The diploma thesis deals with the proposal for improvement of distribution logistics in the production company. Firstly, the theoretical background is written, which will be the basis for another part of the work which focuses on the analysis of the company's internal and external environment, SWOT analysis and distribution of Pivovary Lobkowicz Group, a.s. At the end of the thesis there are proposed changes in distribution that lead to cost reduction and distribution efficiency.

This diploma thesis is focused on the matter of radiation heating, thermal comfort maintenance and setting optimal operation parameters for heating system equipped with radiation panels. The research section summarizes the effects most important for thermal comfort, methods of its determination, heat exchange distribution between the human body and its environment, and technical possibilities of heating car interiors. The central points of this work are the simulation of car interiors heated with radiation panels and the evaluation of thermal comfort with a virtual mannequin. Thermal state was determined via the equivalent temperature and thermal comfort zones diagram (method by O.H. Nilsson). Forty-two simulated scenarios led us to conclude that thermal comfort is not possible to obtain with panels exuding a maximum temperature of 43 °C and the combination of several heat sources is required. Nevertheless radiation heating considerably contributes to energy savings without the loss of thermal comfort in assessed car.

The diploma thesis consists of two integrated substructures. The theoretical part focuses on classic theory of economic analyses. The practical part evaluates savings of heating and warming of hot water by thermal pump in comparison with utilization of classic sources of heat energy.

The object of the thesis is the comparing bank services and evaluation of the most advantage variants of house financing. Thesis has two parts. In the theoretical part is defined topic housing finance, valuation and real estate market. In the practical part is compared twelve mortgage. Selected the best product and compiled repayment schedule.

Coupled with the issue of promoting energy efficiency in South Africa is the need to focus on the source of energy production. The country's excessive burning of coal resources has been linked to the global warming crisis. To address this energy crisis, taxpayers can be encouraged to play an important role in moving the country towards a position of energy stability by conserving energy or decreasing their energy consumption, or contributing towards the research and development of energy-efficient processes as well as cleaner forms of energy. This study analyses the energy-related tax incentives that are currently legislated and available to South African taxpayers and discusses the feasibility of taking advantage of these incentives. The study may provide guidance to taxpayers that have decided to invest in renewable energy sources and will discuss some of the advantages and perceived challenges facing the renewable energy industry. This study also provides a worked example that illustrates a detailed calculation of the energy tax saving incentive set out in section 12L of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962. A case study guides taxpayers though the practical process of applying for and calculating their energy-saving tax deduction. The case study may be used as a point of reference for taxpayers planning to implement the section 12L energy efficiency tax incentive for the first time and may highlight complexities and concerns they should consider. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Taxation / MCom / Unrestricted

Increasing longevity and  falling fertility have increased interest in financing retirement age and have increased the burden of old age in an ageing society. This research is based on data from 41 countries of OECD and BRICS, between 1995 and 2017. By employing the fixed-effect estimation method, this study is to test and compare the relationship between the child and old-age dependency ratios, life expectancy and savings rate of these countries. The two groups of countries represent developed (OECD) and emerging (BRICS) countries with different level of development and states of ageing. The estimation results show that the savings rate of OECD countries can be explained by the old-age and child dependency ratios and life expectancy, but life expectancy has a greater impact on the savings rate. However, although the savings rate in BRICS countries is also positively affected by life expectancy, the impact of child dependency ratio is much greater than life expectancy. But, the effect of old-age dependency ratios on savings is insignificant in BRICS countries.

Då klimatförändringarna runt om i världen accelererar med torka så behöver man under regnperioder ta tillvara på dag- och gråvatten istället för att släppa ut det i dagvattensystemet. I Örebro, Sverige, finns en byggnad vid namn Citypassagen, som använder sig av ett system som spolar toaletter med uppsamlat regnvatten. Att spara dagvatten och använda som spolvatten är en smart lösning på vattenbrist, det kan dock föra in risker in i byggnaden som skulle kunna smitta människor som befinner sig vid och använder toaletterna. Detta tillsammans med riskerna vid gråvattenanvändning undersöks närmare i den här rapporten, samt att det undersöks om implementering av ett sådant system som använder dag- och gråvattnet för toalettspolning kan vara energieffektivt.Rapporten kommer fram till att det främst är bakterier och patogener som skulle kunna orsaka smitta hos människor vid användning av dessa dag- och gråvattenspolande toaletter, då de kan förekomma som aerosoler medan de andra undersökta områdena inte kan förekomma som aerosoler. Det fastställs även att energibesparing kan göras med ett spolvattensystem som använder sig av regnvatten då reningen inte kommer att bli lika omfattande som vid ett traditionellt reningsverk. Slutsatsen är att risker som legionella pneumophila kan smitta som aerosoler. Andra smittorisker är E-coli, Cryptosporidium och Giardia, patogener som kan återfinnas i gråvatten. Energibesparingar kan främst göras vid reningsprocessen, då samma rigorösa reningsprocess som återfinns i reningsverk inte krävs. / With accelerating climate change bringing droughts around the world, the necessity to use urban runoff and grey water as a resource grows. In Örebro, Sweden, there is a building called Citypassagen, which uses a system of collected rainwater for flushing of toilets. To use urban runoff for toilet flushing is a smart solution to shortage of water availability, though it can also mean the exposure of health risks to people who use the toilets. These risks, accompanied by the risks of grey water usage, are examined in this report, and also if the implementation of a system that uses urban runoff and grey water for toilet flushing can be viewed as a means to energy savings.This report finds that bacteria and pathogens are the primary source of potential infection when using urban runoff or grey water flushing toilets, because of their ability to occur as aerosols, unlike the other examined risks. It is also established that energy savings can be made with a flushing system that uses rainwater, because the purification process is not as extensive compared to the process used in a traditional treatment plant. The conclusion is that risks such as legionella pneumophila can infect as an aerosol. Other risks of infection are E-coli, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, pathogens that can be traced in grey water. Energy savings can primarily be achieved in the purification process, because the same rigorous process used in traditional treatment plants is not necessary.

The building sector is one of the sectors that consume the most energy in Sweden. In order to deal with this problem Swedish government aims to reduce the energy consumption in the building sector 50% by 2050. Another ambitious goal set by the Swedish government is zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. Most of the buildings in Sweden were built during 1950-1990 before the first energy regulations were voted in Europe. A high percentage of these buildings date to 1950 and the majority of them are multi family buildings. Apartments built during this period are now requiring major renovation and retrofitting measures in order to comply with the energy and indoor environment regulations. Despite the urgent need for retrofitting expressed above, the retrofitting ratio in Sweden was 0.88% in 2013, so the number of buildings that haven’t gone through any energy retrofitting is still high making it clear that the biggest opportunity for energy savings lies within the existing building stock and that the retrofitting ratio has to enhance in order to achieve the governments energy and emission goals for 2050. In this study a new patented innovative energy retrofitting method is studied within IDAICE simulation program in order to find the heat load and the energy savings after applying this method. The simulated building is a three story multi family building with building characteristics from 1950 and the simulation takes place in two different climate zones (Stockholm and Umeå). Three different insulation thicknesses were tested creating three different variant cases in order to investigate the difference in energy savings an increase of the insulation thickness will bring. This retrofitting method except installation of extra facade insulation includes roof insulation, replacement of the air handling unit with heat recovery ventilation whose pipe system runs through the insulation behind the radiators of each zone and replacement of the old windows with triple glazed low U-value windows. The results show a high reduction in heat supplied after the retrofit, 66.4% room unit heat reduction in Stockholm and 59.6% in Umeå and even higher energy reduction 68.3% in Stockholm and 68.9% in Umeå. The CO2 emission reduction was 58.4% in Stockholm and 60.9% in Umeå. The difference in room unit heat, energy consumption and CO2 emissions among the Variant cases varies between 1-2%. The explanation for such a small difference lies in the fact that the only difference among these cases is the insulation thickness of the facade. The thermal comfort was also investigated and has shown an increase in hours of dissatisfaction after the retrofitting and as the insulation increased due to overheating. However it must be stated here that the reason behind the increase in dissatisfaction is that no window shading or window opening schedules were taken into account in the simulation maximizing the solar heat gains of the building. The study concludes that the studied retrofitting method is very efficient and the studied building achieves higher energy reduction than the goal that the Swedish government has set for 2050. The results of this study bring this retrofitting method ahead of the 2050 energy reduction goals set by the Swedish government with significant reductions in CO2 emissions and heat load.

This thesis summarises the outcomes of a Big Data analysis, performed on a set of hourly district heating energy consumption data from 2012 for nearly 15 000 buildings in the City of Stockholm. The aim of the study was to find patterns and inefficiencies in the consumption data using KNIME, a big data analysis tool, and to initiate a retrofitting plan for the city to counteract these inefficiencies. By defining a number of energy saving scenarios, the potential for increased efficiency is estimated and the resulting methodology can be used by other (smart) cities and policy makers to estimate savings potential elsewhere. In addition, the influence of weather circumstances, building location and building types is studied. In the introduction, a concise overview of the concepts Smart City and Big Data is given, together with their relevance for the energy challenges of the 21st century. Thereafter, a summary of the previous studies at the foundation of this research and a brief theory review of less common methods used in this thesis are presented. The method of this thesis consisted of first understanding and describing the dataset using descriptive statistics, studying the annual fluctuations in energy consumption and clustering all consumer groups per building class according to total consumption, consumption intensity and time of consumption. After these descriptive steps, a more analytical part starts with the definition of a number of energy saving scenarios. They are used to estimate the maximal potential for energy savings, regardless of actual measures, financial or temporal aspects. This hypothetical simulation is supplemented with a more realistic retrofitting plan that explores the feasibility of Stockholm’s Climate Action Plan for 2012-2015, using a limited set of energy efficiency measures and a fixed investment horizon. The analytical part is concluded with a spatial regression that sets out to determine the influence of wind velocity and temperature in different parts of Stockholm. The conclusions of this thesis are that the potential for energy savings in the studied data set can go up to 59% or 4.6 TWh. The financially justified savings are estimated at ca. 6% using favourable investment parameters. However, these savings quickly diminish because of a high sensitivity on the input parameters. The clustering analysis has not yielded the anticipated results, but they can be used as a tool to target investments towards groups of buildings that have a high return on investment.

Nearly all individuals who purchase a property will have to get a mortgage, which raises the issue of repayment of the loan. Is it more profitable to get out of debt or can we make the money grow faster through alternative investments? The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there are incentives for individual households to refrain from amortize. In general, one can identify three reasons to amortize; the first is a general need to save, the second reason is to save specifically for retirement and the third reason is the household's assessment of the probability of large negative shocks, such as a a decline of the real estate market. But the question is whether the principal is what is the most profitable for households? Based on actual interest rates and yields for the last 30 years and empirical research, this paper will analyze whether it is more advantageous for households to save by investing in financial assets such as mutual funds than by amortizing. Acknowledgement: This bachelor thesis is the final part for me at the bachelor program Real Estate and Finance at The Royal Institute of Technology and has been implemented in the spring of 2014. I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who has contributed information to this paper. / Näst intill samtliga personer som köper en fastighet kommer att behöva ta ett lån för att ha råd med köpet, vilket väcker frågan om återbetalning på lånet. Är det mest lönsamt att bli skuldfri eller kan pengarna växa snabbare genom alternativinvesteringar? Målsättningen med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det föreligger incitament för enskilda hushåll att avstå från att amortera. I stort kan man identifiera tre skäl till att amortera; det första är ett generellt behov av att spara, det andra skälet är att spara specifikt till pensionen och det tredje skälet är hushållens bedömning om sannolikheten för stora negativa chocker, exempelvis ett stort fall i bostadspriserna. Men frågan är om amortering är vad som är mest lönsamt för hushållen? Baserat på faktiska räntor och avkastningar under de senaste 30 åren samt empirisk forskning kommer denna uppsats att analysera frågan om det är mer förmånligt för hushåll att spara genom att investera i finansiella tillgångar såsom aktie- och räntefonder än genom att amortera. Förord: Denna kandidatuppsats utgör det avslutande momentet för mig på kandidatprogrammet Fastighet och Finans vid Kungliga Tekniska högskolan och har genomförts under våren 2014. Jag vill rikta ett stort tack till alla som har bidragit till information till denna uppsats.