<p>The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 &ndash / 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro.</p>

The pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.) is the most significant pest of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Australia. The only available means for controlling pea weevil at the present time is with chemical pesticides. The aim of this study was to introgress natural pea weevil resistance, derived from the wild pea species, Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Sm. into cultivated field pea and devise strategies for screening for the resistance with breeding applications. Traditional breeding methods were used to transfer pea weevil resistance from P. fulvum accession ‘ATC113’ to cultivated field pea, cv. ‘Pennant’. Progeny derived from this population were examined for inheritance of pod and seed resistance. Seed resistance in F2 plants segregated in a ratio of 1:37:26 (resistant: mixed response: susceptible), indicating a trigenic mode of inheritance (1:63), with at least three major recessive genes controlling pea weevil resistance. Seed resistance was conserved over consecutive generations (F2 to F5) and was successfully transferred to populations crossed with a second adapted field pea variety‘Helena’. Pod resistance presented as a quantitative trait in the F2 population, but this resistance was not retained in subsequent generations. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were sought in the parents and in resistant and susceptible F3 plants. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis was used to identify 13 AFLP markers with a statistically significant association with pea weevil resistance and 23 with pea weevil susceptibility. Principal coordinate analysis (PCO) showed that the AFLP marker loci formed clusters in the PCO space, which could indicate the three proposed gene locations. Eight AFLP markers were cloned, sequenced and converted to sequence characterised amplified regions (SCAR). Two SCAR markers, SC47359 and SC47435 were polymorphic between the resistant and susceptible parents. Both markers co-segregated with the resistant lines and with 30-36% of susceptible lines. Plants which did not possess either band were highly susceptible. The other PCR products were either monomorphic between the resistant and susceptible parents or produced more than one band product. A range of phenotypic traits was measured in the F2 population derived from the hybridisation between P. fulvum and P. sativum and associations with pea weevil resistance were made. In the F2 population, pea weevil resistance was not correlated with any of the negative traits originating from the wild parent, such as increased basal branching, dark seed coat or small seed size, neither was resistance correlated with flower colour, flowering time or seeds per pod. Pea weevil resistance should therefore be transferable with minimal linkage drag. A convenient morphological marker, such as flower or seed colour was not identified in this study based on these results. Using principal component analysis (PCA) as a visual tool, resistant and semi-resistant plants in the F3 and ‘backcross’ introgression populations were identified with improved trait performance compared with the wild parent

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Naphthoqinones are one of groups of secondary metabolites widespread in nature. The most important higher plant families containing naphthoqinones are Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Droseraceae, Ebenaceae, Juglandaceae, Nepenthaceae and Plumbaginaceae. Naphthoquinones are also products of secondary metabolism of some fungi, lichens and algae. Many investigators have interested in these compounds because of their broadrange biological activities; antibacterial, fungicidal, antiparasitic and insecticidal. In this work, we studied the effects of juglon on hydroponically grown seedlings of L.). Flax plants were exposed to solutions with various concentrations of juglon and the growth and development of pea (Pissum sativum) plants were analyzed. The results showed that juglon significantly affect the morphology and physiology of the pea (Pissum sativum) plants. Moreover, the production of ethylene was increased due to stress conditions.

The diploma thesis deals with the determination of mobile forms of mercury using the technology of diffusion gradient in thin-film. The theoretical part deals with the occurrence of chemical forms of mercury in the environment, mercury effects on plants and methods of determination of mercury's mobile forms. In the practical part, the accumulation of mercury from soils into various organs of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) was observed. Soil samples were taken in Brno, in streets Opuštěná and Zvonařka. The contents of mercury in soils ranged from 0,32618 +- 0,02493 mg.kg-1 to 0,08382 +- 0,00255 mg.kg-1. Only 0,15 - 0,20 % of the mercury passed from the soil into the soil solution. Only 2,21 to 3,45 % of mercury was available for the soil solution for DGT units and therefore also for the plants. The mercury content in the soil influenced the amount of mercury in the garden pea. The highest concentrations of mercury were detected in the leaves and roots, the lowest concentrations were in the consumed parts of garden pea. The significant correlations were found out between the content of mercury's mobile forms provided by DGT method and the mercury content in roots, leaves and stem of garden pea (correlation coefficients from 0,913 to 0,984). Simulation of acid rains did not demonstrate the raise of mercury's mobility relating to the increase of the acidification of the soil.

This Master's thesis is focused on study of color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous plants, especially during processing of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Sicilian honey garlic (Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl.). Color compounds formed in alliaceous plants significantly reduce their sensory quality percieved by consumers and represent a relatively significant financial burden for the food industry. While especially blue and yellow compounds are formed during processing of garlic, pink to red compounds are formed during processing of Sicilian honey garlic. The theoretical part of the Master's thesis is focused on two plants of the genus Allium L. - garlic and Sicilian honey garlic, their significance, occurrence and usage. The study also discusses the mechanism of color compounds formation, that involves mainly sulfur compounds. The experimental part of the Master's thesis is focused on isolation and identification of the most significant color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous species and proposal probable mechanism of their formation.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-07-25T12:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 655443 bytes, checksum: 60ce546b9212c90a2aea5ec4beba51ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T12:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 655443 bytes, checksum: 60ce546b9212c90a2aea5ec4beba51ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / O feijão-caupi, Vigna unguiculata, (L.), Walp. é uma leguminosa de ampla distribuição mundial, encontrada principalmente nas regiões tropicais. Os grãos de feijão-caupi apresentam problemas sérios de perdas pós-colheita, grande parte ocorrendo em razão do armazenamento inadequado e do ataque por insetos-praga, destacando-se o Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). O controle de C. maculatus em feijão-caupi armazenado é feito principalmente com o fumigante fosfina, no entanto, o uso em longo prazo de um único inseticida aumenta o risco do crescimento de populações resistentes. Como alternativa, tem sido pesquisado o uso de inseticidas de origem vegetal que têm relativa toxicidade a diversas espécies de insetos. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade fumigante do óleo essencial de salsa, Petroselinum sativum, (Mill.) Fuss, sobre C. maculatus, em feijão-caupi. A toxicidade do óleo essencial e do gás fosfina (controle positivo) foi avaliada para estimar as concentrações letais de 50 e 95% (CL 50 e CL 95 ). As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por frascos de vidro com 0,8 L de capacidade, contendo 100 g de feijão-caupi e 20 insetos adultos com idade de 1 a 3 dias. O óleo essencial foi aplicado em recortes de papel colocados dentro de sachês de organza e colados nas tampas dos frascos. A toxicidade foi avaliada 48 h após a exposição dos insetos ao óleo essencial e à fosfina. A taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional dos insetos na presença do óleo essencial e da fosfina foi determinada utilizando as concentrações letais CL 10 , CL 30 , CL 50 , CL 70 e CL 90 obtidas nos bioensaios de toxicidade. O experimento foi montado no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições. A progênie adulta foi contabilizada após 45 dias. Os resultados da toxicidade indicaram CL 50 de 489,5 μL L -1 e CL 95 de 635,8 μL L -1 para o óleo essencial de salsa e CL 50 de 35,7 μL L -1 e CL 95 de 68,5 μL L -1 para a fosfina. Verificou-se que o óleo essencial de salsa apresenta efeito inseticida fumigante no controle de adultos de C. Maculatus e depende da concentração aplicada. Além disso, a perda de massa do feijão-caupi tratado com óleo essencial de salsa e com o gás fosfina foi menor em relação ao controle negativo (sem tratamento), indicando que a exposição dos insetos ao óleo essencial e ao gás fosfina reduziu o número de insetos de C. maculatus. O poder germinativo dos grãos de feijão- caupi foi diretamente proporcional às concentrações do óleo essencial e do gás fosfina. / Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is a legume of worldwide distribution, mainly found in tropical regions. The cowpea grains has serious problems of post-harvest losses, largely occurring due to improper storage and attack by insect pests, highlighting the Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The control of C. maculatus in stored cowpea is done primarily with the phosphine fumigation, however, the long term use of a single insecticide increases the risk of resistant populations development. Alternatively, it has been investigated the use of insecticides of plant origin that have relative toxicity to various insect species. This work was carried out to evaluate the fumigant activity of the essential oil of parsley, Petroselinum sativum (Mill.) Fuss, on C. maculatus in cowpea. Toxicity of essential oil and phosphine gas (positive control) was evaluated to estimate the lethal concentrations of 50 and 95% (LC 50 and LC 95 ). The experimental units consisted of glass bottles with 0.8 liter capacity containing 100 g of cowpea and 20 adult insects aged 1-3 days. The essential oil was applied to paper cutouts placed inside organza sachets and glued to the bottle caps. Toxicity was assessed 48 h after exposure of the insects to the essential oil and phosphine. The instantaneous rate of growth of the insects in presence of the essential oil and phosphine gas was determined using lethal concentration LC 10 , LC 30 , LC 50 , LC 70 and LC 90 obtained in bioassays of toxicity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 repetitions. The adult progeny was recorded after 45 days. The results of toxicity indicated 489.5 μL -1 to LC 50 and 635.8 μL -1 to LC 95 for essential oil of parsley and 35.7 μL -1 to LC 50 and 68.5 μL -1 to LC 95 for phosphine. It was found that the essential oil of parsley has a fumigant insecticidal effect in controlling adults of C. maculatus which effectiveness depends on the applied concentration. Moreover, the weight loss of the cowpea treated with essential oil of parsley and with phosphine gas was lower compared to the negative control (no treatment), indicating that exposure of the insects to the essential oil and phosphine gas reduced the number of C. maculatus. The germination of cowpea grain was directly proportional to the concentrations of the essential oil and phosphine gas.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-29 / Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Corianddrum sativum L. é uma herbácea ereta, anual, ramificada, nativa da região Mediterrânea (Europa meridional e Oriente Médio). Seu odor é devido a presença do coriandrol ou d-Linalol. Usado na medicina popular há mais de 3000 anos, é indicado como carminativo (alguns óleos produzem certa anestesia e relaxamento da cárdia e consequentemente a expulsão do ar do trato gastrointestinal), estimulante das atividades gástrica e hepática, anti-helmíntico, antiinflamatório e ingerido como chá ou tintura. No Brasil, é amplamente cultivada no Norte e Nordeste, usada na indústria de licores. da confeitaria, perfumaria e na culinária. Poucos são os estudos científicos mostrando as propriedades farmacológicas do óleo essencial da C.sativum. O óleo essencial de coentro apresenta em sua composição monoterpenos, como linalol, citronelol, mirceno, limoneno, acetato de geranila, cânfora, entre outros, aos quais são atribuídos efeitos no sistema nervoso central. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil farmacológico do óleo essencial da Coriandrum sativum L (OEC) em camundongos, após administração aguda via intraperitoneal, nas doses 62,5mg/kg, 125mg/kg, 250 mg/kg e 500 mg/kg. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o OEC (125mg/kg e 250mg/kg) induziu uma diminuição da atividade motora, sendo observado para a dose de 250mg/kg um aumento do tempo de sono. O OEC (125mg/kg e 250mg/kg) não alterou a coordenação motora dos animais indicando que as doses empregadas não induziram relaxamento muscular. Uma ação antinociceptiva periférica (contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético) em resposta ao OEC(125mg/kg e 250mg/kg) e antiinflamatória (teste da formalina) OEC 250mg/kg foi também observada. O OEC não protegeu os animais das convulsões, não tendo sido observado um efeito anticonvulsivante. Durante a triagem farmacológica inicial, foram observados sinais de toxicidade como pelos arrepios, ptose palpebral, diminuição da defecação e aumento da micção. Após 24h da administração do OEC, houve três mortes com os animais com a dose de 500mg/kg. Nossos resultados sugerem que o OEC apresenta um perfil depressor do sistema nervoso central (SNC) com efeitos sedativo, analgésico e antiinflamatório / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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