foram transferidas para a maternidade, comparadas com fêmeas BF. Não houve diferença nos outros parâmetros de desempenho. Não houve efeito do tratamento no total de alimento consumido durante o teste ad libitum. Não houve efeito do tratamento no desempenho dos leitões. Leitões nascidos de marrãs que receberam a dieta AF apresentaram menor número de lesões de pele antes do desmame comparados à prole de fêmeas BF. No teste de campo aberto e objeto novo, não houve efeito do tratamento no comportamento dos leitões. Esses resultados indicam que uma dieta AF foi eficaz em reduzir o comportamento anormal em marrãs e os leitões nascidos de fêmeas alimentadas com dieta AF demonstraram menor comportamento agressivo antes do desmame. / Pregnant sows are often subjected to food restriction, which can compromise their welfare and performance. Limited information is available on the consequences of sow hunger during pregnancy on welfare outcomes for their piglets. High fibre diets can mitigate the feeling of hunger and, consequently, improving welfare and productivity measures. The aims of this study were: 1) to measure the impact of feeding pregnant gilts with high fibre diet (HFD) on welfare measures, and 2) to assess the consequences of feeding gilts with HFD during pregnancy on agonistic behaviour and indicators of fear in their piglets at weaning. Twenty-eight pregnant gilts were fed either HFD, 12,86% of crude fibre (n=16) or low fibre diet (LFD), 2,53% of crude fibre (n=12). We investigated the impact of HFD and LFD on the following parameters in pregnant gilts: behaviour; salivary cortisol concentration; performance; and feeding motivation during an ad libitum test. We also assessed some behavior and performance measures in the offspring of 22 sows (HFD=14 LFD=8). Skin lesions were evaluated before and after weaning in 156 piglets (100 HFD and 56 LFD), and 142 piglets were subjected to an open field and novel object test (87HFD and 55 LFD). There was an interaction between treatment and feeding time, for duration and frequency of sham chewing abnormal behaviour, indicating that sows that received LFD performed the behaviour for longer and more often before feeding than after feeding. This was not observed in HFD fed sows. For most behaviours evaluated, there was an effect of feeding time in their duration and frequency. There was no difference in salivary cortisol concentration among treatments. The performance data indicated that HFD fed pregnant gilts were heavier in the last third of gestation and at 107th days of gestation, when they were moved to farrowing pens, than LFD fed pregnant gilts. There was no difference in other performance parameters. There was no effect of treatment on total food consumption during the ad libitum test. There was no treatment effect on the piglet\'s performance. Piglets born from gilts that received HFD had less skin lesions before weaning that the offspring of LFD pregnant gilts. In the open field and novel object tests, there was no treatment effect on the behaviour of piglets. These results indicate that HFD was beneficial in reducing abnormal behaviour is sows and that piglets born from gilts fed with HFD showed less aggressive behaviour prior to weaning.

This thesis is an investigation of dietary alterations, including the addition of fibre and an appetite suppressant (alternative diet) and the use of a skip-a-day (SAD) feeding regime, which may reduce hunger. Broiler breeders are severely feed restricted to limit growth, leading to symptoms of chronic hunger. We used behavioural indices, feather condition scoring and preference tests were used to compare satiating properties of the diets. Alternative diets reduced symptoms of hunger such as feather, object and aggressive pecking and resulted in better feather condition. Although SAD birds feather pecked more during feeding bouts, SAD birds still had better feather condition than daily birds. Preference testing revealed no differences in dietary preference, implying a lack of preference, or a methodological flaw. However, no aversion to the alternative diet was evident. Alternative diets, regardless of feeding frequency, may be the best option for bettering the welfare of growing broiler breeders. / Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, OMAFRA, Canadian Poultry Research Council

Em mercados de concorrência acirrada, trabalhar as características dos produtos é uma das estratégias da indústria de alimentos para influenciar a demanda e aumentar a participação no mercado com ofertas de maior valor para o consumidor. Pesquisas demonstram que casos de obesidade e sobrepeso são problemas de grande relevância para a saúde pública no Brasil, o que representa uma oportunidade para as indústrias de alimentos desenvolverem produtos com menor valor energético ou que promovam sensação de saciedade. Este trabalho avaliou interesse dos consumidores por um produto lácteo que promovesse sensação de saciedade, através da aplicação de QFD (Desdobramento da Função Qualidade). Foi possível priorizar as características do produto para os desejos e necessidades do consumidor. Saciedade foi um dos benefícios desejados apontados pelos consumidores e bebida láctea fermentada foi indicada como sendo um produto para apresentar esta funcionalidade. Considerando as informações obtidas pelo QFD, foi estudada a influência dos ingredientes nas características da bebida láctea fermentada com adição de polidextrose, através do uso de Superfície de resposta. No planejamento experimental completo, foi avaliado o efeito do teor de soro (de 15 a 70% na base láctea), teor de gelatina (de 0 a 0,6%) e amido (de 0 a 1,5%), visando otimizar a formulação do produto para melhor custo, tempo de processo, características sensoriais e de viscosidade. A formulação que otimiza ao mesmo tempo as variáveis de estudo é que apresenta 60,75% de leite, 22,64% de soro, 0,30% de gelatina, 0,52% de amido modificado, 8% de açúcar, 6,66% de polidextrose e 1,125% de preparado de frutas. / In competitive markets, work on product characteristics is one of the strategies of the food industry to influence demand and increase market share with proposition of great value to the consumer. Studies show that obesity and overweight are issues of great concern for the public health system. These problems have pushed the food industry to search not only for new low-calorie energy intake and diet products, but also for a new kind of product in Brazil: functional foods that promote satiety. This study started using QFD (Quality Function Deployment) to assess the consumers’ perception regarding a new dairy product to promote satiety and order its important characteristics, to attend consumers’ needs and expectations. Satiety was one of the benefits desired by consumers and fermented dairy beverage was given as a product to provide this functionality. Considering the information of QFD, it was studied the influence of each ingredient in the fermented dairy beverage added of polydextrose through the use of Surface Response. The experimental design studied the effects of the % of whey (15 to 70% at milk-base), % of gelatin (0 to 0,6%), starch (0 to 1,5%), to optimize the formulation of the product to the best cost, process time, sensorial and viscosity. The formulation that optimize at same time the variables of the study is that one that contains 60,75% of milk, 22,64% ok whey, 0,3% of gelatin, 0,52% of starch, 8% of sugar, 6,66% of polydextrose and 1,125% of fruit.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A compulsão alimentar está associada a diversas doenças, entre elas, a obesidade.Com o intuito de pesquisar a diferença hormonal ligada ao controle da fome e da saciedade associada ao episódio de compulsão alimentar (ECA), avaliou-se a concentração sérica dos hormônios que regulam este processo em mulheres adultas. Métodos: O estudo experimental foi composto de 3 grupos (n=23), sendo: grupo Eutrófico (GE;n=8), grupo obeso sem ECA (GO;n=7) e obesas com ECA (ECA;n=8). Todas as mulheres que participaram do estudo freqüentavam os serviços de saúde da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro. Foram dosados os hormônios: Grelina Total, Glucagon, Adiponectina, Amilina, Peptídeo C, GLP-1, Insulina e Leptina séricos nos tempos: jejum, 15 e 60 minutos após a ingestão da refeição fornecida. As refeições ingeridas foram controladas em energia, 55% carboidratos, 15% proteínas, 30% lipídios. Os dados foram analisados como valores médios por grupo em software SAS, considerando p<0,05. Resultados: A idade das mulheres estudadas variou de 32 a 50 anos. A concentração de adiponectina encontrada, que é inversamente proporcional a adiposidade, foi significativamente menor no grupo ECA em relação aos demais grupos (p=0,01). Em relação à leptina, o grupo GO apresentou concentração maior em relação aos demais grupos (p<0,0001). Já, a concentração de grelina encontrada foi significativamente menor no grupo ECA em relação aos demais grupos (p=0,02). Foram encontradas concentrações significativamente maiores de insulina no grupo GO em relação aos demais grupos (p=0,04). A concentração de amilina encontrada foi significativamente maior no grupo GO em relação aos outros grupos (p=0,01). A concentração de GLP-1 encontrada no grupo GO foi maior em média, porém esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p=0,25). A concentração de Peptídeo C encontrada no grupo GO foi maior em relação aos outros grupos (p=0,003). Apesar da concentração de Glucagon no grupo ECA ser maior em relação aos demais grupos, estes valores não eram diferentes estatisticamente (p=0,13). Nossos achados mostraram que obesas ECA tem perfil hormonal diferente de obesas sem ECA. A baixa concentração de grelina do grupo de obesas ECA e a alta concentração de insulina, peptídeo C e amilina nas obesas com e sem ECA pode estar relacionado com o aumento da ingestão alimentar e com o desequilíbrio energético. / Binge eating is associated to several diseases, including obesity. In order to study the hormonal control of hunger and satiety that is commonly involved in binge-eating process; we evaluated the serum concentration of these hormones in adult women. The experimental study was composed of 3 groups, n= 23: Lean (GE, n = 8), Obese without binge (GO, n = 7) and obese with binge (BEE, n = 8). All women who participated in the study attended the health services of the Polyclinic Piquet Carneiro. Serum hormones were assayed: total ghrelin, glucagon, adiponectin, Amylin, c-Peptide, glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), insulin and Leptin in fasting, 15 and 60 minutes after food intake. Meals were controlled in energy, 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, 30% lipids. Data were analyzed as average values per group in SAS software, considering p <0.05. Results: Women`s age ranged from 32 to 50 years. The adiponectin concentration, which is inversely proportional to adiposity, was significantly lower in BEE group than the other groups (p=0.01). Leptin of the GO group presented higher concentration than the others (p<0.0001). Ghrelin concentration was significantly lower in BEE group than the other groups (p=0.02). We found a significantly higher concentration of insulin in GO group in comparison to the others (p = 0.04). Amylin concentration was significantly higher in GO group in comparison to the other groups (p=0.01). GLP-1 concentration of GO group was higher on average, but not statistically significant between groups (p=0.25). Cpeptide concentration found in GO group was higher than the others (p=0.003). Despite glucagon concentration in the BEE group was greater than the other groups, these values were not statistically different (p=0.13). Our findings shown that BEE group have different hormonal profile than GO and GE. The lowest concentration of ghrelin found in BEE group and the highest concentration of insulin, C-peptide and amylin found in both obese group with and without binge eating may be related to increased food intake and energy imbalance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreCS_DISSERT.pdf: 2097840 bytes, checksum: 2cb282516c6ef3d0a5391ba33939b8a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Obesity is increasing, reaching epidemic levels in many regions of the world. Studies have shown that consumption of peanuts influences on weight control and this influence may be due to the action of trypsin inhibitors sacietog?nica that condition increased plasma colescistocinina (CCK). Moreover, the peanut has other health benefits, and these assignments are guaranteed to increase their production and consumption of several of its products, including the pa?oca peanut. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of a trypsin inhibitor in pa?oca peanut and evaluate its effect on food intake, weight gain and histomorphological changes in swiss mice (n = 8) and Wistar rats (n = 6). Experimental diets were prepared based on the AIN-93G and supplemented with tack or peanut trypsin inhibitor partially purified pa?oca peanut (AHTI). After each treatment, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, their bloods were collected by cardiac puncture for the determination of CCK and other biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and albumin) and their pancreas removed for histologic and morphometric analysis. The supplementation with pa?oca peanut and the AHTI showed a decrease of body weight gain and food intake in both mice and rats, due to the satiety, since the animals showed no evidence of impairment of nutritional status conditioned by consumption the AHTI. There were also observed biochemical or morphological important when compared with controls. However, AHTI led to increased secretion of CCK, a peptide sacietog?nico. Thus, these results indicate that AHTI present in pa?oca peanut, is able to enhance the secretion of plasma CCK and thereby reduce the weight gain associated with lower food intake of experimenta animals / A obesidade ? crescente, atingindo n?veis epid?micos, em muitas regi?es do mundo. Estudos t?m mostrado que o consumo de amendoins influencia no controle de peso e essa influ?ncia pode ser devido ? a??o sacietog?nica de inibidores de tripsina que condicionam o aumento plasm?tico de colecistocinina (CCK). Al?m disso, o amendoim apresenta outros benef?cios ? sa?de e essas atribui??es t?m garantido o aumento da sua produ??o e o consumo de v?rios de seus produtos, entre eles, a pa?oca de amendoim. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a presen?a de um inibidor de tripsina na pa?oca de amendoim e avaliar o seu efeito sobre o consumo alimentar, o ganho de peso e altera??es histomorfol?gicas em camundongos swiss (n=8) e ratos wistar (n=6). Dietas experimentais foram preparadas com base na AIN-93G e suplementadas com a pa?oca de amendoim ou com o inibidor de tripsina parcialmente purificado da pa?oca de amendoim (AHTI). Ao final de cada tratamento, os animais foram anestesiados, eutanasiados e tiveram seus sangues colhidos, por pun??o card?aca, para a dosagem de CCK e de outros par?metros bioqu?micos (glicose, triglicer?deos, colesterol total, lipoprote?nas de altadensidade, lipoprote?na de baixa-densidade, transaminase glut?mica pir?vica, transaminase glut?mica oxalac?tica e albumina) e seus p?ncreas extra?dos para an?lise histol?gica e morfom?trica. As suplementa??es com a pa?oca de amendoim e com o AHTI mostraram uma diminui??o do ganho de peso corporal e do consumo alimentar tanto em camundongos quanto em ratos, devido ? saciedade, uma vez que os animais n?o apresentaram ind?cios de comprometimento do estado nutricional condicionada pelo consumo do AHTI. N?o foram, tamb?m, observadas altera??es bioqu?micas, nem histomorfol?gicas importantes quando comparadas com os controles. No entanto, o AHTI levou ao aumento da secre??o de CCK, um pept?dio sacietog?nico. Assim, estes resultados sugerem que o AHTI, presente na pa?oca de amendoim, seria capaz de aumentar a secre??o plasm?tica de CCK e reduzir o ganho de peso associado com menor consumo alimentar de animais experimentais