The goal of this project si to design school building in Černá louka in Ostrava city. Besides aim to achieve architectural and typological harmony it tries to clarify a collision of disparate urban structures. Its trying to cultivate and develop approved zoning plan.

Este trabalho expõe a premência da revisão do Programa de Necessidades do edifício escolar de Ensino Médio. Para tanto identifica a necessidade de investimentos nesse nível de ensino para melhoria de seu desempenho a fim de que seus alunos sejam inseridos na sociedade conscientes dos direitos e deveres do cidadão e capazes de atuar adequadamente no mercado de trabalho. Com a finalidade de comprovar a necessidade de revisão do espaço escolar, demonstra como a arquitetura do edifício interfere no desempenho das práticas pedagógicas e na empatia do aluno com o espaço oferecido. Para tanto, associa o rendimento destes a fatores ambientais e de utilização dos espaços, evidenciados nas pesquisas junto a especialistas em educação escolar e usuários de escolas públicas e particulares. Ao final, realiza uma proposta de viabilidade para adequação de um edifício escolar público existente e, a partir daí, recomenda diretrizes para adequação da rede pública de escolas de Ensino Médio do Estado de São Paulo e construção de novos edifícios para esse nível de ensino. / This work evidences the importance to review the programming of necessities pertaining to High School building. In this sense it identifies the investments’ needs for this school level in order to improve its performance, so that it inserts the scholars in the society conscientious of the citizen’s rights and duties and capable to act properly in the job market. With the purpose to prove the necessity to review the learning and design principles for the school space, it shows how the learning facilities intervene in the performance of the teaching practices as well as in the relationship between the scholars and the offered space design. In this way, it associates the performance to environmental aspects design as well as to the use of the learning spaces, witch is evidenced through researches with education experts and public and private schools’ users. To finalize, it makes a proposal of viability for the adaptation of an existing public school building and, from this point, it recommends guidelines for adapting the present public High School network in São Paulo State and for constructing new buildings for this education level.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar estratégias de iluminação natural utilizadas nos estágios iniciais do projeto de arquitetura capazes de aumentar a qualidade da iluminação e a conservação de energia nos edifícios escolares. Essas estratégias têm sido aplicadas com sucesso em edifícios escolares em vários países, melhorando o desempenho e o bem-estar dos estudantes e conservando energia. Entre essas estratégias, o autor selecionou um dispositivo zenital para iluminação natural com seleção angular e difusores opacos, realizou um ensaio experimental em um modelo físico reduzido de uma sala de aula padrão, sob condições de céu real e analisou comparativamente os resultados. O estudo mostrou que a adoção de uma metodologia para utilizar estratégias como a analisada neste trabalho pode conseguir um adequado controle da radiação solar para evitar a incidência direta da luz do Sol, evitar o ofuscamento e o aquecimento excessivo de ambientes de salas de aula em climas quentes e, ao mesmo tempo, aproveitar a iluminação natural, tanto difusa quanto direta refletida, para obter maior conforto visual e economizar energia. / This work aims to analyse daylighting strategies applied in early stages of architectural design as to improve lighting quality and energy savings in school buildings. Similar strategies have already been successfully applied in many countries around the world, enhancing student?s performance and well being while helping to save energy. Among the strategies studied, the author describes an experiment under real sky conditions using a physical scale model of a standard classroom equipped with a roof monitor combined with an overhang and interior vertical diffusing baffles as a way to check its influence in interior lighting conditions. The experiment has shown that the use of daylighting strategies can promote an adequate control of solar radiation, avoiding direct sunlight penetration inside the classrooms, limiting glare problems and excessive heat of hot climates. At the same time, such strategies optimise both direct and defuse use of daylight to improve visual comfort and energy savings.

Este trabalho expõe a necessidade de inserção da produção rural no fenômeno chamado globalização, para tanto propõe a capacitação da população rural, ora residente e proveniente do programa de reforma agrária, através da educação escolar. A pesquisa aborda aspectos históricos e presentes do papel social da escola, dos recursos e Políticas educacionais, da história da educação, da construção escolar e da zona rural paulista. Demonstra a situação que se encontra atualmente a rede escolar rural do Estado de São Paulo e propõe alternativas para sua viabilização construtiva com qualidade adequada, de acordo com o estabelecido pela proposta pedagógica ora adotada. Ao final, realiza reflexões prospectivas e recomenda estudos a fim de viabilizar uma escola rural que se adeqüe à evolução da proposta pedagógica e às novas formas de relação de trabalho. / This work reveals the need to include rural production in the so called globallization phenomenon. In this view, it proposes that the capacitation of the rural population, wich lives in the rural area and is derived from the agrarian reform program, be undertaken by school education. This research approaches historical and present aspects of the social role of school, the funding and educational politics, the history of education, of school building and of the characteristics of the rural zone in the state of São Paulo. It describes and analyses the present situation of the rural school sistem of the state of São Paulo and proposes alternatives for a constructive realization with adequate quality, in accordance with the present established pedagogic proposals. At last, it raises a series of prospective reflexions and recommends studies to be understaken aimed at the construction of a rural school adequate to present state of evolution of the pedagogic proposals and to the new forms of labour relations.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar estratégias de iluminação natural utilizadas nos estágios iniciais do projeto de arquitetura capazes de aumentar a qualidade da iluminação e a conservação de energia nos edifícios escolares. Essas estratégias têm sido aplicadas com sucesso em edifícios escolares em vários países, melhorando o desempenho e o bem-estar dos estudantes e conservando energia. Entre essas estratégias, o autor selecionou um dispositivo zenital para iluminação natural com seleção angular e difusores opacos, realizou um ensaio experimental em um modelo físico reduzido de uma sala de aula padrão, sob condições de céu real e analisou comparativamente os resultados. O estudo mostrou que a adoção de uma metodologia para utilizar estratégias como a analisada neste trabalho pode conseguir um adequado controle da radiação solar para evitar a incidência direta da luz do Sol, evitar o ofuscamento e o aquecimento excessivo de ambientes de salas de aula em climas quentes e, ao mesmo tempo, aproveitar a iluminação natural, tanto difusa quanto direta refletida, para obter maior conforto visual e economizar energia. / This work aims to analyse daylighting strategies applied in early stages of architectural design as to improve lighting quality and energy savings in school buildings. Similar strategies have already been successfully applied in many countries around the world, enhancing student?s performance and well being while helping to save energy. Among the strategies studied, the author describes an experiment under real sky conditions using a physical scale model of a standard classroom equipped with a roof monitor combined with an overhang and interior vertical diffusing baffles as a way to check its influence in interior lighting conditions. The experiment has shown that the use of daylighting strategies can promote an adequate control of solar radiation, avoiding direct sunlight penetration inside the classrooms, limiting glare problems and excessive heat of hot climates. At the same time, such strategies optimise both direct and defuse use of daylight to improve visual comfort and energy savings.

Este trabalho expõe a premência da revisão do Programa de Necessidades do edifício escolar de Ensino Médio. Para tanto identifica a necessidade de investimentos nesse nível de ensino para melhoria de seu desempenho a fim de que seus alunos sejam inseridos na sociedade conscientes dos direitos e deveres do cidadão e capazes de atuar adequadamente no mercado de trabalho. Com a finalidade de comprovar a necessidade de revisão do espaço escolar, demonstra como a arquitetura do edifício interfere no desempenho das práticas pedagógicas e na empatia do aluno com o espaço oferecido. Para tanto, associa o rendimento destes a fatores ambientais e de utilização dos espaços, evidenciados nas pesquisas junto a especialistas em educação escolar e usuários de escolas públicas e particulares. Ao final, realiza uma proposta de viabilidade para adequação de um edifício escolar público existente e, a partir daí, recomenda diretrizes para adequação da rede pública de escolas de Ensino Médio do Estado de São Paulo e construção de novos edifícios para esse nível de ensino. / This work evidences the importance to review the programming of necessities pertaining to High School building. In this sense it identifies the investments’ needs for this school level in order to improve its performance, so that it inserts the scholars in the society conscientious of the citizen’s rights and duties and capable to act properly in the job market. With the purpose to prove the necessity to review the learning and design principles for the school space, it shows how the learning facilities intervene in the performance of the teaching practices as well as in the relationship between the scholars and the offered space design. In this way, it associates the performance to environmental aspects design as well as to the use of the learning spaces, witch is evidenced through researches with education experts and public and private schools’ users. To finalize, it makes a proposal of viability for the adaptation of an existing public school building and, from this point, it recommends guidelines for adapting the present public High School network in São Paulo State and for constructing new buildings for this education level.

學校是實施教育最重要的場所與環境，學校建築佔用最大宗的教育經費與投資，故實施學校建築用後評估，至為重要。 本研究的目的包含：探討桃園縣立光明國民中學的現況；探究學校建築興建完成後的滿意程度；研析學校建築新建完成後的教學效用性；探討學校建築新建完成後，學校建築使用的情形；最後提出用後評估的建議，以作為日後改進之參考依據。 本研究使用的研究方法包括文件分析、調查及觀察等三種方法。以文件分析明暸光明國中學校建築之現況。觀察校內的相關設施，問卷調查學生999人，教職員142人，以描述統計及推論性統計：Pearson相關、獨立樣本t考驗（t test）、單因子變異數分析（oneway ANOVA）及重複量數等方法，比較學生在不同性別、年級及樓層間對學校建築滿意度、對學校建築的教學效用性及對學校建築的使用率差異；比較教職員在不同性別、職務、年齡、年資及任教科目間對學校建築滿意度、對學校建築的教學效用性及對學校建築的使用率的差異。 所得研究結論如下：師生的滿意度為中高程度，學生最滿意的是運動場及庭園，教職員最滿意的是附屬設施。師生認為教學效用性達中高效用，學生認為校舍最具效用性，教職員認為附屬設施最具效用性。師生的使用率為較少使用，學生在運動場及庭園的使用率較高，教職員在附屬設施的使用率最高。不同年級、樓層的學生和不同職務、年齡的教職員，在滿意度和效用性有顯著差異，比較特別的是使用率上，男學生高於女學生。師生使用後的優點為校舍整體色彩典雅、明亮寬敞及學校各項設施完善，建議附屬設施要定期維護及學生使用的空間不足。 本研究依據研究結論，提出建議如下：滿意度高、效用性好及經常使用的設施要加強管理與維護，增進設施使用的品質。增加彈性課程電腦的上課節數或一般教室放置電腦設備。定期檢修電視機及線路，維持無聲廣播系統的正常運作。藉由課程發展委員會，結合綠活圖利用生態池研發一套校本課程。透過師生共同參與重新思考專科教室的位置。利用各種不同的活動提升戶外炊事場及視聽教室的使用率。合作社可放置在光明樓的地下室，空間大且位置適宜，動線又可規劃成一進一出。設置一個女生籃球優先使用架。以及對後續研究的建議。 / School is most Important place where education taking performance. School buildings take most of the education budget and investment. Therefore , the Post-occupancy Evaluation of school building is important The main purpose of this study is to explore the status which including user satisfactory 、the improvement of teaching and the space usage condition after school building of Guang Ming Junior high school in Taoyuan County was complete. The goal is to propose suggestions for the future use and improvement. This research is conducted through document analysis, student questionnaire and campus observation. We realize the status of Guang Ming Junior high school by document analysis、structure observation and questionnaires to 999 students and 142 teachers and staff. The data is analyzed by Pearson correlation、t-test、One-way ANOVA and One-way ANOVA of repeated measures to explore the facts about user satisfaction、the improvement of teaching and the space usage condition within students in different gender、grade and in using of different level of the building. We have also explore the facts about user satisfaction、the improvement of teaching and the space usage condition within teachers and staff in different gender、position、age、seniority and teaching different subjects. Generalized conclusions：the satisfaction of students ,teachers and staff shows medium-high degree. the students feel satisfied with sports ground and the yard most! Teachers and staff feel satisfied with auxiliary facility most. Teachers and students show medium-high degree of teaching improvements. Students think that classrooms are the most useful structure. Teachers and staff think that auxiliary facility are the most useful structure. Teachers and students show low level of using rate on the structures of school building. Among these structures that students using the most are sports ground and yard, but the structure that teachers and staff using the most is auxiliary facility. Students in different building level and grade and teachers and staff that is in different position and age show significant difference from user satisfaction and utility. In using rate, male students are higher than female students. Most of the students and teachers think the excellences of their school building are elegance, brightness, and the complete of every kind of structure. We strongly advice the auxiliary facility need to be repaired in time and to prevent the shortage of using space. Ultimately, this research, based on the findings and conclusions of the study, proposes following suggestions： 1.School should enhance the management and maintenance of certain facilities that are used often within highly satisfaction of using experience and highly utility. 2.Increase the computer class or set up computer equipments in general classroom. 3.The maintenance of computer and line should be done in time to maintain the silent broadcasting system act smoothly. 4.Developing a school based curriculum by combining the green map and ecological pond. 5.Rethinking the position of specialized classrooms by teachers and students. 6.Increasing the using rate of outdoors kitchen work fields and Audio-Visual classroom by any different kind of activities. 7.The Collaborative Convenient Store can be set up at the basement of GUANG MING building, it got plenty of space and suitable for designing of efficient route as one way in and one way out. 8.Set up a basketball court that the female students are the primary user.

School building design that uses as much as possible the principles of bioclimatic architecture can ensure appropriate thermal comfort of users of these spaces, the satisfactory development of school activities and energy efficiency of the built environment. During a building design process it is important to take into account the local climate, in order to achieve occupants comfort. In the context, of school buildings, frequently those constructions are made in disaccord with climate exposure that, consequently, may generate uncomfortable thermal environments that, if not resolved with, artificial climate control strategies, can generate negative overall performance of students and teachers in the teaching and learning process. On the other hand, when using those active indoor control strategies, , it is important to consider the building energy efficiency, natural climate control mechanisms as much as possible supplemented by artificial ones. Thus, the objective of this research is to discuss constructive guidelines for school projects in the city of Maceió-AL for satisfactory thermal performance purposes and consequently, appropriate thermal comfort to their occupants. As methodological procedures, school units in the city were initially chosen and analyzed, observing the constructive materials, surroundings features, siting and location, solar and wind orientation, plan solution, orientation and distribution of openings, in accord with bioclimatic design strategies for hot and humid climate. From these initial analyses, computational simulations were carried out in a design building model based on fixed design parameters (dimensions of classrooms, colors of facades, ceiling height, openings, number of students, architectural program requirements, and materials of the frames) and variables ones (school buildings plan types and the position of classrooms in relation to corridor, orientation of facades, walls and roofing materials). The results showed design alternatives based on the hot and humid climate of Maceió, which may assist future interventions and the design of new architectural projects, particularly school building design, enabling more thermally comfortable indoor environments. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Projetos escolares que resgatam ao máximo possível os princípios da arquitetura bioclimática podem garantir o adequado conforto térmico dos usuários desses espaços, o satisfatório desenvolvimento das atividades escolares e a eficiência energética do ambiente construído. Ao se projetar uma edificação é importante levar em consideração o clima local, a fim de garantir uma qualidade arquitetônica que responda às necessidades de conforto de seus usuários. Neste contexto, no âmbito das edificações escolares, percebe-se que muitas vezes estas são projetadas em desacordo com o clima da região. Consequentemente podem gerar ambientes termicamente desconfortáveis e que, se não solucionados com o uso da climatização artificial, podem prejudicar o desempenho de alunos e professores no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Por outro lado, ao utilizar climatização artificial, é importante prezar pela eficiência energética, através do uso racional de energia, visando à possibilidade de utilização dos mecanismos naturais o máximo possível, e dos artificiais de forma complementar. Neste contexto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é estabelecer diretrizes construtivas para projetos de escolas em Maceió-AL com vistas a um melhor desempenho térmico e consequentemente, maior conforto térmico a seus usuários. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram, inicialmente, escolhidas e analisadas unidades escolares na cidade, quanto aos materiais empregados, entorno, implantação no terreno, orientação solar, ventos dominantes, solução em planta, orientação e distribuição das aberturas, com base nas estratégias bioclimáticas recomendadas para o clima quente e úmido, a fim de analisar a influência desses parâmetros nas condições termo higrométricas dessas edificações. A partir dessas análises iniciais, foram realizadas simulações computacionais em um projeto com base em parâmetros fixos (dimensões das salas de aula, cores das fachadas, pé direito, aberturas, número de alunos, programa de necessidades, e materiais das esquadrias) e variáveis (tipologias das edificações escolares quanto ao conjunto de salas de aula em relação ao corredor de circulação, orientação das fachadas, materiais da cobertura e das paredes) estipulados. Os resultados obtidos apontaram alternativas de projetos baseadas no clima quente e úmido de Maceió, que podem auxiliar futuras intervenções e na concepção de novos projetos, em especial instituições escolares, possibilitando ambientes mais confortáveis termicamente.

abstract: Schools all around the country are improving the performance of their buildings by adopting high performance design principles. Higher levels of energy efficiency can pave the way for K-12 Schools to achieve net zero energy (NZE) conditions, a state where the energy generated by on-site renewable sources are sufficient to meet the cumulative annual energy demands of the facility. A key capability for the proliferation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) is the need for a design methodology that identifies the optimum mix of energy efficient design features to be incorporated into the building. The design methodology should take into account the interaction effects of various energy efficiency measures as well as their associated costs so that life cycle cost can be minimized for the entire life span of the building. This research aims at developing such a methodology for generating cost effective net zero energy solutions for school buildings. The Department of Energy (DOE) prototype primary school, meant to serve as the starting baseline, was modeled in the building energy simulation software eQUEST and made compliant with the requirement of ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Commonly used efficiency measures, for which credible initial cost and maintenance data were available, were selected as the parametric design set. An initial sensitivity analysis was conducted by using the Morris Method to rank the efficiency measures in terms of their importance and interaction strengths. A sequential search technique was adopted to search the solution space and identify combinations that lie near the Pareto-optimal front; this allowed various minimum cost design solutions to be identified corresponding to different energy savings levels. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the cost optimal combination of measures over the 30 year analysis span resulted in an annual energy cost reduction of 47%, while net zero site energy conditions were achieved by the addition of a 435 kW photovoltaic generation system that covered 73% of the roof area. The simple payback period for the additional technology required to achieve NZE conditions was calculated to be 26.3 years and carried a 37.4% premium over the initial building construction cost. The study identifies future work in how to automate this computationally conservative search technique so that it can provide practical feedback to the building designer during all stages of the design process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Built Environment 2016

Este trabalho expõe a necessidade de inserção da produção rural no fenômeno chamado globalização, para tanto propõe a capacitação da população rural, ora residente e proveniente do programa de reforma agrária, através da educação escolar. A pesquisa aborda aspectos históricos e presentes do papel social da escola, dos recursos e Políticas educacionais, da história da educação, da construção escolar e da zona rural paulista. Demonstra a situação que se encontra atualmente a rede escolar rural do Estado de São Paulo e propõe alternativas para sua viabilização construtiva com qualidade adequada, de acordo com o estabelecido pela proposta pedagógica ora adotada. Ao final, realiza reflexões prospectivas e recomenda estudos a fim de viabilizar uma escola rural que se adeqüe à evolução da proposta pedagógica e às novas formas de relação de trabalho. / This work reveals the need to include rural production in the so called globallization phenomenon. In this view, it proposes that the capacitation of the rural population, wich lives in the rural area and is derived from the agrarian reform program, be undertaken by school education. This research approaches historical and present aspects of the social role of school, the funding and educational politics, the history of education, of school building and of the characteristics of the rural zone in the state of São Paulo. It describes and analyses the present situation of the rural school sistem of the state of São Paulo and proposes alternatives for a constructive realization with adequate quality, in accordance with the present established pedagogic proposals. At last, it raises a series of prospective reflexions and recommends studies to be understaken aimed at the construction of a rural school adequate to present state of evolution of the pedagogic proposals and to the new forms of labour relations.