It will be a part of the purpose of this paper to show that Keynesian economics treats a closed economy in a static condition while American and British society in actuality exist in open economies in a dynamic condition. In scope this paper is limited to an appraisal of the first of the main concepts of John Maynard Keynes' General Theory. That is, this paper will be concerned only with the "Theory of the Propensity to Consume" and its ramifications.

Yes / It has been globally recognized as necessary to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for mitigating the adverse effects of global warming on earth. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technologies can play a critical role to achieve these reductions. Current CCS technologies use several different approaches including adsorption, membrane separation, physical and chemical absorption to separate CO2from flue gases. This study aims to evaluate the performance and energy savings of CO2capture system based on chemical absorption by installing an intercooler in the system. Monoethanolamine (MEA) was used as the absorption solvent and Aspen HYSYS (ver. 9) was used to simulate the CO2capturing model. The positioning of the intercooler was studied in 10 different cases and compared with the base case 0 without intercooling. It was found that the installation of the intercooler improved the overall efficiency of CO2recovery in the designed system for all 1-10 cases. Intercooler case 9 was found to be the best case in providing the highest recovery of CO2(92.68%), together with MEA solvent savings of 2.51%. Furthermore, energy savings of 16 GJ/h was estimated from the absorber column alone, that would increase many folds for the entire CO2capture plant. The intercooling system, thus showed improved CO2recovery performance and potential of significant savings in MEA solvent loading and energy requirements, essential for the development of economical and optimized CO2capturing technology.

Studien undersöker om införandet av amorteringskravet och det skärpta amorteringskravet har påverkat hushållens allokering från finansiellt sparande till ett sparande i reala tillgångar, i detta fall bostäder. Studien använder sig av sekundärdata och har genom kvantitativa metoder analyserat fondflöden från 2013–2023. Tre regressionsmodeller framställs för att bedöma effekterna av amorteringskraven, dessa kompletteras även med tester för multikollinearitet och heteroskedasticitet för att säkerställa robusta resultat. Liknande studier skiljer sig åt i sina slutsatser där en studie konstaterar att amorteringskraven har minskat svenskars fondsparande. Samtidigt konstaterar en annan studie att ett amorteringskrav lett till en förmögenhetsökning. Livscykelhypotesen och mental bokföring är de centrala teorierna som används för att adekvat analysera resultaten av studien. Resultaten visar att det inte skett någon signifikant förändring i hushållens allokering av sparformer till följd av amorteringskraven. Det finns däremot indikationer som tyder på en ökning av totalt sparande. / The study examines how the introduction of the initial amortization requirement and the stricter amortization requirement have affected households’ allocation from financial savings to savings in real assets, in this case housing. The study uses secondary data and has analyzed fund flows from 2013–2023 through quantitative methods. Three regression models are produced to assess the effects of the amortization requirements, these are also complemented with tests for multicollinearity and heteroskedasticity to ensure robust results. Similar studies differ in their conclusion, where an earlier study states that the amortization requirements have reduced Swedes’ fund savings. At the same time another study state that the amortization requirements led to an increase in wealth. Central theories such as the life cycle hypothesis and mental accounting are used to adequately analyze the results of the study. The results show that there was no significant change in the households' allocation of saving forms as a result of the amortization requirements. However, there are indications of a potential increase in total savings.

This dissertation is a theoretical and empirical investigation of the actual changes in Federal S&L asset portfolios following the deregulation of the 1980's which loosened the restrictions on the amount of non-housing related lending that Federal S&L's could undertake. In particular the study focuses on the effects of deregulation and the forces promoting and constraining the individual S&L's expansion into non-housing related assets. The theoretical model provides a framework for the empirical examination of the deregulation in the DIDMCA of 1980 and Garn-St Germain Act of 1982. The theoretical model is an adaptation of the Mingo and Wolkowitz (1977) banking model. The peculiarities of the S&L industry are embodied through adaptations of the Mingo and Wolkowitz (1977) model which emphasize after-tax profit maximization (tax laws reward specialization in housing related assets), constrain diversification into non-housing related assets, and differentiate between mutual and stock associations. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, an expression is obtained for the effect of a change in after-tax profits for a relaxation of the constraint on diversification which becomes the focus of the analysis. By integrating the Lagrange multiplier with economic and regulatory controls, systems of regressions are developed which examine the changes in asset portfolio composition for Federal associations using balance sheet and income statement data between 1979 and 1983. The findings and implications of the empirical analysis are summarized as follows: 1. The tax laws do not appear to have constrained the diversification. 2. Specialization effects with respect to housing related assets appear to have constrained the diversification into non-housing related assets. 3. Non-housing related assets and liquid assets appear to be substitutes. 4. Stock associations, on average, have expanded into non-housing related assets to a greater extent than mutual associations. 5. The changes in liability legislation appear to have restrained the diversification into non-housing related assets. 6. Large associations appear more able to acquire the expertise needed to diversify. 7. Profitability appears to be correlated with the expansion into "new products." / Ph. D.

With new goals and directives, the Swedish construction industry is undergoing a major transition from linear to circular building practices. To adopt more circularly practices, organizations have started using reuse as a solution to reduce their climate impact. Finding profitability through reuse is a relatively unexplored area. Therefore, it is important to examine the economic and environmental aspects that affect organizations both positively and negatively. These conditions form the foundation for the use of reuse. The study was conducted in collaboration with Lejonfastigheter AB, a subsidiary of Linköpings Stadshus AB. Their vision is to build a sustainable future to ensure Linköping’s municipality environmental goals. As a result, reuse has become an important strategy. The purpose of the study is to explore how reuse affects the economic and environmental aspects of new constructions. Therefore, it aims to identify recurring obstacles that affect organizations when using reuse in the context of circular building practices. The work is based on quantitative calculations for estimating carbon emissions and costs, as well as qualitative data collection to identify recurring reuse obstacles. The study resulted in tables that visualize the impact of reuse on economic and environmental aspects. To produce these tables, a real project and a reference project were used. To identify recurring reuse obstacles, all literary sources were compiled in tabular form. The study shows that the economic aspect is negatively affected, with higher costs associated with economic incentives for reuse. From an environmental perspective, there is a significant reduction in carbon footprint, with substantial saving in carbon equivalents possible through reuse. Furthermore, the study identifies three different recurring barriers to reuse. / Med nya mål och direktiv står den svenska byggindustrin inför en stor omställning, från linjärt till cirkulärt byggande. För att jobba mer cirkulärt har organisationer börjat använda återbruk som en lösning, för att minska klimatavtrycket. Att hitta lönsamhet genom återbruk är ett outforskat område. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka de ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter som påverkar organisationer både positivt och negativt. Förutsättningarna utgör grunden för användningen av återbruk. Studien genomfördes tillsammans med Lejonfastigheter AB, som är ett dotterbolag till Linköpings stadshus AB. Deras vision är att bygga en hållbar framtid för att säkerställa Linköpings kommuns miljömål. Därför har återbruk blivit en viktig strategi. Syftet med studien är att utforska hur återbruk påverkar den ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekten vid nybyggnation. Därför detektera repetitiva hinder som påverkar organisationer vid användning av återbruk, i sammanhang med cirkulärt byggande. Arbetet baseras på kvantitativa beräkningar av koldioxidutsläpp och kostnader, samt kvalitativ informationsinsamling för att identifiera återkommande hinder för återbruket. Studien resulterade i tabeller som visualiserar återbrukets påverkan på ekonomiska- och miljömässiga aspekter. För att få fram tabellerna användes ett verkligt- och referensprojekt. För att identifiera återkommande återbrukshinder samanställdes alla litterära källor i tabellform för att identifiera mönster. Studien visar att den ekonomiska aspekten påverkas negativt, med högre kostnader för ekonomiska incitament vid användning av återbruk. Utifrån ett miljömässigt perspektiv finns en betydande minskning av koldioxidavtryck, där en stor besparing av koldioxidekvivalenter är möjligt genom användning av återbruk. Vidare identifierar studien tre olika återkommande hinder för återbruk.

No / The NHS needs to make real term cost savings whilst maintaining and, where possible, enhancing the quality of essential services. The performance of maternity services is seen as a touchstone of whether the NHS is delivering quality health services in general. Recent events in relation to increased infant and maternal mortalities demonstrate the necessity of the benefits of continued improved patient safety. The pressing issues which maternity services face are financial, quality and safety.

Yes / There has been considerable interest in implementing practices imported from manufacturing into healthcare as a solution to rising healthcare spending and disappointing patient safety indicators. One approach attracting particular interest is Lean management, which is explored in this article. Design/methodology/approach: The exploratory research focuses on Lean management in the health sector. It is based on extensive secondary data and it is a practical in implication. Data provided both and context. Findings: Despite widespread enthusiasm about Lean management’s potential, evidence about its contribution to higher performance is inconsistent. Research limitations/implications: Major Lean operations management and human resource management concepts, including just-in-time (JIT), total quality management (TQM) and total productive maintenance (TPM) are explored. Practical implications: This article contributes to the healthcare organizational management literature by showing that although Lean management seems to have the potential to improve organizational performance; it is far from a panacea for underperforming hospitals. The article informs policy-making by suggesting that a progressive managerial philosophy has a stronger impact on healthcare performance than adopting practices from any particular managerial approach. Originality/value: A critical evaluation on Lean’s impact on informing healthcare policy is presented, which contributes to healthcare organisational management literature by showing that even though Lean management in healthcare appears to have the potential to improve performance; there remain problems with its application.

Doctor of Philosophy / Family Studies and Human Services / Duane W. Crawford Jr / Farrell J. Webb / This investigation sought to examine the role of acculturation and generational theory and influenced social and cultural practices among Saudi Arabian students who were currently residing in the United States. Theoretically, it sought to answers questions that help determine how Americanization—the adaptation and acculturation of a visiting culture to absorb and incorporate the host culture into their lives, customs, and social practices, and in this case savings behavior. A comprehensive model was developed to test the idea that living in America can and does have an influence on social and cultural practices. What was of interest in this study was whether or not these same influences could have an impact on particular cultural practices, in this case how people felt about, reacted to, and addressed the concept of savings—the stockpiling of funds for future needs. Information was gathered from a sample of over 500 Saudi Arabian students living in the United States. The model as structured was tested using SEM analytic techniques in an effort to fully explore and expose the nuanced and subtle differences among the respondents. The concept of savings behavior being influenced by Americanization as originally discussed was not substantiated by the model even though some of the indicators were within expected parameters (χ² = 217.241, p < .001; CFI = 0.839, TLI = 0.732, RMSEA = 0.034). Despite the general problems the overall model revealed that at least 17% of what was termed as savings behavior could be explained by the model. The study still retained its value because it has made inroads into an area that has not yet been explored. Future investigations should take care to find better ways to incorporate some of the cultural elements of savings behavior directly into the instrument based on the perspective of their test populations rather than assume value in and use instruments tested and normed with US samples.

V současné době se problematika energetických úspor dostává do popředí zájmu jak na úrovni jednotlivých podniků, tak i na úrovni celého státu. Často bývá příčinou sporů ve vědeckých kruzích i mezi odborníky z praxe. Lidstvo tradičně začalo využívat energii z minerálních přírodních zdrojů, které však ve srovnání s obnovitelnými zdroji energie mají omezení. Výzkum a implementace moderních technologií jsou ztíženy otázkou investic a časově omezeny. Proto se evropská strategie energetické bezpečnosti zaměřuje na energetickou účinnost, která je jedním z nejefektivnějších způsobů zlepšení bezpečnosti spotřeby energie. Velké společnosti a podniky jsou jedním z hlavních spotřebitelů energie. Proto je tato vědecká práce zaměřena na problematiku úspor energie a zlepšování energetické účinnosti podniku. Těžiště práce spočívá ve vytvoření a zavedení metodiky pro úsporu energie a managementu hospodaření s energií ve výrobním procesu automobilového podniku. Dále je pro účely této práce vytvořen a popsán způsob vizualizace spotřeby energie v prostředí virtuální reality

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Moura Sena.pdf: 709162 bytes, checksum: 8e4be7858a3e49b2004ad3c7494ae2e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-05 / This thesis concerns about proposals were made in order to make flexible the use or application of the FGTS. It includes impact analysis over the government, firms and employees. The FGTS is an important device of public saving and it is able to led resources toward habitation, sewer and infrastructure areas. It is also a sort of contingency reserve available to the workers to use when them got fired or in others specific moments, according to the law. The enterprises face them like an extra cost related to the hiring process. So, it was studied features related to this fund - including management issues - to check the application possibilities and financials outcomes. In the conclusion we realized that FGTS is an important tool, it is not so simple to make its use flexible because the proposals are not complete enough to cover the impacts. And finally, its relevance increases in periods that private credits are reduced / A dissertação analisa as propostas de liberalização do FGTS e seus possíveis impactos sobre o governo, as empresas e os trabalhadores. O FGTS é um importante instrumento de poupança compulsória capaz de direcionar recursos para as áreas de habitação, saneamento básico e infra-estrutura. Ao mesmo tempo, é um pecúlio do trabalhador com o intuito de indenizá-lo quando de sua demissão ou em outras circunstâncias que a lei permite. Acrescente-se que, as empresas o consideram um custo adicional à contratação de trabalhadores pelo mercado formal. Assim, são estudadas as características e aplicações do Fundo, o gerenciamento dos recursos de modo a verificar as aplicações e os retornos financeiros. A conclusão é que, apesar da baixa remuneração ao trabalhador e dos custos para as empresas, o FGTS é um importante instrumento de funding que se torna ainda mais relevante em situações em que há redução do crédito privado